International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health

A statistical analysis of clinical presentations and outcomes of COVID-19 patients in Sierra Leone: case study of admissions at 34 Military Hospital for COVID-19 patients

Kai Jabba — 2026-02-27

Background: COVID-19 outcomes vary widely across settings and are shaped by patient factors and health-system capacity. Evidence from Sierra Leone is limited, particularly on how age, comorbidities and presenting features relate to in-hospital admission outcomes. To describe the demographic, comorbidity and symptoms presentation of COVID-19 patients admitted at 34 Military Hospital, Freetown, assess bivariate associations between patient characteristics and discharge disposition; and estimate independent predictors of death using multinomial logistic regression.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of routinely collected data for 524 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted at the said facility. Primary outcome was discharge disposition (Discharged/Recovered, Deceased, Transferred). Descriptives summarized cohort characteristics. Pearson’s χ² (Fisher’s exact as needed) tested bivariate associations (α=0.05). Multinomial logistic regression (reference: Discharged) included age bands, sex, diabetes and difficulty breathing; results reported as odds ratios (OR) with 95% CIs and p-values.

Results: Patients were 63.2% male; the largest age bands were 22–32 years (21.8%) and 33–43 years (21.9%). Outcomes: 96.6% discharged, 2.7% died, 0.8% transferred. Comorbidities: hypertension 15.3%, diabetes 5.0%; other chronic conditions were rare. Symptoms were sparsely recorded; difficulty breathing 5.2%, malaise 2.9%, ARDS 1.5%. In bivariate analyses, age was associated with outcome (χ² p=0.002); sex (p=0.794) and diabetes (p=0.242) were not. In multivariable models, odds of death increased steeply with age versus 33–43 years (e.g., 66–76 years OR≈7.3×10⁷, p<0.001). Diabetes (OR 1.41, 95% CI 0.26–7.66, p=0.688) and difficulty breathing (OR 2.73, 95% CI 0.65–11.43, p=0.170) were not independent predictors; transfers showed no significant predictors. Wide CIs reflected sparse events.

Conclusions: Mortality was low overall but rose sharply with age, identifying older adults as the principal risk group in this setting. Comorbidity and symptom variables, at their observed prevalences and documentation quality, did not independently predict death cause. Embedding age-based early escalation and strengthening routine documentation are pragmatic priorities to improve outcomes and future analytics.

Dilemma of HIV status disclosure among sexually active 14-19-year-old adolescent boys and its effects on viral load suppression in Siaya County, Kenya

Simon Peter — 2026-02-27

Background: Stigma related to HIV status disclosure creates a great dilemma among AIDS patients and is associated with ART non-adherence and mortality particularly in the developing world. Worldwide, adolescents aged 14-19 constituted 69% of HIV-related deaths, with boys on ART making up 68% of such deaths in areas such as Siaya County of Kenya in 2020. While non-suppression of VL is associated with HIV-related deaths among others, a dearth of literature however exists on whether adolescent boys are more prone to stigma related to HIV status disclosure. This paper sought to investigate how stigma-related to HIV status disclosure among sexually active 14-19-year-old adolescent boys in Siaya County, Kenya.

Methods: This cross-sectional study used questionnaire to collect quantitative data from 263 adolescent boys on ART. Qualitative data was also collected from a section of the boys using focus group discussion guide and in-depth interviews, alongside seven comprehensive care-in charge (CCC), the county AIDS/HIV and STI coordinator (CASCO), sub county AIDS coordinators (SCACOs), and public benefit organizations (PBO) officials.

Results: The correlation between disclosure to partners and VL suppression (r=0.072; p=0.122) and multiple sexual partners and VL suppression (r=0.023; p=0.353) were found not to be significant, while that of disclosure to partners and multiple sexual partners (r=0.391; p=0.000) was significant.

Conclusions: The study concluded that stigma-related to HIV status disclosure to partners has a direct and significant effect on multiple-sexual behaviour, a risk factor to VL suppression endeavour. Targeted interventions should aim at addressing HIV status disclosure among the adolescent boys.

Pathways to diagnosis in children and adolescents with tuberculosis in Kenya

Evaline Jumwa Baya — 2026-02-27

Background: Tuberculosis in children signals active community transmission. About one million children develop TB annually, but most remain undiagnosed or face delayed treatment. Atypical presentations and limited diagnostic tools increase the risk of late or missed diagnoses, emphasizing the urgent need for enhanced screening, timely detection and effective management strategies to reduce morbidity and transmission.

Methods: This facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to September 2025 at KNH, Mbagathi County Hospital and KEMRI, Nairobi. It included mothers of children aged ≤19 years with clinical or bacteriologically confirmed TB who provided consent/assent. A sample of 218 participants was selected using Yamane’s (1967) formula via consecutive sampling. Data were collected with structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 26.0.

Results: Among 117 children with TB, most were female (56.4%) and aged 0–5 years (66.7%). The majority visited two or more facilities (61.5%), primarily referral hospitals (43.6%). Extreme diagnostic delays (>8 weeks) occurred in 46.2%, with significant factors including the first health worker’s cadre (p=0.017) and parental age>35 years (p=0.021).

Conclusions: This study found significant delays in childhood tuberculosis diagnosis, with 46.2% experiencing delays over eight weeks and 56% delayed after facility presentation. Most children visited two or more facilities (61.5%), mainly referral hospitals (43.6%). Delays were significantly associated with the cadre of the first health worker consulted (p=0.017) and parental age above 35 years (p=0.021), emphasizing the need for improved health system efficiency, parent education and targeted training of healthcare workers to enhance timely TB detection and management.

Perceptions and practices related to lassa fever transmission and prevention among rural residents of Akoko South West Local Government Area, Ondo state, Nigeria: a community-based cross-sectional study

Rachael O. Okeleji — 2026-02-27

Background: Lassa fever remains a major public health challenge in Nigeria, especially in rural areas where environmental factors, hygiene behaviours and socio-cultural behaviours can affect the exposure and prevention. The aim of the study was to assess the community perceptions and self-reported practices about Lassa fever transmission and prevention in rural communities in Akoko South West local government area.

Methods: A community-based descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted between March 2021 and May 2021 among 210 adult residents of selected rural communities in Akoko South West Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire assessing socio-demographic characteristics, perceptions and self-reported practices related to Lassa fever transmission and prevention. Responses were measured using a three-point Likert scale and analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square (χ²) tests, with statistical significance set at p<0.05.

Results: Most respondents perceived rats in households (84.3%) and dirty environments (92.4%) as contributors to Lassa fever transmission. Poor hygiene practices were perceived as a risk by 63.8% of respondents, while 51.0% perceived rat consumption as a risk behaviour. Environmental factors (χ²=20.19, p<0.05), poor hygiene practices (χ²=18.72, p<0.05), and cultural practices (χ²=21.34, p<0.05) were significantly associated with perceived transmission. Environmental sanitation (85.2%), avoidance of harmful cultural practices (70.5%), and early diagnosis and treatment (83.8%) were significantly associated with perceived prevention (p<0.05).

Conclusions: Community perceptions and self-reported practices play an important role in Lassa fever prevention in rural endemic settings. The findings support integrated public health interventions that combine environmental sanitation, hygiene promotion, culturally sensitive risk communication, and strengthened primary healthcare services.

Effectiveness of community post interventions in human immunodeficiency virus testing services among men compared to facility-based testing in Kericho County

Lilian Nkech Kong'ani — 2026-02-27

Background: Men have lower human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing uptake than women globally, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In Kenya’s Kericho County, structural, cultural, and behavioral barriers limit male engagement. Community posts (CPs) have been introduced to improve access, but their effectiveness is insufficiently documented.

Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study compared HIV testing services (HTS) uptake among men (≥18 years) at two CPs and two health facilities with comprehensive care centers. Mixed methods were used. Quantitative data came from self-administered questionnaires and HTS registers, analyzed in SPSS v29 using descriptive statistics, odds ratios, paired t tests, and cluster-level analysis. Qualitative data from key informant interviews and focus group discussions were analyzed thematically in NVivo.

Results: Overall, 68.8% of men had utilized HTS. Uptake was higher at CPs (85.7%) than facilities (52.2%). Mean uptake was significantly greater in CPs (84) than facilities (52.5) (t=-9.0, p=0.012). Contributing factors included convenience (81.1%), supportive environments (69.6%), free services (66.4%), confidentiality (63.1%), and perceived superior quality (90.3%).

Conclusions: CP interventions significantly improve male HTS uptake compared with facility-based services. Scaling up CPs, extending flexible hours, strengthening privacy, and implementing male-focused outreach and behavior-change strategies could further enhance testing. Provider training, respectful care, confidentiality, and service integration remain essential for sustaining engagement.

Individual and community-level factors associated with unintended pregnancy among adolescent girls and young women in selected Southern African countries: a multilevel analysis

Samkeliso G. Shongwe — 2026-02-27

Background: Unintended pregnancy continues to be a huge public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), including in Southern Africa, where adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) face higher risks. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the multilevel factors associated with unintended pregnancy among AGYW in Southern Africa.

Methods: This study analysed a weighted sample of 20,748 AGYW (15–24 years) drawn from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs) in nine Southern African countries. We fitted multilevel logistic regression models to examine multilevel factors associated with unintended pregnancy at p < 0.05 statistical significance.

Results: The pooled prevalence of unintended pregnancy among AGYW in Southern Africa was 39.1% (95% CI: 38.8–40.1). Higher odds of unintended pregnancy were observed among AGYW with secondary education (aOR=1.88, 95% CI: 1.65–2.13), those exposed to media (aOR=1.14, 95% CI: 1.06–1.22), contraceptive users (aOR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.16–1.33), and urban residents (aOR=1.19, 95% CI: 1.10–1.30). However, AGYW aged 20–24 years (aOR=0.64, 95% CI: 0.60–0.69), and those with a history of pregnancy loss (aOR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.69–0.89) were associated with lower odds of unintended pregnancy.

Conclusion: This study found several multilevel factors associated with unintended pregnancy among AGYW. Governments and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) programmes in Southern Africa should priorities targeted youth‑friendly services, expand access to SRH services, and tailor interventions to national and local contexts to reduce unintended pregnancies among AGYW in the region.

Tuberculosis diagnostic delay and its correlates among patients hospitalized during the COVID-19 pandemic period at a tertiary public hospital in Nairobi, Kenya

Linet Makori — 2026-02-27

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic delay remains a core challenge in the achievement of effective TB prevention and control globally. A study was undertaken to determine TB diagnostic delay and its correlates among patients hospitalized during the COVID -19 pandemic period at a tertiary public hospital in Nairobi, Kenya

Methods: This was a cross sectional mixed parallel method study conducted at Kenyatta National Hospital. Quantitatively, hospitalized patients’ records from January 2020 to December 2021 were abstracted while qualitatively in-depth telephone interviews were conducted on 36 discharged patients. Diagnostic delay was defined as time from admission until diagnosis (>5 days). Logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with diagnostic delay while qualitative data was thematically organized using N-Vivo software version 12.

Results: A total of 563 (67.1%) delayed in being diagnosed for TB. Extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) aOR=4.108 (95% CI 2.782–6.067), and GeneXpert test aOR=6.306 (95% CI 3.763–10.568), p=0.000 were significantly associated with delayed TB diagnosis. On their pathway to final diagnosis, hospitalized patients encountered personal, private and lower public facilities’ barriers during the COVID-19 period.

Conclusion: TB diagnostic delay worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Effective utilization of TB dedicated diagnostic tools and efficient public private partnerships can reduce TB diagnostic delay in case of any future pandemics.

HIV and AIDS risk behavior in inter-city inter-province driver in Manado city

Afnal Asrifuddin — 2026-02-27

Background: HIV and AIDS remain major public health concerns worldwide, particularly among populations with high mobility and limited access to health education. Inter-city inter-provincial (AKAP) drivers are categorized as a high-risk male population due to their occupational mobility and potential exposure to risky behaviors. This study aimed to analyze factors associated with HIV and AIDS risk behavior among AKAP drivers in Manado City.

Methods: This study employed an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach conducted in Manado City from April to November 2023. The study population consisted of all AKAP drivers stationed at Malalayang Terminal, totaling 86 individuals. Total sampling technique was applied. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis with Chi-Square test and Odds Ratio (OR).

