Expounding nested case control studies in the year of COVID-19: a scoping review and sub group meta-analysis

Authors

  • Lata Ajay Tapnikar Department of Community Medicine, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center and Lata Mangeshkar Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
  • Mohan P. Joshi Department of Community Medicine, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center and Lata Mangeshkar Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
  • Antara A. Soni Department of Community Medicine, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center and Lata Mangeshkar Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
  • Ajeet V. Saoji Department of Community Medicine, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center and Lata Mangeshkar Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20220876

Keywords:

COVID-19, Nested case control studies, SARS-CoV-2, Scoping review

Abstract

Nested case control studies (NCCS) are mainly a type of cohort study due to its forward direction and temporality. This design is done only under two circumstances. a. disease must be new and rare in the population b. The diagnostic test must be fairly expensive. Thus, this study design is defined as ‘a small case control study nested within a big cohort study’. The paper has expounded existing literature on nested case control studies by using scoping review and meta-analysis on hypertension sub-group. The data was systematically searched with following databases: Medline, NLM which had free articles and Google scholar. The aim of the study was to scope review of English language research papers from May 2020 to May 2021. 86 studies were excluded and 9 studies were selected after reviewing the title and abstract of 209 studies based on the PRISMA. The research has made a unique contribution, in a resource crunched setting, in expounding the study design implementations by lending critical viewing, theoretical revision and, new perspectives on use of nested case control studies in field settings. 

References

WHO. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard, 2021. Available at: https://covid19.who.int. Accessed on 10 February 2022.

Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS. Coronavirus Infections-More Than Just the Common Cold. JAMA. 2020;323(8):707-8.

Krishnan A, Hamilton JP, Alqahtani SA, Woreta T. A narrative review of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): clinical, epidemiological characteristics, and systemic manifestations. Intern Emerg Med. 2021;16(4):815-30.

Jain V. PSM discusses the topic - Nested Case Control Study Design - in English, 2020. Available at: https://medicostimes.com/psm-vivek-jain-pdf/. Accessed on 4th January 2022.

Case-Control Studies. A Nested Case-Control Study, 2021. Available at: https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/ otlt/mphmodules/ep/ep713_case-control/ep713_ case-control3. Accessed on 10 February 2022.

Cai T, Zheng Y. Evaluating prognostic accuracy of biomarkers in nested case-control studies. Biostatistics. 2012;13(1):89-100.

Biesheuvel CJ, Vergouwe Y, Oudega R, Hoes AW, Grobbee DE, Moons KG. Advantages of the nested case-control design in diagnostic research. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2008;8(1):48.

Rundle AG, Vineis P, Ahsan H. Design options for molecular epidemiology research within cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(8):1899-907.

Shankar R. Nested case control study, 2019. Available at: https://youtu.be/tTPbvCon1BU. Accessed on 4th January 2022.

Wilde AH, Snijder EJ, Kikkert M, Hemert MJ. Host Factors in Coronavirus Replication. In: Tripp RA, Tompkins SM, eds. Roles of Host Gene and Non-coding RNA Expression in Virus Infection. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017: 1-42.

Appier. 5 Types of Regression Analysis And When To Use Them, 2021. Available at: https://www.appier.com/blog/5-types-of-regression-analysis-and-when-to-use-them/. Accessed on 10 February 2022.

Fallerini C, Daga S, Mantovani S, Benetti E, Picchiotti N, Francisci D, et al. Association of Toll-like receptor 7 variants with life-threatening COVID-19 disease in males: findings from a nested case-control study. Elife. 2021;10:67569.

Dandoy CE, Kim S, Chen M, Ahn KW, Ardura MI, Brown V, et al. Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Patients Who Develop Mucosal Barrier Injury-Laboratory Confirmed Bloodstream Infections in the First 100 Days After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(1):1918668.

NCSS. Conditional Logistic Regression, 2021. Available at: https://www.ncss.com/. Accessed on 10 February 2022.

Abajo FJ, Martín S, Lerma V, Abril G, Aguilar M, Luque A, et al. Use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and risk of COVID-19 requiring admission to hospital: a case-population study. Lancet. 2020 May 30;395(10238):1705-14.