Results: The findings indicated that knowledge (p=0.016, OR=1.85) and attitude (p=0.037, OR=2.12) were significantly associated with HIV and AIDS risk behavior. Motivation (p=0.587, OR=3.64) and education level (p=0.237, OR=1.42) were not statistically significant but showed potential risk tendencies.

Conclusions: Knowledge and attitude were significantly related to HIV and AIDS risk behavior among AKAP drivers in Manado City. Strengthening educational and behavioral intervention programs targeting drivers is essential to reduce HIV transmission risk.

Survival rate of HIV-exposed infants in Homa Bay County, Kenya: a prospective cohort study

Augustine Gatimu Njuguna — 2026-02-27

Background: Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV is a significant public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa, accounting for most pediatric HIV infections. Despite investments in prevention programs, disparities in infant HIV-free survival persist. Homa Bay County, in Kenya, bears one of the highest HIV burdens in the country.

Methods: A prospective cohort of 326 infants born to HIV-positive mothers followed for up to 18 months aimed to determine the survival rate of HEIs in Homa Bay County. Data were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves to estimate survival probabilities, Cox proportional hazards regression to identify risk factors, and Bayesian spatial survival models to assess geographic clustering of outcomes.

Results: variation in HIV-free survival across sub-counties, Homa Bay Town recorded the lowest infant HIV positivity, 2.9%, higher rates observed in Karachuonyo (14.3%), Suba (14.0%), and Rangwe (10.5%). Time-to-seroconversion varied; early infections were observed in Homa Bay Town (≈5 weeks), consistent with intrauterine or intrapartum transmission; later infections were noted in Mbita and Rangwe (≈37-39 weeks), suggestive of breastfeeding-related transmission. Kaplan-Meier analysis confirmed significant differences between sub-counties (log-rank p<0.05), spatial models identified high-risk clusters in Karachuonyo, Suba, and Rangwe, with a protective effect in Ndhiwa.

Conclusions: Findings highlight uneven, geographically clustered patterns of infant survival, shaped by maternal adherence to antiretroviral therapy, health system capacity, and socio-cultural practices. Tailored, spatially targeted PMTCT interventions are essential to reduce transmission and improve outcomes for HIV-exposed infants.

The effects of work on the dietary behaviour of mortuary workers in selected regions of Ghana

Anita Fafa Dartey — 2026-02-27

Introduction: Diet substantially impacts human health and daily task performance. Work type may influence workers' eating habits and food choices. In Ghana, the mortuary environment and conditions can make people uncomfortable eating certain foods. This study established the effects of work on the nutritional behaviours of mortuary workers in selected regions of Ghana.

Method: The study employed a qualitative research technique with exploratory designs. Purposive sampling was used and data saturation was reached after interviewing the 19th mortuary attendant of nine selected health facilities. The interviews were conducted using semi-structured interview guides and recorded using digital audio recorders. Data was subjected to thematic analysis.

Result: The study's main findings indicated that exposure to certain corpses altered the appetites of the participants. Some participants resorted to alcohol consumption as a temporary solution, while others developed food preferences as a result of their exposure to corpses.

Conclusion: Mortuary workers were constantly exposed to triggers of poor nutrition. They also used alcohol as a means to cope with their work and were unable to eat certain foods because of the nature of their work. To improve the well-being of mortuary workers, it is essential to improve working conditions, conduct regular check-ups and nutritional examinations for adaptation issues, and provide support from hospital management.

Adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes among women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study in Western Kenya

John Hector Nyaboga — 2026-02-27

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a growing public health concern associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, yet evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa, including Kenya, remains limited. This study examined the association between GDM and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes among women delivering at a tertiary hospital in western Kenya and identified key risk factors for these outcomes.

Methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted using hospital and maternal fetal medicine (MFM) registry records from January 2020 to December 2022. A total of 210 women were analyzed, 105 with GDM and 105 without, matched by age, parity, and gestational age at delivery. Data on demographic, obstetric, and clinical characteristics were extracted and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression to determine independent predictors of adverse outcomes.

Results: Women with GDM had significantly higher rates of cesarean delivery (58% versus 40%), postpartum hemorrhage (21% versus 7.6%), and macrosomia (21% versus 1%) compared to those without GDM (p<0.05). Newborn unit admissions (44% versus 27%) and respiratory distress syndrome (15% versus 6.7%) were also more common among infants born to GDM mothers, consistent with previous findings. Obesity (aOR=11.3; 95% CI: 4.3-32.5), prior history of GDM (aOR=4.7; 95% CI: 1.3-22.7), and advanced maternal age emerged as independent predictors of adverse outcomes.

Conclusions: These findings demonstrates that GDM substantially increases the risk of maternal and neonatal complications in this setting. Strengthened screening between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation, targeted management, and structured postpartum follow-up are recommended to improve outcomes and reduce the long-term burden of diabetes among mothers and infants.

Prevalence and predictors of intimate-partner violence in a rural household survey in Jammu, India

Sakshi Manhas — 2026-02-17

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a cause of concern globally as it poses a substantial barrier to accomplishing target 5.2 of the sustainable development goals i.e. to eliminate all forms of violence against women and girls. This study aims to assess the prevalence and predictors associated with IPV in a rural area of Jammu district.

Methods: The study was conducted over a period of two months in the R. S. Pura block, which is a field practice area of the Postgraduate Department of Community Medicine. GMC Jammu, using a stratified two-stage sampling technique. The villages were identified as primary sampling units, while households located within villages were identified as secondary sampling units. Villages were stratified according to population into four strata, and five villages were selected from each stratum. In the next step, 15 households were selected from each of the mapped villages, and one married female aged ≥18 year (selected using the Kish Grid method of sampling) was interviewed using a predesigned, pre-tested, and structured questionnaire. A total of 300 women were interviewed, and data were analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 27.0. Chi-square test was used as the test of significance.

Results: The overall prevalence of IPV was 59.6%, while psychological, physical, and sexual violence reported were at 27%, 14.33% and 3.33%, respectively. Age, religion, educational status, number of living children, and history of substance abuse in husband were found to be significantly associated with intimate partner violence (p<0.05).

Conclusions: Results have revealed that IPV remains a concern despite many efforts by the Government of India for women's empowerment. The acceptance of wife beating among women and sexual violence has shown a lower prevalence; however, the prevalence of psychological violence is showing a rising trend.

A pre-experimental study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding electrocardiogram and its interpretations among nursing students in selected nursing institutions, Jalandhar, Punjab

Akida Rukhsar — 2026-02-27

Background: An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a visual representation that offers precise information about an individual’s heart rate, rhythm, and any associated abnormalities. It may indicate if the heart has enlarged as a result of hypertension (high blood pressure) or whether there is evidence of a past myocardial infarction (heart attack). Performing non-invasive testing is simple, and the results are immediate basic knowledge of the electrocardiogram is usually the most difficult to assimilate, as it implies learning the basis of interpretation.

Methods: A pre-experimental study with a one-group pre-test and post-test design was conducted. A non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to select a sample of 100 nursing students who participated in the study. Data was collected using a self-structured knowledge questionnaire and analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results: The mean pre-test score was 20.73±3.14 and post-test knowledge score was 35.28±2.19 With regards to electrocardiogram and its interpretations with a difference of 14.55. According to the result of our analysis, the computed ‘t’ value (47.39) was statistically significant (p=0.001).

Conclusions: Researcher found that ‘nursing students’ post-test understanding of electrocardiogram and its interpretations improved following the introduction of planned teaching programme.

Women’s knowledge about non-pharmacological methods of pain relief in labor: a cross-sectional study

A. Doris Lily — 2026-02-27

Background: Labor pain is a significant experience for primigravida women, and understanding nonpharmacological techniques for pain management is essential for enhancing their childbirth experience. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of primigravida women regarding non-pharmacological methods for managing labor pain.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care center from October to November 2023. Using a non-probability purposive sampling technique, 100 primigravida women were recruited based on the inclusion criteria, which included the ability to read and understand Hindi or English. Data were collected using a 30-item structured multiple-choice questionnaire that assessed the knowledge of non-pharmacological pain management techniques. Knowledge scores were categorized as adequate (≥75% correct responses), moderate (50-74%), or inadequate (<50%).

Results: The findings revealed that 82% of respondents had inadequate knowledge, 18% had moderate knowledge, and none had adequate knowledge. The mean knowledge score was 39.53% (SD=2.75). Significant associations were found between knowledge levels and educational status (χ²=11.05, p<0.05) and previous knowledge of non-pharmacological techniques (χ²=18.74, p<0.01).

Conclusions: This study highlighted a substantial knowledge gap regarding non-pharmacological labor pain management among primigravida women. Educational interventions by healthcare providers, particularly nurses and midwives, are essential to improve awareness and understanding of these techniques, ultimately enhancing the childbirth experience for women.

A cross-sectional study to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the measles immunization during an outbreak of measles in an urban slum of a metropolitan city

Dasi Hajibabu Rao — 2026-02-27

Background: Measles is a highly infectious disease, and Mumbai experienced an outbreak in 2022, resulting in 600 cases and 17 deaths. Inadequate immunization coverage has been suggested as a key factor, yet the underlying reasons remain unclear.

Method: This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to explore caregivers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding measles-containing vaccines (MCV) during the outbreak in an urban slum. Caregivers of children aged 9 months to 5 years presenting with febrile rash at Baiganwadi Health Post were surveyed using a 30-item peer-validated questionnaire administered via telephone after verbal consent.

Results: Among 100 participants, 99% recognized measles, but only 10% identified all key symptoms, and 53% were unaware of potential complications. Vaccination coverage was low: 50% unvaccinated, 18% unsure, 25% partially vaccinated, and 7% fully vaccinated. Common barriers included lack of awareness, concurrent illness, and fear of side effects.

Conclusion: The findings highlight significant immunization gaps and underscore the need for targeted community-based interventions to improve MCV coverage in vulnerable populations.

Prevalence of complications and comorbidities among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and their association with glycemic control and duration of diabetes: a cross-sectional study from Kerala, India

C. V. Lalithambika — 2026-02-27

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications that significantly increase morbidity and mortality. Understanding the prevalence of these complications and their association with glycemic control and duration of diabetes is essential for improving long-term outcomes.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 70 adults aged 35–65 years with T2DM attending a tertiary care outpatient clinic in Kerala, India. Data on demographic, anthropometric, clinical, and laboratory parameters were collected using a structured proforma. Glycemic status was assessed using fasting blood sugar, postprandial blood sugar, and HbA1c. Diabetic neuropathy was evaluated using vibration perception threshold, peripheral arterial disease using ankle-brachial index, and diabetic retinopathy by fundoscopic examination. Associations between complications, comorbidities, glycemic control, and duration of diabetes were analyzed using chi-square tests.

Results: The mean age of participants was 53.6±8.4 years, with males comprising 82.9%. The prevalence of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and peripheral arterial disease was 71.4%, 30%, and 7.1%, respectively. Obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were present in 65.7%, 48.6%, and 64.3% of participants, respectively. Poor glycemic control (HbA1c≥7%) was observed in 75.7%. A significant association was noted between duration of diabetes and retinopathy (p=0.003), while glycemic control showed no significant association with most variables.

Conclusions: A high burden of microvascular complications and cardiometabolic comorbidities was observed among adults with T2DM. Longer duration of diabetes was significantly associated with retinopathy, emphasizing the need for early screening, optimal glycemic control, and comprehensive risk factor management.

Determinants of postpartum intrauterine contraceptive device use: a case-control study at a tertiary care center in India

Pragati Kapse — 2026-02-27

Background: Postpartum intrauterine contraceptive devices (PPIUCD) offer safe, effective, long-term contraception during the immediate postpartum period. Despite its advantages, acceptance remains low in India. Understanding the determinants of PPIUCD use is crucial for improving family planning services. This study aimed to identify determinants of PPIUCD use among postnatal women at a tertiary care center and determine their strength of association.

Methods: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted from March 2023 to February 2025. Cases included 70 postnatal women using PPIUCD, and controls included 70 age-matched postnatal women not using PPIUCD. Data were collected using predesigned questionnaires covering sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive history, and obstetric factors. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.

Results: The mean age was 24.57±3.87 years among cases and 23.85±3.70 years among controls. Significant determinants in univariate analysis included education level, husband's education and occupation, age at marriage, fertility preference, planned pregnancy, PPIUCD counseling, gravidity, and parity. In multivariate analysis, joint decision-making on family size (OR: 0.043, 95% CI: 0.007-0.275), planned pregnancy (OR: 2.674, 95% CI: 1.022-6.995), PPIUCD counseling (OR: 12.674, 95% CI: 4.668-34.411), and multiparity (OR: 0.147, 95% CI: 0.055-0.393) remained significant determinants.

Conclusions: PPIUCD counseling emerged as the strongest predictor of acceptance. Comprehensive antenatal counseling involving both partners, promoting planned pregnancies, and addressing cultural barriers through community education are essential for improving PPIUCD uptake.

Exploring the dimensions of burnout syndrome among academicians: a survey study

Daman Preet Singh — 2026-02-27

Background: Burnout has become a growing concern among academicians due to the heavy workload, emotional strain, and constant performance pressures in academic life. It can lead to reduced productivity, low job satisfaction, and poor mental and physical health. Addressing burnout is essential to maintain academic quality, career satisfaction, and institutional effectiveness. This study aimed to assess the levels of burnout among academicians of various disciplines and to identify key factors contributing to it.

Methods: Data were collected from 148 academicians employed in colleges and universities by using the standardized Copenhagen Burnout Inventory through an online survey, distributed via email and social media (Google forms). Participants were informed about the study’s purpose and provided instructions before completing the survey. Each item was rated on a five-point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating greater burnout.

Results: The participants had a mean age of 40.08±8.77 years. Overall, 51.35% reported mild burnout, 33.78% moderate burnout, and 2.7% severe burnout. The highest burnout scores were observed in the personal and work-related domains, whereas colleagues-related burnout was comparatively lower. The findings indicate a high prevalence of burnout among academicians, particularly influenced by gender, marital status, parental responsibilities, academic rank, and commuting stress. Engagement in recreational activities was inversely related to burnout, indicating its protective role.

Conclusions: The study revealed a high prevalence of burnout among academicians, driven by a combination of personal, occupational, and institutional stressors. The findings highlight the need for proactive measures such as workload regulation, supportive mentorship, flexible work policies, and wellness initiatives to promote faculty well-being and prevent professional exhaustion.

Assessment of physical literacy and its association with sleep disturbance among school-going children aged 8 to 15 years: a cross-sectional study

Mallika Ganesh Sadavarte — 2026-02-27

Background: Physical literacy has emerged as a crucial element in supporting healthy growth, motor competence, and lifelong participation in physical activity. Sleep, similarly, is fundamental to cognitive, emotional, and physical development. Despite the importance of both, limited evidence exists regarding their interaction in Indian school-aged children. It was hypothesized that children with higher physical literacy would demonstrate fewer sleep disturbances. To test this, a cross-sectional study was conducted using validated questionnaires to assess physical literacy and sleep health among school-going children.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 children (53 boys, 47 girls). Physical literacy was evaluated using the physical literacy in children questionnaire (PLCQ), and sleep disturbances were assessed through the child and adolescent sleep checklist (CASC). Data were analyzed using SPSS 29.0 with independent t-tests and Pearson’s correlation.

Results: The mean physical literacy score was 95.63±13.68, and the mean sleep disturbance score was 21.03±8.89. No gender differences were found in either variable. A significant negative correlation (r=–0.541, p<0.001) indicated that children with higher physical literacy experienced fewer sleep-related issues. Age showed a mild but significant positive correlation with sleep disturbance (p=0.040).

Conclusions: Physical literacy appears to have a favorable association with sleep health. Children with higher physical literacy scores are less likely to experience sleep disturbances. Integrating structured physical literacy-based programs in schools may contribute to improved sleep quality and overall well-being.

Prevalence of burnout, poor sleep quality and quality of life amongst medical and surgical residents in a tertiary care institute in Puducherry

Sreya Duvvuri — 2026-02-27

Background: Burnout and sleep deprivation are increasingly recognized among resident doctors in India, with implications for their well-being and the quality of care they provide. Understanding the magnitude of these issues and their determinants is essential for institutional action. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of burnout and poor sleep quality among postgraduate medical residents and to examine the associations with socio-demographic and bio-behavioral factors. Quality of life was evaluated as a secondary objective.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at JIPMER, Puducherry, among residents enrolled in MD, MS, DM, MCh, and integrated six-year postgraduate programs. After obtaining informed consent, data were collected via structured interviews using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Perceived Stress Scale, and WHO-QOL-BREF. Associations were examined using univariate and multivariable logistic regression.

Results: A total of 162 residents were randomly sampled. Burnout in at least one domain was present in 56.7% of residents, and 29% experienced burnout in two domains. Poor sleep quality was reported by 51.8%, and 84% had moderate to severe perceived stress. Female residents had higher odds of burnout (aOR=4.61). Poor sleep quality (aOR=3.14) and lower QoL scores were strongly associated with burnout, while third-year residents had 0.15 odds compared to first-years. Severe stress and poor sleep were also significantly associated with poorer QoL.

Conclusions: Burnout, poor sleep quality, and elevated stress levels are highly prevalent among residents. Addressing workloads, sleep hygiene, stress-management support, and institutional welfare mechanisms is essential to enhance resident well-being and safeguard patient care.

Addressing mental health challenges among adolescents in Himachal Pradesh: evaluating the impact of adolescent friendly health clinics

Anjali Chauhan — 2026-02-27

Background: Mental disorders are one of the most prevalent health concerns faced by adolescents today. A good mental health cultivates a sense of purpose and fulfilment among the adolescents. To ensure this, the government of Himachal Pradesh has started implementation of Adolescent Friendly Health Clinics in the state.

Methods: Data from Nayi Disha Kendras (NDK) reports on National Health Mission website which has consolidated the adolescent outpatient department data, was used. This data details the mental health services extended to adolescent girls and boys across multiple Adolescent Friendly Health Clinics (called Nayi Disha Kendras in the state) situated in various districts of Himachal Pradesh. This data set spans a period of three years, from January 2021 to December 2023.

Results: Approximately, around 11,000 adolescents from the state of Himachal Pradesh, stress accounted for a high of 53% among the adolescents, followed by those with other mental health conditions (14%), depression (14%) and suicide thoughts (5%).

Conclusions: Just as we attend to our physical health, nurturing our mental health demands proactive attention and care. Embracing practices of self-care, seeking support from loved ones and accessing professional assistance when necessary are crucial steps in safeguarding our mental well-being.

Comparison of shoulder and scapular parameters like mobility and endurance in bodybuilders and normal gym going people

Sayali Jangle — 2026-02-27

Background: Resistance training, including bodybuilding and regular gym workouts, has surged in popularity. However, bodybuilding is focused on muscle hypertrophy and aesthetics while regular gym workouts emphasize general fitness and strength. This may induce muscle imbalances affecting shoulder and scapular function in the bodybuilders. This study compared shoulder and scapular mobility and endurance between bodybuilders and regular gym-goers.

Methods: Participants were 62 healthy individuals aged 20-35 years (31 bodybuilders with ≥3 years of hypertrophy-focused training; 31 gym-goers with ≥1 year of general strength training; matched for age, BMI, and training frequency). Assessments included: Apley’s back scratch test (shoulder flexibility via reach distance), modified scapular slide test (scapular dyskinesis at rest and loaded positions), posterior shoulder endurance test (time to fatigue in prone horizontal abduction), and scapular muscle endurance test (time to failure in prone Y-raise). Data were analyzed using Minitab software, employing the Mann-Whitney U test and an unpaired t-test. A p value of <0.001 was considered statistically significant.

Results: Bodybuilders showed significantly reduced shoulder mobility (Apley’s test), scapular mobility (modified slide test), shoulder endurance (posterior test), and scapular endurance compared to gym-goers (p<0.05).

Conclusions: Bodybuilding adaptations likely cause muscle imbalances, impairing functional mobility and endurance. Bodybuilders should incorporate targeted mobility and endurance training.

Oral health alterations among diabetic and non-diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease receiving haemodialysis: a comparative clinical study

Fakir Mohan Debata — 2026-02-27

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requiring haemodialysis is associated with multiple systemic and oral manifestations. These may be compounded in patients with co-existing diabetes mellitus (DM), which alters salivary composition, immune function, and tissue healing. This study compares oral and dental manifestations among diabetic and non-diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing haemodialysis.

Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care centre on 120 ESRD patients receiving maintenance haemodialysis, divided into diabetic (n=60) and non-diabetic (n=60) groups. Data were collected through clinical examination, structured questionnaire, salivary pH testing, decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index scoring, and community periodontal index (CPI) index assessment. Statistical analysis included chi-square and Student’s t-test, with p<0.05 considered significant.

Results: Xerostomia, tongue coating, candidiasis, and higher DMFT scores were significantly more prevalent in diabetics. Salivary pH was significantly lower in diabetics (mean 5.32 vs. 6.22, p<0.01). Periodontal status was worse in diabetics, with more CPI code 4 findings. No significant difference was observed in serum urea and creatinine levels. Uremic fetor and dysgeusia were more common in non-diabetics.

Conclusions: Oral manifestations in ESRD patients on haemodialysis are more pronounced and complex in the presence of DM. Regular oral screening and integrated care are essential to improve quality of life and prevent complications in this vulnerable population.

Effectiveness of menstrual health education program among rural adolescent school-girls: a quasi-experimental study

Nandini A. Soni — 2026-02-27

Background: Menstruation in rural communities is often obscured by misinformation, taboos, and silence, leading to poor practices, anxiety, misconceptions, and negative health and educational consequences among adolescent girls. Although school-based menstrual health education has shown promise, its uptake in rural areas remains inconsistent. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured menstrual health education program in improving knowledge, attitudes, and hygiene practices among rural adolescent schoolgirls.

Methods: In this quasi-experimental pre- and post-test study, eighty girls aged 11–15 years from a rural private school in the Ahilyanagar district participated. A standardized 19-item questionnaire assessing knowledge and literacy was administered before and after a 30-minute educational program delivered via lecture, PowerPoint, and video. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Cohen’s d for effect size.

Results: Knowledge scores increased by 57.4% (4.04±1.84 to 6.36±1.70) and menstrual literacy scores by 188.7% (1.68±1.45 to 4.86±1.50), both with high statistical significance (p<0.001). Effect sizes indicated large educational impact (Cohen’s d: 1.30 for knowledge; 2.14 for literacy). Improvements were especially notable in understanding menstrual physiology, hygienic practices, pain management, and dispelling myths regarding activity and dietary restrictions.

Conclusions: A brief, structured menstrual health education program substantially and significantly improved both knowledge and literacy among rural adolescent schoolgirls. These findings support integrating menstrual health education into school curricula as a vital intervention to promote adolescent health, reduce stigma, and enhance academic participation.

A comparative study on knowledge, attitude and practices of personal hygiene among urban and rural school students in Mysuru

Deepshika Rajagopal — 2026-02-27

Background: Personal hygiene is a critical component of overall health, especially among school-aged children, who are vulnerable to hygiene-related illnesses. Students often exhibit inconsistent hygiene practices shaped by their knowledge and attitude, posing public health risks in school environment. This study aimed to compare and assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices related to personal hygiene among urban and rural school students in Mysuru.

Methods: A school based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to April 2025 (four months) among 400 students, 200 each from urban and rural schools, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics and, knowledge, attitude and practice related to personal hygiene. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel and analysed using SPSS v28, applying descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results: Among urban students, 58.5% had good knowledge, 84.5% good attitude, and 79.5% good hygiene practices. In comparison, rural students showed higher levels across all domains: 79.0% had good knowledge, 93.5% good attitude, and 84.5% good practices. The Mann-Whitney U test indicated rural students had significantly higher knowledge (U=15900, Z=–4.417, p<0.001) and attitude scores (U=18200, Z=–2.873, p=0.004). The difference in practice scores, was not statistically significant (U=19000, Z=–1.300, p=0.194).

Conclusions: Rural students demonstrated significantly better knowledge and attitude. However, the lack of significant difference in practice scores suggests the need for interventions that emphasize behaviour reinforcement alongside awareness.

Prevalence and predictors of anaemia in pregnancy: the role of birth spacing, educational status and awareness levels in Meerut City

Prem Kumar — 2026-02-27

Background: Anaemia during pregnancy remains a major public health challenge in India and is a leading contributor to maternal and neonatal morbidity. Understanding its determinants is essential for designing targeted interventions. Evidence from urban areas such as Meerut City is limited, despite rapid urbanisation and shifting socioeconomic patterns. To assess the prevalence and predictors of anaemia among pregnant women in Meerut City, with specific focus on birth spacing, educational status and awareness related to anaemia.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 904 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Meerut City. Data were collected using a structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire along with haemoglobin estimation based on WHO criteria. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify significant predictors of anaemia.