Choi JC, Jung SY, Yoon UA, You SH, Kim MS, Baek MS, et al. Inhaled Corticosteroids and COVID-19 Risk and Mortality: A Nationwide Cohort Study. J Clin Med. 2020 Oct 23;9(11):3406.

Shi J, Li Y, Zhou X, Zhang Q, Ye X, Wu Z, etal. Lactate dehydrogenase and susceptibility to deterioration of mild COVID-19 patients: a multicenter nested case-control study. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):168.

Lewin A, Therrien R, Serres G, Grégoire Y, Perreault J, Drouin M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among blood donors in Québec, and analysis of symptoms associated with seropositivity: a nested case-control study. Can J Public Health. 2021;112(4):576-86.

Li X, Marmar T, Xu Q, Tu J, Yin Y, Tao Q, et al. Predictive indicators of severe COVID-19 independent of comorbidities and advanced age: a nested case-control study. Epidemiol Infect. 2020;148:255.

Details for Non-Parametric Alternatives in Case C-Q, 2021. Available at: https://bolt.mph.ufl.edu/6050-6052/unit-4b/module-13/details-for-non-parametricalternatives/. Accessed on 10 February 20.

Gu T, Chu Q, Yu Z, Fa B, Li A, Xu L, et al. History of coronary heart disease increased the mortality rate of patients with COVID-19: a nested case-control study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(9):e038976.

Clopper C, Pearson E. The Use Of Confidence Or Fiducial Limits Illustrated In The Case Of The Binomial. Biometrika. 1934;26(4):404-13.

Szegedi S, Huf W, Miháltz K, Marlovits PV. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients presenting for intravitreal injection. Spektrum Augenheilkd. 2021;35(2):70-4.

The Analysis Factor. The Difference Between a Chi-Square Test and a McNemar Test, 2014. Available at: https://www.theanalysisfactor.com/differencebetween-chi-square-test-and-mcnemar-test. Accessed on 10 February 2022.

Fluss R, Faraggi D, Reiser B. Estimation of the Youden Index and its associated cutoff point. Biom J. 2005;47(4):458-72.

Planquette B, Berre A, Khider L, Yannoutsos A, Gendron N, Torcy M, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of pulmonary embolism in 1042 COVID-19 patients with respiratory symptoms: A nested case-control study. Thromb Res. 2021;197:94-9.

Brownlee J. A Gentle Introduction to Bayes Theorem for Machine Learning, 2019. Available at: https://machinelearningmastery.com/bayes-theorem-for-machine-learning. Accessed on 10 February 2022.

Top Tip Bio. Forest Plot Interpretation - Clearly Explained, 2020. Available at: https://youtu.be/ Pxs0gl3hRKE. Accessed on 10 February 2022.

Dalby A. The Funnel Plot, 2020. Available at: https://youtu.be/Pxs0gl3hRKE. Accessed on 10 February 2022.

Kridin K, Schonmann Y, Bitan D, Damiani G, Weinstein O, Cohen AD. The Burden of Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Its Complications in Patients With Atopic Dermatitis-A Nested Case-Control Study. Dermatitis. 2021;32(1):45-52.

Gnavi R, Demaria M, Picariello R, Dalmasso M, Ricceri F, Costa G. Therapy with agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system and risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2291-3.

Li L, Gou CY, Li XM, Song WY, Wang XJ, Li HY, et al. Effects of Chinese Medicine on Symptoms, Syndrome Evolution, and Lung Inflammation Absorption in COVID-19 Convalescent Patients during 84-Day Follow-up after Hospital Discharge: A Prospective Cohort and Nested Case-Control Study. Chin J Integr Med. 2021;27(4):245-51.

Downloads

Published

2022-03-25

How to Cite

Tapnikar, L. A., Joshi, M. P., Soni, A. A., & Saoji, A. V. (2022). Expounding nested case control studies in the year of COVID-19: a scoping review and sub group meta-analysis. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 9(4), 1927–1934. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20220876

Issue

Section

Review Articles