Results: Anaemia prevalence was 59.6%, comprising 22.9% mild, 34.5% moderate and 2.2% severe cases. Short interpregnancy interval (<24 months) showed a strong association with anaemia (p<0.05). Women with lower educational attainment and poor awareness of anaemia were significantly more likely to be anaemic, indicating a prominent role of reproductive, educational and informational factors.

Conclusions: Anaemia among pregnant women in Meerut City remains alarmingly high. Short birth spacing, low maternal education and inadequate awareness emerged as key predictors. Strengthening ANC counselling, enhancing women’s health literacy and promoting optimal birth spacing are critical strategies to reduce the burden of anaemia in similar urban populations.

Prevalence and clinico-etiological profile of anemia in pediatric patients

Syed Muneeb Mohammad — 2026-02-27

Background: Nutritional anemia is a significant public health burden in developing nations, particularly affecting rural pediatric populations. Recent data from the National Family Health Survey-5 indicates a paradoxical rise in anemia prevalence within the Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir, despite general improvements in health indicators. This surge is often attributed to specific regional dietary habits and delayed weaning practices.

Methods: A retrospective observational cross-sectional study was conducted at the Community Health Centre (CHC) Pakherpora, District Budgam, over a period of two years (2023–2025). The study involved 1,000 pediatric patients aged 6 months to 14 years. Data regarding hemoglobin levels and clinical profiles were retrieved from hospital records and analyzed.

Results: The overall prevalence of anemia was found to be 68.2%. The burden was disproportionately high (76%) in the toddler age group (6 months–5 years). A statistically significant gender disparity was observed in adolescents (10–14 years), with females (75%) being more affected than males (p<0.01). Moderate anemia was the most common severity grade observed (42%).

Conclusion: The study reveals a hyper-endemic burden of anemia in rural Budgam. The etiology appears multifactorial, driven by the early introduction of cow's milk and consumption of tannin-rich beverages. Urgent community-level interventions, including dietary counseling and strict deworming protocols, are essential to mitigate this silent epidemic.

Violence in the shadows: how intimate partner violence shapes pregnancy outcomes in rural Uttar Pradesh, India

Archana Shukla — 2026-02-27

Background: Globally, nearly 30% of women experience intimate partner violence (IPV), and in India, NFHS-5 reports that 27% of women face physical and 6.7% sexual violence by their husbands. IPV during pregnancy increases maternal stress and is associated with adverse birth outcomes, including low birth weight and preterm birth. This study examines the association between psychosocial conditions within intimate partnerships and adverse birth outcomes in a rural setting of Uttar Pradesh.

Methodology: A case–control study was conducted in Raebareli district, Uttar Pradesh, including 425 recently delivered women (212 cases with LBW/preterm births and 213 controls without low-birth-weight babies).

Results: Approximately 20% (83/425) of women reported experiencing IPV (physical or emotional) during pregnancy. Among these, 72.9% had adverse outcomes. Specifically, 63 women (75%) had LBW infants, and 34 women (40%) reported physical violence such as hitting, slapping, or pushing (OR=4.32; 95% CI: 2.02–9.27; z=3.7), indicating a statistically significant association between IPV and adverse outcomes. Conversely, 193 women (45%) reported receiving high levels of emotional and practical support from their partners. Among them, 61% delivered normal birth weight babies, with partner support reducing the risk of LBW by 22% (OR=0.459; 95% CI: 0.31–0.67; p<0.001).

Conclusion: IPV is strongly associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, whereas partner support acts as a protective factor in rural Uttar Pradesh.

Family adoption programme in India: barriers and challenges to the medical students and healthcare workers

Uzma Shaikh — 2026-02-27

Background: India is a country where 65.5% of the population resides in a rural setup. The government of India in an attempt to address the health needs has set up various health programmes and facilities. Despite various efforts the access to health care is deficient at times for this majority of the population. Aim was to share experience of faculties, healthcare workers and students in implementation of first family adoption program in a new private medical college. Objective was to assess challenges, barriers and difficulties faced during implementation of family adoption program in a private medical college.

Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted in 100 1^st year MBBS students and 10-15 healthcare workers. family adoption program in our institute was conducted for MBBS 2023-24 batch. Department of Community Medicine prepared a team of Professor and Head of the Department, one senior faculty, two Assistant Professors, one Community Development Officer and 4 ASHA workers. Total 9 slots of 3 hrs including introduction of FAP, presentation of family information and logbook assessment were conducted.

Results: Distance of the village from the institute, shortage of logistics, availability of buses, shortage of manpower and management of 100 students in the field area, lack of cooperation from families, convince the families regarding student’s frequent visits and workload and time management were some difficulties reported by the faculties and ASHA workers. 40% students reported language barriers, 45% students faced non-cooperation from the families in initial visits etc. 90% students felt their communication skill was improved during the visits.

Conclusions: On a positive note, FAP is helpful to Indian medical graduates in improving communication skill and understanding of rural set up and health care and bridging the gap between rural and urban health care systems.

Sociodemographic characteristics and occupational health risks: a cross-sectional study of respiratory and musculoskeletal issues among brick kiln workers of Agartala

Nilabha Chakraborty — 2026-02-27

Background: Occupational health is vital for both employees and employers, boosting productivity, reducing absenteeism, and enhancing job satisfaction. However, workers in industries and factories often face occupational hazards. Brick making, a labor-intensive occupation, exposes workers to various health risks, including respiratory, musculoskeletal, and locomotive problems. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of health morbidities among brick field workers in Agartala, providing valuable insights into their occupational health challenges.

Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 150 participants randomly selected from three brick kiln factories: Durga Bricks Industries, Ma Kali Bricks Industry, and Kali Mata Bricks Industry. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and recorded in an Excel sheet. Chi-square tests were used to analyze the association between health morbidities and sociodemographic parameters among the participants.

Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant associations between job category and respiratory, locomotive, and musculoskeletal morbidities. Additionally, locomotive problems increased with working duration, showing a significant correlation (p<0.05). Musculoskeletal issues were also significantly linked to age groups. However, no association was found between dermatological problems and sociodemographic parameters among the participants.

Conclusions: Worker health is compromised by factors like neglecting personal protective equipment and prolonged working hours. To mitigate this, implementing measures such as limiting heat exposure and improving working postures can significantly enhance worker health and also boost productivity.

Predictive modeling and risk factors of under-five child mortality in India using NFHS-5 dataset: a parity-based analysis

Neha Bhardwaj — 2026-02-27

Background: Child mortality is one of the important public health issues in developing countries like India. Many previous studies found that there are several risk factors affecting child mortality namely; Socio-economic factors, Bio-demographic factors, etc. Therefore, in the present study, various variables associated with these factors were explored in relation to under-five child mortality. Additionally, three different models were compared to assess their suitability for estimating child mortality across different parity levels of women. This approach was adopted with the objective of framing more effective strategies to reduce child mortality rates in India.

Methods: For our purpose, binary logistic regression model was performed to describe the significant risk factors of mortality among under-five children. For finding a best predictive model, three different models are formulated and model fitting was observed by the method of MSE. First model was binomial distribution, second was beta-binomial distribution and third was poisson distribution model.

Results: The logistic regression result reveals that the factors like maternal health, education, and socio-economic conditions, rural areas, significantly influence child mortality and the method of comparison on the three different models describes that the beta-binomial distribution model shows the better fit on the data. The estimated values of probability of child deaths at higher parities; parity 3, parity 4, and parity 5, were obtained as 0.153, 0.279, 0.123, respectively.

Conclusions: According to this study we found that, child mortality is still a significant issue in India. Therefore, progress on socio economic, bio-demographic and environmental risk factors should be the focus of policymaker’s intervention.

Comparative clinical study of siravedhana using 24G needle versus endovenous laser ablation in the management of lower limb varicose veins

Pratik Bharat Wani — 2026-02-27

Background: Varicose veins are typical symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency, and they are linked to pain, edema, skin changes, and functional loss. This disorder is very similar to siraj granthi in Ayurveda and results from the vitiation of the doshas rakta and pitta. Such disorders are traditionally treated with siravedhana, which is an Ayurvedic process of bloodletting, whereas modern popular treatment is EVLA. The purpose of the study was to compare the clinical effectiveness and safety of siravedhana with a 24G needle and EVLA in the treatment of lower limb varicose veins.

Methods: The clinical study was an open-label, randomised, double-arm study conducted in patients diagnosed with lower-limb varicose veins. The 24G needle was used to administer the siravedhana to group A, and EVLA was performed on group B. Clinical observation was conducted based on CEAP classification and Doppler ultrasonography. Patient follow-ups were conducted 15 days after discharge.

Results: The two modalities of treatment led to major enhancement in the symptoms like pain, heaviness and edema. Siravedhana was effective for low-complexity disease in the early stages at a lower cost, whereas EVLA responded more quickly at advanced stages.

Conclusions: Siravedhana is an inexpensive and safe option for early-stage varicose veins, whereas EVLA is preferable for advanced disease. An integrative approach can be optimal for the patient.

A community-based assessment of common mental disorders among reproductive age women in the Palam area of Delhi

Pallavi Mishra — 2026-02-27

Background: Common mental disorders (CMDs), including depression, anxiety, and somatoform disorders, are frequently encountered in primary care, especially among women of reproductive age due to cultural, psychological, and biological factors. Despite this, community-level data on CMDs in Northern India remains limited. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of CMDs among women aged 15-49 in Delhi's Palam area and to examine associated socio-demographic factors.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2021 and March 2022, involving 370 women selected through probability sampling in Palam area of Delhi. CMDs were screened using the self-reporting questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20) and pattern was assessed using modified mini screen (MMS).

Results: CMDs were found in 38.9% of participants. Depression was most common (40.6%), followed by generalized anxiety disorder (21.3%) and mania (17.4%). Significant associations were observed with age, religion, education, economic status, school dropout history, and marital status. Higher prevalence was noted among women aged 30-44 and over 45, Muslims, those without formal education, individuals in upper-middle income groups, school dropouts, and widowed or divorced women.

Conclusions: A substantial number of reproductive-age women were affected by CMDs. Targeted mental health initiatives are essential for early identification and support of high-risk groups.

Awareness regarding the effect of passive smoking among adults: a cross-sectional study

Sabna Pulikka Kkunnil — 2026-02-27

Background: Passive smoking is a major public health concern that contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality among non-smokers. Despite increasing awareness campaigns, adults often underestimate the health risks of passive smoke exposure. This study aimed to assess the level of awareness regarding the effects of passive smoking among adults, to examine the association between awareness and selected demographic variables, and to develop and distribute an educational leaflet to enhance awareness.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 120 adults attending the Outpatient Department of a selected hospital in Thalassery. Participants were selected using a convenience sampling technique, and informed consent was obtained prior to the data collection. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire consisting of two sections: demographic variables and awareness-related items. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics to assess the level of awareness and to determine its association with selected variables.

Results: Findings revealed that the level of awareness regarding the health hazards of passive smoking varied among participants. A statistically significant association was observed between the level of awareness and educational status as well as previous exposure to educational programs on smoking-related health risks.

Conclusions: The findings of this cross-sectional study highlight the need for sustained public health education to enhance adult awareness of the harmful effects of passive smoking. Despite existing knowledge, gaps remain, necessitating targeted educational interventions. Integrating structured health education strategies into routine public health programs may promote preventive behaviours, reduce exposure to passive smoking, and ultimately improve overall community health outcomes.

Correlation of hamstring muscle flexibility with dynamic balance and agility in physiotherapy students in Navi Mumbai: a correlational study

Helly Kaushik Shah — 2026-02-27

Background: Physiotherapy students often engage in activities like exercise demonstrations, transfer techniques, and gait training that require both health-related and skill-related fitness. However, hamstring strain from extended sitting during lectures can negatively impact agility and dynamic balance, two crucial aspects of skill-related fitness required for clinical competency.

Methods: 75 physiotherapy students in Navi Mumbai, ages 18 to 28, participated in a correlational study. The modified sit and reach test was used to measure hamstring flexibility, the functional reach test was used to measure dynamic balance, and the Illinois agility test was used to measure agility. The significance level for Pearson’s correlation test was set at p<0.05.

Results: The average agility, dynamic balance, and hamstring flexibility scores were 19.90±2.85 seconds, 15.58±2.79 inches, and 23.96±4.38 cm, respectively. Agility displayed a mild, non-significant positive connection (r=0.12, p=0.306), whereas dynamic balance and hamstring flexibility revealed a small but significant positive correlation (r=0.235, p=0.042).

Conclusions: The study concluded that in physiotherapy students, there is a weak positive correlation between hamstring flexibility and both dynamic balance and agility. These results underscore the importance of early assessment and focused flexibility training to enhance skill-related fitness within physiotherapy students.

Proportional distribution and sociodemographic profile of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a hospital-based cross-sectional study in Udaipur, India

Mohammed Shaquib Aslam — 2026-02-27

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, particularly in low-resource settings. Understanding the socio-demographic and clinical profile of affected women is essential for early detection, targeted care, and improved outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine the proportional prevalence, distribution of different types of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and their socio-demographic profile.

Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 210 pregnant women diagnosed with HDP at Pannadhay Zanana Hospital, RNT Medical College, Udaipur. Data were collected using structured forms from labour rooms, PNC wards, and OT records. The types of HDP were classified as chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia.

Results: Among the 210 respondents, gestational hypertension (50.5%) was most common, followed by preeclampsia (34.3%), eclampsia (10.0%), and chronic hypertension (5.2%). Majority were from joint families (57.14%), lower-middle SES (50.5%), and had parity ≤2 (94.7%). The most affected age group was 28-32 years (33.8%). Regarding BMI, 24.2% were obese and 27.1% were overweight.

Conclusions: Gestational hypertension constituted the highest proportion, followed by preeclampsia, eclampsia, and chronic hypertension. Most affected women were in the 23-32-year age group, belonged to lower middle and upper lower socioeconomic classes, and a considerable proportion were overweight or obese, highlighting the sociodemographic distribution of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in a hospital-based setting.

Plastic realities: unpacking public awareness, attitudes and practices regarding plastic usage among residents of diverse backgrounds in Western Maharashtra

Relin J. Renny — 2026-02-27

Background: Plastic pollution poses a serious threat to ecosystems and human health, particularly in developing countries where a gap often persists between public awareness and sustainable action. Despite a widespread awareness campaign being conducted using different mass media tools, public understanding and behavioural change remain inconsistent. This study assesses the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding plastic use and waste management among residents of an urban community in Western Maharashtra and identifies demographic factors influencing sustainable behaviour.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was performed in 434 participants selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using a validated, pretested KAP questionnaire covering sociodemographic variables, awareness of plastic hazards and waste-handling practices. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS v26. Descriptive statistics summarized the data, while chi-square tests and multinomial logistic regression identified associations between KAP components and sociodemographic factors.

Results: Almost all participants (96%) recognized plastic pollution as a global issue and 85% supported government regulation. Additionally, 27% were aware of chemical risks, such as Bisphenol A and only 20% were aware of the quantity of plastic waste produced locally. Education showed a significant association with knowledge and attitudes, whereas age and occupation influenced certain waste-management behaviours.

Conclusions: The study revealed strong general awareness but weaker specific knowledge and inconsistent eco-friendly practices. Educational status emerged as the determinant of environmental literacy. Strengthening community-based education, promoting affordable alternatives and reinforcing waste-management systems are vital to transform awareness into sustained behavioural change.

Knowledge and practice of active management of third stage of labour among nursing personnel of selected hospitals in West Bengal

Sneha Das — 2026-02-27

Background: Active management of third stage of labor is a crucial intervention to prevent postpartum hemorrhage, a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. It involves a series of steps, such as administering uterotonic drugs, controlled cord traction, and uterine massage.

Methods: Descriptive research design was used. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 48 nursing personnel working in selected hospitals of West Bengal. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview schedule and a knowledge interview schedule through interviews and an observational checklist on AMTSL through observation.

Results: Study results revealed that 6.25%, 37.50%, 29.17% and 27.08% of nursing personnel had excellent, very good, good and poor knowledge, respectively and 22.92%, 33.33%, 16.67% and 27.08% of them had poor, average, good and very good practice respectively with 87.50% gap between ongoing practice of examination of placenta and practice recommended by WHO. There was a statistically significant association between practice with in-service educational training, years of experience in the labour room and knowledge of AMTSL was related to practice of AMTSL among nursing personnel (r=0.35) at 0.05 level of significance.

Conclusions: It can be concluded that knowledge is associated with practice, increase in knowledge level increases practice.

Study of risk factors associated with stroke patients admitted in tertiary care hospital: a case control study

Saroja G. Bansode — 2026-02-27

Background: Stroke, a major non-communicable disease, is a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and disability worldwide. Stroke is multifactorial, with modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, and alcohol use. Identifying these risk factors is essential for targeted prevention strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the association of various risk factors with stroke among patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital and to determine the strength of association specifically with ischemic stroke.

Methods: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted from March 2020 to February 2022 in the Medicine wards and ICU of a tertiary care hospital. A total of 176 stroke cases and 176 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Data on socio-demographics, lifestyle factors, medical history, and anthropometric measurements were collected using a pretested questionnaire.

Results: Physical inactivity (aOR = 1.88; 95% CI: 1.01-3.51; p = 0.047) and abnormal waist-hip ratio (aOR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.34-0.82; p = 0.005) were independently associated with stroke on multivariable analysis. In univariate analysis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, dyslipidaemia, and positive family history of stroke or other non-communicable diseases showed significant associations with stroke.

Conclusions: Ischemic stroke was the most common subtype in this study. Physical inactivity and abnormal waist–hip ratio were independently associated with stroke, while tobacco use, alcohol consumption, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, and family history showed significant univariate associations.

Are future doctors ready for AI? Artificial intelligence in the field of medicine: perception among medical students in North Karnataka: a cross-sectional study

Shamin Eabenson — 2026-02-27

Background: Artificial intelligence has revolutionised the world in a short span of time and it has taken the world by storm. Truly a game changer technology than has the ability to transform healthcare sector. Medical students have to be masters in adapting new age technologies to be relevant in this fast-evolving world of healthcare.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study which enrolled 195 medical students from North Karnataka, India. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes and practices regrading artificial intelligence in the field of medicine among medical students. Statistical calculations were done and the results were analysed.

Results: In the study 153 (75%) belonged to the age group of 19 to 21 years. Based on gender the majority were females, 119 (61%). Artificial intelligence would improve medical training as opined by the majority 163 (83.5%). Most thought that AI will facilitate information gathering from patients, which accounts to 135 (69.2%). About two third of the participants 132 (67.6%) had never encountered AI tools in their theoretical training. The majority 143 (73.3%) believed that doctors should receive specific training regarding the ethical challenges of AI in healthcare.

Conclusions: Artificial intelligence must be introduced into medical curriculum to transform future doctors into smart doctors who use technology to serve the healthcare need of patients from rural and urban backgrounds. AI can solve the access to healthcare issues, if telemedicine and artificial intelligence tools to augment the skills of doctors are fused together.

Minimally invasive transcanal endoscopic tympanoplasty: our experience in 120 cases of mucosal chronic suppurative otitis media

Dimple Sahni — 2026-02-27

Background: Endoscopic procedures began the era of minimally invasive surgery in otorhinolaryngology. Even in patients with a narrow external canal, the endoscopic technique facilitates easier transcanal tympanoplasty.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study for evaluation of 120 patients who underwent endoscopic transcanal tympanoplasty between 2020 and 2023. Tragal cartilage was used as graft material. Patients were assessed for graft success rate, and hearing outcomes, duration of surgery, length of hospital stay, postoperative morbidity.

Results: The overall graft uptake rate was 96.6% (116 patients). The average duration of surgery was 45.60±17.39 minutes. Endoscopic transcanal tympanoplasty yielded excellent cosmetic results in all cases. The mean pure tone audiometry (PTA) before surgery was 32.4±7.5 dB, while the mean PTA at 24 weeks post-surgery was 25.6±6.8 dB, with a statistically significant p value of 0.001. Additionally, a significant closure of the air-bone gap (ABG) was observed postoperatively. The average hospital stay was 1.05±0.15 days.

Conclusions: Endoscopic tympanoplasty provides broad visibility and ease of application for middle ear surgery, with a short operating time, reduced risk of complications, and a minimally invasive approach but long learning curve associated with this technique.

A cohort study on change in hemoglobin levels in Indian female tea and coffee drinkers currently on oral iron therapy for iron deficiency anemia

Urvashi Bharia — 2026-02-27

Background: Anemia affects 57% of all nonpregnant Indian women between 15-49 years, as per NFHS-5 (2021). Socioeconomic and gender-based dietary inequality contribute to the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia (IDA). The inhibitory effects of tea and coffee on iron absorption are well documented. Both beverages are commonly consumed in India, as accompaniments or meal substitutes. NFHS-5 doesn’t provide data on the prevalence of IDA in particular.

Methods: Hemoglobin levels were collected from patient records for six months, from the beginning of treatment till the end of the study duration. Beverage consumption habits and compliance with oral iron therapy (OIT) were studied. The primary objective was to establish a correlation between excessive beverage consumption and unsatisfactory hemoglobin outcomes at the end of OIT.

Results: Of 380 anemic women interviewed, 160 (136 tea; 24 coffee) presented with IDA. Tea consumption was significantly associated with poor improvement in hemoglobin levels (p=0.003). Mean therapy duration was 4.31±1.64 months with hemoglobin improvement of 0.58 g/dL (95% CI: 0.49-0.67, p<0.0001). Compliance with OIT was 79.41%. 38.23% reported adverse effects like constipation, black stool, and nausea with headache (n=2); however, this did not reflect negatively on therapy compliance. Coffee consumption is not prevalent among lower socioeconomic groups in urban Mumbai; hence, no conclusions can be drawn. However, a downward trend between increased coffee intake and improvement in hemoglobin levels was found.

Conclusions: Excessive tea consumption might be associated with decreased efficacy of OIT. 35.7% of anemic women interviewed presented with IDA, indicating a dominance of non-nutritional etiologies.

Burden of pre-hypertension, hypertension and dyslipidemia and its associated risk factors among adult population of urban slums in South Delhi, India

Prerana Anjan Hanumanthiah — 2026-02-27

Background: Cardiovascular disease is one of the predominant Global health concerns, the burden of CVD risk factors is increasingly shifting, impacting urban slums population.

Methods: A community based cross sectional study among randomly selected two urban slums of South Delhi was conducted to assess the burden of hypertension and its associated risk factors. 246 randomly selected respondents (Women: 144) aged 40 years & above completed the survey along with Anthropometric and biochemical assessments

Results: Prevalence of hypertension is found to be 50.81% (Men: 43.1% and Women: 56.2%. RR 1.3 (95% CI:1.0-1.7)), female Gender (p=0.05), elderly age (p<0.01) and hypercholesterolemia (p<0.01), were significantly associated with hypertension. Pre-hypertension was found to be high (70.1%) among remaining others. Prevalence of self-reported diabetes is found to be 56.8% (Men: 44 (55%) and Women: 68 (58.1%). RR: 1.403 (95% CI: 0.56-3.46)), Assessment of total cholesterol showed that 6.1% (15) and 16.7% (41) were having high and border line high levels respectively, higher proportion of women were having higher levels of dyslipidemia while compared with men (p<0.01). Observations on NCD risk factors shows that Men were having higher proportions of habits of smoking, smokeless tobacco and alcohol while compared with women (p<0.01), but higher proportions of women (95.8%) had abdominal obesity compared to men (p<0.01).

Conclusions: Prevalence of hypertension, pre-hypertension and self-reported diabetes is high among adults of urban slum dwellers and women have higher burden along with hypercholesterolemia and abdominal obesity.

Determinants of fire safety awareness and emergency evacuation preparedness in intensive care units and operating theatres: a cross-sectional study

Shirin Laturkar — 2026-02-27

Background: Evacuation in intensive care units (ICUs) and operation theaters (OTs) is a complex task that requires well-trained staff. The aim of the study was to assess the level of fire safety awareness and emergency evacuation preparedness among healthcare personnel working in ICUs/OTs, and to identify the determinants influencing them.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among healthcare workers in ICUs/OTs of two tertiary care hospitals in Bengaluru. A total of 150 participants were selected using population proportionate sampling followed by random number tables. Data were collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire assessing socio-demographic characteristics, awareness of fire safety measures, and recommended practices during ICU/OT fire emergencies. The responses were compiled and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results: Of the 150 participants, 144 (96%) acknowledged the need for fire safety training; however, 125 (83.3%) did not consider themselves adequately trained to manage fires or related emergencies in the ICU/OT. Higher questionnaire scores were significantly associated with age, designation, and years of experience. Greater confidence in handling fire emergencies was observed among participants with prior training, longer work experience, or previous exposure to a fire incident. Overall, 125 (83.3%) participants demonstrated poor or very poor knowledge scores.

Conclusions: The study revealed significant gaps in fire safety awareness and emergency evacuation preparedness among healthcare workers in ICUs and OTs. Factors such as age, designation, experience, and prior training were positively associated with better awareness and preparedness. These findings highlight the need for regular fire safety training to strengthen emergency preparedness in critical care areas.

Association between maternal psychosocial factors and preterm birth: a case-control study from central Uttar Pradesh, India

Archana Shukla — 2026-02-27

Background: Maternal psychosocial factors during pregnancy have been associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (PTB), but evidence from rural Indian settings remains limited. This study examined the relationship between maternal psychosocial factors and PTB in rural Uttar Pradesh, India.

Methods: A case–control study was conducted in Raebareli district, Uttar Pradesh, among 425 postpartum women interviewed within three months of delivery. Cases included 110 women who delivered preterm infants (<37 weeks of gestation), while controls comprised 315 women who delivered at term (≥37 weeks).

Results: Persistent depressive symptoms during pregnancy were reported by nearly half of the women and were more common among cases than controls (65.5% vs 45.0%). After adjusting for potential confounders, maternal depressive symptoms were significantly associated with increased odds of PTB (AOR=3.09). A history of mental health problems (AOR=1.69), physical abuse by a partner during pregnancy (AOR=2.03), and substance use (AOR=2.41) were also independently associated with higher odds of PTB. In contrast, strong family support (AOR=0.55) and a caring, emotionally supportive spousal relationship (AOR=0.42) were protective against PTB.

Conclusions: Maternal psychosocial factors play a critical role in the risk of PTB in rural India. Integrating mental health screening, psychosocial risk assessment, and interventions addressing domestic violence and substance use into routine antenatal care, alongside efforts to strengthen family and spousal support, may be essential for reducing the burden of PTB.

Loneliness in later life: gender-based evidence from longitudinal ageing study in India

Shriprasad H. — 2026-02-27

Background: Loneliness among the elderly a growing public health concern, particularly in ageing societies like India. Study examines gender differences in prevalence and determinants of loneliness among Indian elderly using data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) Wave-1 (2017–2018).

Method: Study focuses individuals aged 60 and above (N=31,092). Loneliness measured using a single-item question from the CES-D-10 scale: "During past week, how often did you feel alone?" Responses dichotomized into lonely (often/most of the time) and not lonely (rarely/sometimes). Descriptive statistics, test of proportions used to examine loneliness prevalence, while multiple logistic regression models assessed its socio-economic and demographic determinants by gender

Result: Findings reveal 14.95% elderly respondents reported feeling lonely, higher prevalence among females (17.5%) than males (12.08%), gender difference statistically significant (p<0.001). Widowed elderly, those with no education, and individuals living alone more likely to report loneliness. Notably, loneliness highest among elderly lived alone (37%), without physical activity or reading habits. A U-shaped pattern observed with respect to economic status: poorest, richest elderly reported higher loneliness. Regression confirmed that elderly living alone, widowed, without regular reading habits, and those not engaged physical activity significantly more likely to report loneliness. Gender-stratified models indicated that females across categories residence, marital status, living arrangement more vulnerable to loneliness than males, though some gender differences not statistically significant in multivariate models.

Conclusion: The findings highlight urgent need for gender-sensitive interventions to reduce loneliness among India’s ageing population, particularly through social engagement, physical activity, and inclusive support systems.

Knowledge, attitude and practice on over-the-counter drugs, P-drug and essential drugs by second- and third-year medical students in Mysuru

Rachitha Bale Muddu Kumar — 2026-02-27

Background: Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, essential medicines, and personal drugs (P-drugs) form an integral part of rational prescribing. As future prescribers, medical students must develop a sound understanding of these concepts to ensure safe and effective drug use. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding OTC drugs, essential medicines, and P-drugs among second- and third-year medical students.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 320 second- and third-year medical students at JSS Medical College, Mysuru, using a structured, pre-tested questionnaire. Data on awareness, usage patterns, attitudes toward safety, and confidence in prescribing were collected and analysed using descriptive statistics.

Results: Of the 320 participants, 40.6% were male and 58.1% female. Awareness about OTC drugs, essential medicines, and P-drugs was high (91.9%). Self-medication was reported by 20.3% without medical supervision, with paracetamol and NSAIDs being the most commonly used drugs. While 52.9% perceived self-medication as safe, only 26.6% reported adverse drug reactions. A significant proportion (52.5%) expressed confidence in prescribing OTC and essential medicines. Comparative analysis with other studies indicated similar trends in high self-medication prevalence and analgesic use but variations in adverse drug reaction reporting and prescribing confidence.

Conclusion: Medical students exhibit commendable awareness of OTC drugs, essential medicines, and P-drugs, but substantial self-medication practices persist. Structured educational interventions, case-based training, and stricter institutional policies are needed to enhance rational prescribing practices and ensure safe drug use.

Competency mapping of medical officers in charge in Kerala’s family health centers: exploring possibilities and challenges

Bhavya Fernandez — 2026-02-27

Background: Kerala’s Aardram Mission transformed Primary Health Centres into Family Health Centres (FHCs) to deliver comprehensive primary care. Medical officers in charge (MOICs) are pivotal as clinical leaders and administrators, yet their specific competency requirements in this model remain underexplored. This study, part of a larger competency-mapping initiative by the State Health Systems Resource Centre–Kerala, aimed to identify the roles, responsibilities, and competencies of MOICs to inform targeted capacity-building.

Methods: Competencies were mapped through consultations with health system experts and review of government orders and service delivery frameworks. Using these, in-depth interview guides and observation checklists were developed. Twenty-nine MOICs from randomly selected FHCs across six districts, representing diverse geographic and service contexts, were interviewed. Transcripts were deductively coded against the WHO–ASPHER Competency Framework for the Public Health Workforce in the European Region.

Results: MOICs demonstrated strong competencies in clinical care, disease surveillance, health promotion, and community engagement. They effectively collaborated with local self-governments and other departments, led disaster and outbreak responses, and managed human, financial, and material resources. However, challenges included staff shortages, infrastructure gaps, inconsistent community participation, and limited training in managerial, financial, and administrative skills. Performance appraisal practices were inconsistent, and disaster preparedness knowledge varied. Technology use was growing but constrained by connectivity and equipment gaps.

Conclusion: MOICs in Kerala’s FHCs fulfill multifaceted roles spanning clinical service, leadership, public health, and resource management. Strengthening targeted training particularly in administration, financial management, and disaster preparedness-along with systemic support for staffing and infrastructure, can enhance their capacity to deliver comprehensive primary care.

Burden of premalignant and malignant oral lesions in rural field practice area of tertiary care hospital: a cross-sectional study

Bonny Chandy — 2026-02-27

Background: Head and neck cancers rank third in most common malignancies encountered in both genders globally. Known risk factors of oral cancer or precancer include tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, smokeless tobacco use. Several studies among rural, semi-urban and urban populations, have proven the higher likelihood of tobacco consumption in rural settlements.

Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted in rural health training centre, Paithan under government medical college, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar. The objectives of the study being to estimate burden of oral cancerous lesions and to determine other factors related to tobacco consumption.

Results: A total of 166 individuals were included in the study. Sociodemographic details of all participants are shown in Table 1. Mean age of all participants was calculated as 47.4±17.19 years. Prevalence of oral premalignant lesions was estimated to be 37.3%, and of oral squamous cell carcinoma 3%.

Conclusions: India being the second largest consumer of tobacco products in the world, the need to heighten our concern about tobacco usage being a leading cause of death and debilitating disease in our country.

Alarming rise in abdominal obesity among Anganwadi workers in a rural area of Ludhiana

Anurag Chaudhary — 2026-02-27

Background: Anganwadi Workers (AWWs) at Anganwadi Centers (AWCs) under Integrated Child development Scheme (ICDS) are currently, overburdened. The health of AWWs should be optimum for carrying out duties under ICDS program efficiently.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among AWWs in rural Ludhiana. A pre-tested questionnaire was used, their physical health status was assessed and pattern of social media usage was determined.

Results: Out of the total 106 AWWs, majority (74.5%) were in the age group of 40-60 years (mean age=51.44±8.83), 72.6% were living with spouse and 61.3% were educated above 10th standard. Regarding self-reported morbidity, 33% had hypertension and 16% had diabetes mellitus. The mean systolic blood pressure (BP) and diastolic BP were 128.58±20.7 and 77.16±10.57 mm of Hg respectively. The mean random blood sugar (RBS) was 131.78±76.17mg/dL and mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.90±4.70, with 79 (74.5%) having BMI≥25. The mean waist hip ratio (WHR) was 0.926±0.07, showing increase with age. All the subjects were using social media platforms with daily average screen time of 3.82±2.2 hours. The association between BMI versus age group (p<0.03), education level (p<0.028) and hypertension (p<0.012) were statistically significant. The association between WHR versus education level (p<0.03) was significant. The majority (77.4%) agreed social media provides misinformation. About 11.3% reported positive and 32.1% reported a negative health change after social media usage.

Conclusions: The government should mandate the annual health checkup of AWWs. Social media can be utilized positively by them for prevention and control of risk factors like obesity.

Binge watching and its impact on depression, anxiety and stress among medical undergraduate students of a tertiary care teaching hospital, Tumkur: a cross-sectional study

Nivedha A. E. — 2026-02-27

Background: Binge-watching has emerged as a dominant media consumption behaviour among young adults, raising concerns about its potential impact on mental health. Medical undergraduate students represent a particularly vulnerable group due to academic stress and irregular lifestyle patterns. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of binge-watching and examine its association with depression, anxiety, and stress among medical undergraduate students of a tertiary care teaching hospital in South India.

Methods: Authors conducted a cross-sectional study from April to June 2025 among 616 medical undergraduates using universal sampling. Sociodemographic data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Binge-watching behaviour was assessed using the validated Binge-Watching Addiction Questionnaire, and mental health outcomes were measured using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale–21. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests, with odds ratios estimated through univariate and multivariable analyses using SPSS version 28.

Results: Among 616 medical undergraduates, 487 (79.1%) reported non-problematic binge-watching, while 87 (14.1%) and 42 (6.8%) demonstrated moderate and problematic binge-watching, respectively. Moderate to extremely severe depression was observed in 340 students (55.2%), severe or extremely severe anxiety in 272 (44.2%), and moderate to extremely severe stress in 219 (35.6%). Binge-watching was common among medical students, and students with depression, anxiety, and stress had significantly higher odds of binge-watching compared to those without psychological distress. Students who engage in frequent or prolonged binge-watching may report higher levels of stress, disturbed sleep patterns, and reduced academic performance compared to those with controlled viewing habits

Conclusion: Binge-watching was common among medical undergraduates and the study highlights a potential association between binge-watching and increased levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among medical undergraduate students underscoring the need for early identification and targeted mental health interventions in medical colleges.

Knowledge of WHO physical activity guidelines and associated behavioural factors in physiotherapy students

Ketki Chandrashekhar Patil — 2026-02-27

Background: As frontline advocates for health and exercise, physiotherapists play a vital role in promoting physical activity (PA). Despite this responsibility, a persistent "knowledge-practice gap" is observed among physiotherapy students, who often report insufficient activity levels despite their training. This discrepancy highlights the need to formally evaluate their baseline understanding of PA principles to better address these shortcomings

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 170 undergraduate and postgraduate physiotherapy students in Pune, India. Data were collected using a validated, self-administered questionnaire, which showed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha=0.9654$).

Results: The mean knowledge score of the WHO guidelines was moderate at 2.4, standard deviation was 1.5 (Median: 2, IQR: 1-4). Key barriers reported were 'lack of time' (60%) and 'heavy academic workload' (55.3%). Primary facilitators included 'knowledge about the benefits of PA' (86.5%) and 'nutrition' (86.5%).

Conclusions: A significant knowledge-practice gap exists among future physiotherapists, with the academic environment being the main obstacle to PA engagement. Curricular reform and institutional support are recommended to better integrate WHO guidelines and foster effective role models.

Knowledge, attitude and practices of breastfeeding among urban and rural mothers in the field practice area of a tertiary care centre: a cross-sectional analytical study

R. Sasikala — 2026-02-27

Background: Breastfeeding is an important infant nutrition and maternal health factor. Although there are clear recommendations by the World Health Organization on the exclusive breastfeeding practice in the first six months, significant differences continue to be observed between the urban and rural population as a result of socio-cultural variations, education and access to health services.

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis study was done between February and July 2025 with a total number of mothers (n=278) with children under two years of age to be included in the study according to cluster and simple random sampling method. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic variables, breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes and practices (WHO IYCF indicators). The data were analysed through descriptive statistics and chi-square tests.

Results: The general knowledge and attitude to breastfeeding was satisfactory among urban and rural mothers. The awareness of the prevention of breast cancer and the milk storage was higher among urban mothers compared to rural mothers and longer and more frequent time of breastfeeding was reported by rural mothers. Rural mothers were found to have pre-lacteal feeding more as compared to urban mothers who practiced early breastfeeding initiation. Attitude (p=0.032) and practice (p=0.003) had significant relationships with place of residence whereas knowledge did not.

Conclusions: Despite the fact that the knowledge and positive attitudes of both urban and rural mothers were sufficient, there were considerable differences in the patterns of breastfeeding and rural mothers were more acceptable. Intensifying antenatal and postnatal counselling, breastfeeding support at the workplace and family involvement is required to fill the knowledge-practice gap and enhance the outcomes of breastfeeding.

Disruptive clinician behaviours in healthcare: prevalence, impact and strategies for cultural reform

Zayed Alnefaie — 2026-02-27

Disruptive clinician behavior (DCB)—ranging from incivility to overt aggression—undermines team dynamics, clinician well-being, and patient safety, particularly in community healthcare systems where resources and oversight may be limited. This narrative review synthesizes evidence from peer-reviewed and gray literature published between January 2013 and June 2024, focusing on the prevalence, typologies, drivers, and institutional responses to DCB, with special attention to its impact in community-based settings and broader public health implications. Using sources from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, and search terms such as “disruptive behavior,” “workplace incivility,” “medical bullying,” and “patient safety,” eligible studies included hospital and community healthcare workers, trainees, and medical students. Findings reveal DCB is highly prevalent and disproportionately affects junior staff and women, driven by factors such as hierarchical power imbalances, inadequate institutional oversight, cultural permissiveness, and reporting barriers. The consequences are far-reaching, ranging from increased burnout and reduced clinical performance to weakened team cohesion. Effective interventions include peer-support programs, simulation-based professionalism training, and leadership-led cultural reform. Addressing DCB demands systemic change grounded in psychological safety, policy clarity, and leadership accountability, with these principles integrated into medical education and community health governance to foster safer, more equitable healthcare environments.

Unlocking India's hospital beds: why a digital portal is the cure for a stretched system

Harikarthikeyan Karuthamalai Rajasundar — 2026-02-27

India’s health system faces chronic resource gaps and inefficiencies. With public health spending at only 1.84% of GDP and very low hospital bed densities (around 0.6 beds per 1000 population), simply adding beds is unaffordable and slow. A more efficient alternative is to improve utilisation: a real-time digital platform that tracks staffed bed availability can raise effective capacity and reduce inequity. Early experiments – from Delhi’s COVID-19 bed portal to the bed management system in AIG Hospitals, Hyderabad – show substantially higher occupancy and throughput. International evidence also supports these results, confirming that real-time tracking systems can deliver major efficiency gains. This brief proposes piloting a national bed-tracking dashboard and shows it can yield large gains for much lower cost and risk than new construction, with safeguards to address data accuracy, incentives and privacy. These promising results are tempered by limited evidence from a small number of pilots and by systemic constraints such as staff shortages, uneven digital readiness, and governance challenges that will require independent evaluation and safeguards during scale-up.

Molecular diversity and evolutionary dynamics of Nipah virus: implications for surveillance and control

Amos Dangana — 2026-02-27

The Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly dangerous zoonotic virus that continues to threaten global health. Its alarming case fatality rate, ability to spread from person to person, and potential to jump from wildlife to humans make it a serious concern. To effectively monitor and control this virus, it’s crucial to understand its molecular diversity and how it evolves. We carried out an extensive review of existing genomic, phylogenetic, and epidemiological research on NiV. Our focus was on understanding its genetic diversity, patterns of recombination, and traits specific to different lineages. We also looked into the current shortcomings in surveillance, diagnostics, and public health responses through a One Health lens. We identified two main lineages—NiV-Malaysia (NiV-MY) and NiV-Bangladesh (NiV-BD)—which show unique transmission patterns and genetic characteristics. Our phylogenomic analysis uncovered lineage-specific mutations in the glycoprotein and polymerase genes, some of which are under positive selection. Additionally, recombination events and mutations within hosts indicate that the virus is adapting. However, there’s still a lack of data from wildlife reservoirs, and many diagnostic tools do not account for genetic variations. These insights underscore the urgent need for improved surveillance strategies, outbreak readiness, and vaccine development. To prevent the emergence of NiV, we urgently need to enhance genomic surveillance, integrate one health approaches across sectors, and conduct functional studies on mutations that define different lineages. Adapting diagnostics and vaccine strategies to keep pace with viral evolution will be crucial in reducing the risk of future outbreaks.

Recent advances in breast imaging reporting: a review of the BI-RADS® sixth edition

Anamika Shahi — 2026-02-11

The breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS), developed by the American College of Radiology, serves as the cornerstone for standardized breast imaging interpretation and reporting. The Sixth Edition, released as the BI-RADS® v2025 Manual, represents a substantial evolution of the framework in response to advances in imaging technology, expanding clinical applications, and accumulated evidence highlighting limitations of earlier editions. This narrative review summarizes the major updates introduced in BI-RADS v2025 across mammography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and contrast-enhanced mammography. Key revisions include refinement of breast density communication, formal integration of digital breast tomosynthesis-based lesion characterization, expanded ultrasound lexicon including non-mass lesions, elimination of ambiguous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) terminology, incorporation of additional MRI descriptors, recognition of abbreviated MRI protocols, and elevation of contrast-enhanced mammography to a core modality. Collectively, these updates aim to improve reproducibility, harmonize reporting across modalities, and strengthen audit and quality assurance processes. Understanding these changes is essential for accurate interpretation, effective multidisciplinary communication, and consistent application in contemporary breast imaging practice.

Clinical efficacy of platelet rich plasma injections for knee osteoarthritis: a review

Zawata Afnan — 2026-02-27

Osteoarthritis (OA) of knee is a leading cause of global disability, with a rapidly increasing prevalence. This review synthesizes evidence on the clinical efficacy of platelet rich plasma (PRP) injections for managing knee OA, compared to placebo, hyaluronic acid (HA), corticosteroids (CSC), and other therapies. Recent high-quality meta-analyses and systematic reviews demonstrate that intra-articular PRP injections provide superior and clinically significant improvements in pain visual analog scale (VAS) and functional outcomes (WOMAC scores) at 3, 6, and 12-month follow-ups compared to these alternatives. The therapeutic benefit of PRP is highly dependent on platelet concentration, with high-concentration preparations (>800,000 platelets/μL) proving essential for achieving sustained long-term efficacy. Furthermore, a regimen of 2-3 injections is more effective than a single administration. While combination therapy (PRP+HA) may offer superior short-term relief, PRP monotherapy yields equal or better long-term results. PRP also exhibits an excellent safety profile, comparable to placebo and superior to repeated corticosteroid use. PRP, particularly high-concentration delivered in a series, represents an effective, durable, and safe biological treatment for mild to moderate knee OA, outperforming traditional conservative options. Standardization of protocols and cost-effectiveness analyses are recommended for wider clinical adoption.

The blood toll of arsenic: addressing hematological disorders and future directions

Rubia Mondal — 2026-02-27

Arsenic contamination is a critical global health threat, with the hematological system being a primary target of its toxicity. This review synthesized current scientific literature from PubMed and Web of Science to document arsenic-induced hematotoxicity and evaluate the efficacy of various amelioration strategies. Inorganic arsenic uses a variety of cell membrane transporter proteins, including different proton and phosphate transporters and the anion exchanger Band 3 protein for entry into the cell. Glucose transporters, aquaporins, and ATP-binding cassette transporters are used for the extrusion of arsenic. The markers of hematotoxicity are shown to be severely altered in arsenic-treated fish and mammalian models. Moreover, significant alterations, including DNA methylation, altered T cell populations, increased PBMCs associated with marked neutropenia, apoptosis of blood monocytes, etc., were observed in leucocytes. Transformation of discoidal erythrocytes to echinocytes, followed by spheroechinocytes and eryptosis, is considered an impending cause for arsenic-induced anaemia. Chelating agents, various plant extracts, and/or nutraceutical agents such as ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, and lipoic acid are found to be protective against arsenic-induced hematotoxicity. This comprehensive documentation offers a clear overview of the research conducted in this vital area, indicating that the management of arsenic-induced hematotoxicity is achievable with the aforementioned compounds or extracts. A comparative analysis using secondary data is essential to ascertain the potency and efficacy of various ameliorative agents. This would provide a complete understanding of hematological arsenicosis and guide future directions for remedial measures.

Epidemiology of malnutrition among under-five children in selected middle-belt states of India: a review

Priyanka Singh — 2026-02-27

Malnutrition among children under the age of five is a significant concern for health authorities in India. This review aims to evaluate the burden of stunting, wasting and undernutrition, identify their determinants, and outline strategies needed to address malnutrition in under 5 years old children age group. Recent data was sourced from platforms such as Google search, Medline, PubMed, Research scholars and others, and the retrieved information was analyzed for inconsistencies. Researches shows that the prevalence of stunting, wasting and undernutrition remains high, with considerable variation based on the assessment methodology used. To plan effective control measures, it is essential to analyze the distribution of various risk factors and their influence on the nutritional status of children in specific settings. The WHO has identified PEM as one of the major problems among the children round the world. Also, over the years it has been found that developing countries like India have been facing the issue of PEM among children particularly at the most crucial stage of their development. This paper is a review on the status of malnutrition among young children (under the age of five) in middle line states of India. The study is based on analysis the secondary sources of relevant literature and the inferences.

Oral health status and oral healthcare system in India: a narrative review

Chandru Sivamani — 2026-02-27

India’s National Oral Health Programme (NOHP) was launched in 2014 to strengthen oral health services, however, a consolidated evaluation of its implementation and progress remains limited. Therefore, we aimed to synthesize evidence on India’s oral disease burden and oral health system progress (NOHP) from 2014 to 2025. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and government websites (August-October 2025). We included all study designs, reports and programme documents (2014-25), excluding non-oral health and non-English/non-full text articles. Data extraction covered major dental conditions, and programme domains were mapped using WHO health-system building blocks. Findings were narratively summarised, NOHP’S funding mapped using QGIS 3.28, and study quality appraised using SANRA checklist. Dental caries prevalence ranged from 19.6% to 94% (mean DMFT/DMFT: 0.4-2.8). Gingivitis affected 46.6% of the population and periodontitis was 51% (≥15 years). Partial edentulism ranged 13.4-100% and the complete edentulism was 5.3-90.5%, with national estimates of 61.9% and 7.2% (≥45 years), respectively. Orofacial clefts occurred at a rate of 0.9 per 1,000 births, with 50-60% of cases being cleft lip and palate. India reported 143,759 new oral cancer cases in 2022 (ASR: 9.9/100,000). Programme improvements included PHC-level dental units, tobacco cessation centres, mobile-dental vans, screening collaborations (NTCP, NP-NCD, RBSK), school dental programmes and dental amalgam phase-down. Despite 3.7 lakh dentists, rural availability remains low (1:25000). Two Centres of Excellence and three National Resource Centres were established, alongside the national oral health policy draft. India has strengthened oral health services (OHS) under NOHP, yet gaps persist in coverage, funding, oral health information management system (OHIMS) and workforce distribution. Stronger primary-care integration, expanding preventive services and unified OHIMS are essential for equitable OHS.

Impact of planning commission and NITI Aayog initiatives for transforming nursing education in India: a historical–policy review

Tanveer Ahmed Naikodi — 2026-02-27

Nursing education is a critical determinant of health system performance, workforce preparedness, and quality of care, particularly in countries pursuing universal health coverage. This historical–policy review examines the impact of national planning and strategic policy initiatives on the evolution of nursing education in India, with specific focus on the transition from the Planning Commission–led Five-Year Plan framework to the contemporary reform agenda guided by NITI Aayog. Drawing on a systematic synthesis of peer-reviewed literature, government policy documents, statutory regulations, and grey literature published between 1950 and 2025, the review analyses how planning priorities, regulatory mechanisms, and programmatic interventions have shaped nursing education capacity, quality, and governance. The findings indicate that early planning efforts primarily emphasised quantitative expansion of training institutions and workforce numbers, with limited attention to curriculum relevance, faculty development, and competency outcomes. The scale-up of services under the National Health Mission exposed these gaps, prompting targeted initiatives to strengthen pre-service education and regulatory oversight. More recently, NITI Aayog has introduced a strategic, systems-oriented approach that recognises nursing education as central to health system transformation, advocating competency-based curricula, decentralised district-level institutions, integration of midwifery and advanced nursing roles, and use of digital learning platforms. Despite these advances, persistent challenges remain, including uneven quality across institutions, faculty shortages, regulatory fragmentation, and weak monitoring of education-to-workforce outcomes. Overall, the review highlights that sustained policy commitment, regulatory modernisation, and evidence-informed implementation are essential to translate strategic intent into meaningful improvements in nursing education and workforce readiness in India.

COVID-19 vaccine-elicited immune mediators and their contribution to protective immunity

Akrite Mishra — 2026-02-27

SARS-CoV-2, a highly transmissible virus triggered the COVID-19 pandemic inflicting devastating impact on public health and global economy; thus, the development of a vaccine was deemed the most efficient strategy. The immune system is a network of specialized cell types that interacts with cytokines to orchestrate protective responses. Until recently, investigators only evaluated vaccine efficacy with an emphasis on secreted antibodies, despite advancements in vaccinology no well-confirmed immunological correlates of vaccine-induced protection have been recognized. Technological and conceptual advances in cell-mediated immunology have resulted in numerous novel immunological signals, which could function as classifiers for vaccine-induced protection. Cytokine responses are essential for triggering and retaining humoral responses, which could potentially impact vaccination efficiency, thus, profiling might uncover vital information on the indicators of vaccine response and long-term protective variables. This integrated immunological approach to vaccine response provides a broader perspective and ensures an improved comprehension of the pathways and mechanisms involved. Here we aim to summarize the mechanism of action of the different vaccines developed and examine several immunological mediators associated with SARS-CoV2 immunization. We also provide insights, on new possibilities correlating with vaccine-induced immune responses and their effectiveness in defining protective immunity.

Rising trends of late marriage and delayed conception - a public health concern

Rahul Singh — 2026-02-27

The trend of late marriage and delayed conception is increasingly evident in India, reflecting changing socio-economic aspirations and lifestyle transitions. According to the National Family Health Surveys (NFHS-5), the median age at first marriage for women has increased to 19.2 years nationally and in several urban states, it is well above 21 years. Similarly, the median age at first birth has shifted upward, indicating the postponement of parenthood. While this may highlight social progress, it carries several medical and social implications that warrant attention.

District resident programme – opportunities or malapropos

Pravesh S. Bhadoria — 2026-02-27

District resident programme shortly known as DRP, is a training programme introduce by National Medical Council in 2020 for post graduate students pursuing MD/MS degree from medical colleges of all type (government/private/deemed). Programme is introduced with the objective to familiarize with the health care services provided by District health system and to learn about planning, implementation, monitoring and assessment of the outcomes of the National Health programmes in district level. For the purpose of this programme, a district hospital shall be a functional public sector/government-funded hospital of not less than 50 beds with facilities/staff for the designated specialties at that level/facility

Ecology, equity and adaptation: a systematic review of climate-change and tribal solutions in North-East India (2015 to 2025)

Abbas Kazim — 2026-02-27

The tribal populations of Northeast India are found in ecologically sensitive, biodiversity-rich areas which are highly susceptible to the effects of climate change, such as changes in monsoon patterns, deforestation, crop damage, food insecurity, and health problems. The tribal populations have their own indigenous knowledge systems that are essential for their survival and management of their environment. However, the rapidly increasing effects of climate change are a major challenge. This systematic review compiled research studies published between 2015 and 2025 on the effects of climate change on tribal communities in North East India, including adaptive measures, indigenous practices, and policy recommendations. Using the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted to identify relevant studies from the ScienceDirect database. After screening 421 studies using the title and abstract method, 21 studies were identified that specifically addressed the effects of climate change and adaptation measures in these communities. The findings validated the existence of significant impacts of climate change, encompassing heightened vulnerability of forests, threats to conventional agroforestry practices, alterations in resource availability, and jeopardies to livelihoods. Although indigenous knowledge sets the baseline for resilience, the increasing rate of climate change necessitates the combination of traditional knowledge with modern scientific approaches to ensure long-term ecological equity and sustainability in the region.

Therapeutic potential of glutathione in cancer management: a meta-analysis

Osman Suliman — 2026-02-17

Glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide and the most abundant intracellular antioxidant, plays a central role in maintaining redox balance, regulating cellular proliferation, and influencing drug resistance in cancer. Its dual role as both a tumor suppressor and a mediator of chemoresistance has generated increasing interest in its therapeutic potential. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the role of glutathione and glutathione-modulating strategies in cancer management, with a focus on therapeutic efficacy, mechanisms of action, and clinical outcomes. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library for studies published between 2000 and 2025. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case control studies, and experimental models investigating glutathione supplementation, depletion strategies, or modulation in cancer therapy. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two reviewers, and findings were synthesized narratively. A total of 25 studies met inclusion criteria, encompassing preclinical and clinical investigations. Glutathione supplementation demonstrated protective effects against chemotherapy-induced toxicity, particularly in cisplatin-related nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Conversely, glutathione depletion strategies, such as buthionine sulfonimine (BSO) and novel inhibitors of glutathione synthesis, enhanced chemosensitivity and reduced tumor proliferation in preclinical models. Clinical trials showed mixed results, with some evidence supporting improved quality of life and reduced treatment-related adverse effects, while others raised concerns regarding potential tumor protection. Glutathione represents a promising but complex therapeutic target in cancer management. Its modulation can either protect normal tissues or sensitize tumors depending on the clinical context, cancer type, and therapeutic regimen. Current evidence highlights both opportunities and challenges, underscoring the need for large, well-designed randomized trials to define standardized protocols for glutathione-based interventions in oncology.

SCoPE toolkit: a comprehensive tool to estimate survey sample size, cost, population projection and estimation of denominators for nutrition and health program implementers, researchers and program evaluators

Manoj K. Raut — 2026-02-27

Prioritization and optimization of budgets for research and program implementation is an important aspect of program conceptualization and management in a world, where there are resource constraints. Estimating budgets for health and nutrition surveys embedded in a program becomes a regular exercise for program implementers and managers. But this becomes difficult due to absence of any estimates or coefficients to benchmark surveys and survey data quality assessments. In addition, estimation of denominators for program monitoring and forecasting of micronutrients and health supplies is requirement, which is regular requirement. A survey sample size, cost, population projection and estimation (SCoPE) toolkit has been developed keeping in mind the needs of the fraternity of program managers, researchers and program evaluators. This could be used to estimate sample size with different absolute and relative precision levels adjusting for design effects and response rates, tentative costs for upcoming surveys, population projections, age specific denominators for forecasting of supplies and monitoring. It has population proportions for the 1,000 days, under five years, 10-19 years for adolescents for weekly iron and folic acid (IFA) supplementation, 15 to 49 years of age for WRA for daily IFA and calcium supplementation, annual and monthly births and pregnancies, assessment of data quality of age data using Whipple’s index for digit preference for terminal digits of 0 and 5, assessment of age-sex structure of a population by using a population pyramid, converting five year population to single year age population for groups. It also includes data metrics and a statistical calculator.

Awareness regarding role of ‘mishri’ (smokeless tobacco) on health among women in rural Western India - a pilot study

Kosturi Dakshit — 2026-02-27

Tobacco is roasted and ashes used to clean the teeth, is called ‘mishri’ which is a form of smokeless tobacco. It is observed that smokeless tobacco is used routinely at many places to clean their teeth without knowing the harmful side effects of it on health. The aim was to assess awareness regarding role of Mishri (smokeless tobacco) on health among rural women attending NCD camp. Objectives were to know their knowledge and perception about smokeless tobacco and to find out effects of smokeless tobacco on oral health. A total of 30 women from a village of rural India participated in the study. To assess their knowledge and perception participants were interviewed in depth. Data was collected in google form after taking their consent. Oral health was examined by torch light. Among the attendees 22 (73.33%) was having poor oral health. Fifteen among these 22 women (68%) were using a form of roasted tobacco ash traditionally applied as a dentifrice. Majority of them were unaware of the fact that mishri is a form of tobacco and have been dependent on it for their daily physiological activities. They believe it is a ‘paste for cleaning teeth’. All cases belong to poor families and had poor general health as well. Oral cancer screening programme has to be strengthened to raise awareness and to detect precancerous lesions early, so that it can be prevented.

An outbreak of Paederus dermatitis in a tertiary care hospital in the North-Eastern part of Jharkhand, India: a case report

Vaishaali T. M. — 2026-02-27

In October 2024, students at a tertiary-care medical college in North Eastern India reported skin lesions with burning pain. An outbreak investigation suggested that the rashes were caused by acid fly toxin from Paederus beetles, such as the Nairobi. Female rove beetles release the toxin paederin when they are crushed or brushed against the skin. A blistering rash typically appears 24-48 hours after contact and may take several weeks to resolve. Outbreaks of Paederus dermatitis are most commonly reported in Europe and Asia, but have also occurred in other countries. When the region was examined for such flies, Paederus fuscipes was identified as the causative agent. The height of the buildings, night illumination, and monsoon climate were potential risk factors. Preventive measures such as keeping lights off at night when possible, staying indoors during late evening and night, and wearing long-sleeved shirts and pants were recommended.

Occurrence of a reactive and traumatic lesion of the oral cavity: a report depicting two consecutive events

Sudhakar S. — 2026-02-27

The oral tissues are often exposed to various forms of injury and irritation leading to various reactive or traumatic lesions. These lesions frequently present as a lump or mass, ulcers or patches of varying color. They are generally benign in nature, subside to a greater extent after the removal of the stimulus and rarely recur after complete surgical excision. We report a unique occurrence of a reactive lesion, an irritational fibroma and a traumatic lesion, a mucocele arising consecutively on the right buccal mucosa.

A case of avascular necrosis of femoral head managed with bone marrow aspirate concentrate and platelet rich plasma as combination therapy: an orthobiologics approach

Venkatesh Movva — 2026-02-27

Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head is a debilitating condition and a delay in the intervention(s) invariably results in the necrosis of the femoral head with secondary changes leading to its collapse. Early intervention by regenerative therapy/minimally invasive approach aim to delay or prevent joint replacement. 42-year-old male patient diagnosed for Bilateral AVN of the femoral head, Ficat–Arlet Stage II with key imaging findings of edema in both femoral heads. a cystic lesion (1.4 x 1.0 cm) in the left femoral neck, and Kerboul angles indicating moderate risk for collapse (Right: 180º; Left: 164º). The patient underwent intervention using minimally invasive percutaneous core decompression (PCD) augmented with autologous Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate (BMAC) and Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) into the necrotic zone monitored by fluoroscopy. The clinical outcomes show that combination of PCD, BMAC and PRP demonstrated beneficial effects post therapy at 12 months, evidenced by reduction in Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) dropped from 6/10 (pre-op) to 1-2/10 at 12 months and functional improvement measured by Oxford Hip Score (OHS) from 23 (severe/moderate) to 42 (Satisfactory joint function). Further MRI at 6 months reveal revascularization and restoration of marrow signal intensity in necrotic area. This case supports the use of Orthobiologics (BMAC + PRP) as an effective "joint-preserving" strategy for early-stage AVN. By leveraging osteogenic potential of stem cells and angiogenic properties of growth factors to delay or prevent the need for total hip arthroplasty (THA) in younger patients.