International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health

Non-pharmacologic intervention to prevent cancer-related fatigue among breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Ahmed Z. Asiri — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a prevalent and debilitating condition among breast cancer patients, significantly impacting their quality of life. Non-pharmacologic interventions have gained attention as potential strategies for managing CRF, but evidence on their efficacy remains fragmented. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of non-pharmacologic interventions in preventing and reducing CRF among breast cancer patients through a systematic review and meta-analysis. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar was conducted, yielding 741 records. After removing duplicates, 354 records underwent title and abstract screening. A total of 65 studies were assessed for eligibility, of which 12 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled analysis included a total of 990 participants, comprising intervention and control groups. Interventions analyzed included acupuncture, yoga, resistance and aerobic exercises, mindfulness-based stress reduction, and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Outcomes were assessed using validated fatigue measurement tools. Random-effects models were used to estimate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The pooled analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in CRF among participants receiving non-pharmacologic interventions compared to usual care, with an overall SMD of -1.45 (95% CI: -2.39, -0.51; p=0.003). High heterogeneity was observed (I²=97%). Subgroup analyses indicated that interventions such as acupuncture, resistance exercise, and mindfulness-based stress reduction yielded the most substantial reductions in fatigue levels. No significant publication bias was detected, as shown in the funnel plot analysis. In conclusion, non-pharmacologic interventions effectively reduce CRF in breast cancer patients, with certain modalities demonstrating superior efficacy. These findings support integrating these interventions into comprehensive cancer care plans to improve patient outcomes. Further research is warranted to address heterogeneity and explore long-term effects.

Developing and testing sickle cell trait awareness messages to strive towards consistent and accurate education

Stacey Cunnington, Corinna Schultz, Jacey A. Greece — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Sickle cell trait is often misrepresented as benign, leading to misinformation and a lack of awareness about potential health complications. In the United States, 1 in 13 Black individuals are affected, though people of any race or ethnicity can have the condition. Misconceptions, systemic racism, and underfunded research contribute to inconsistent communication and education. To that end, this initiative aimed to identify gaps in awareness and education and develop consistent, comprehensive, scientifically informed messages to improve public understanding. The goal was for these messages to be adopted by sickle cell trait organizations nationwide to promote consistency in education and communication.

Methods: Using a mixed-methods approach, 19 key stakeholders including sickle cell organizations, medical experts, and individuals with sickle cell trait were engaged to identify communication gaps. The consolidated framework for implementation research (CFIR) guided survey and interview analysis, ensuring a structured approach to understanding stakeholder perspectives. The nominal group technique (NGT) validated findings during expert meetings, helping achieve consensus on messaging before testing with the sickle cell trait community.

Results: Findings highlighted inconsistent messaging, limited public understanding, insufficient research funding, and inadequate provider knowledge. Stakeholders and community members stressed the need for accurate, culturally sensitive, consistent, and accessible messaging to improve awareness and patient-provider communication.

Conclusions: Through collaboration and community validation, evidence-based messages were developed to promote informed decision-making, encourage self-advocacy, and enhance provider-patient communication. Standardized messaging is essential to combat misinformation, raise awareness, and improve health outcomes for individuals with sickle cell trait.

Prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

Tue, 06 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication associated with significant short- and long-term health risks for both mother and child. Understanding the local prevalence and associated risk factors is essential for improving antenatal care and long-term maternal health in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of GDM among pregnant women and to assess its associated risk factors, management strategies, adherence levels, and postpartum outcomes.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 120 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics. Data were collected using structured interviews and medical records, focusing on demographics, obstetric history, GDM diagnosis, trimester of diagnosis, management modalities, treatment adherence, and postpartum follow-up including diabetes development. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square tests to identify significant associations.

Results: A total of 120 women participated in this study. The prevalence of GDM was 51.7%. The majority of cases were diagnosed in the first trimester (41.7%), followed by the second (30.8%) and third trimesters (27.5%). GDM was managed primarily through diet control (53.3%). A total of 71.7% reported treatment adherence, and 78.3% indicated adequate glycemic control and follow-up. Significant associations were found between GDM and employment status, BMI, and post-delivery diagnosis of diabetes. Postpartum, 21.7% were diagnosed with T2DM.

Conclusions: This study reveals a high prevalence of GDM among pregnant women in Saudi Arabia. Despite good adherence and management rates, the transition to T2DM postpartum remains a concern. These findings highlight the importance of early screening, lifestyle interventions, and continuous postpartum monitoring to reduce GDM-related complications.

Prevalence of anemia among type 2 diabetic patients and its correlation with dietary habits in diabetic center in Taif City-Saudi Arabia

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: People who have diabetes express nutrient deficiencies that can cause anemia. Nutrient deficiencies can be caused by either not eating enough nutrients or by the body’s inability to absorb the nutrients that are eaten. This study aims to assess the prevalence and predictors of anemia among type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients in Saudi Arabia.

Methods: An interview validated questionnaire was used for data collection. It included socio-demographic data; inquiry about exercise, smoking status, past medical history of chronic problems, anemia, anemia symptoms, family history of anemia and consanguinity. In addition, assessment of the dietary habits using 12 questions, anthropometric measurements and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration were done.

Results: A total of 288 patients were included. Males accounted 55.6% of them and 47.5% aged over 60 years. The prevalence of anemia was 21.9%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that T2DM patients with income of ≥10,000 Saudi Riyals/month were at lower significant risk compared to those with no formal income to have anemia (aOR=0.028; 95% CI: 0.10-0.80), p=0.017. Patients with previous history of anemia were at almost 4-folds risk than those without such history, to have anemia (aOR=4.49; 95% CI: 2.17-9.26), p<0.001. Patients with symptoms suggestive of anemia were at almost 5-folds risk than those without such symptoms, to have anemia (aOR=4.80; 95% CI: 2.44-9.46), p<0.001.

Conclusions: Anemia is moderately prevailing among T2DM patients in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Determinants of anameia were low income, previous history of anemia and having symptoms suggestive of anemia.

Energy intake, household food security and stunting in toddlers at the health center of Molibagu, South Bolaang Mongondow Regency

Maureen I. Punuh, Rahayu H. Akili, Chreisye Mandagi — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Stunting is a chronic growth problem characterized by an increase in length or height that is not age-appropriate. Key factors contributing to stunting include energy intake and household food security. This study aimed to explore the relationship between energy intake, household food security and stunting in toddlers.

Methods: This study is a type of quantitative research with an analytical survey method using a cross sectional design conducted in the work area of the Molibagu Health Center, South Bolaang Mongondow Regency. The sample taken was 121 respondents using accidental sampling technique and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results: The percentage of stunted toddlers was 19.8%, not stunted was 80.2%. The proportion of household food expenditure in the low category was 52.9% and the high category was 47.1%. Energy intake in the deficient category was 38.8% and the sufficient category was 61.2% of toddlers, while protein intake in the deficient category was 20.7% and the sufficient category was 79.3% of toddlers. Analysis related to food security categories showed that families with food security categories amounted to 33.9%, food vulnerable 28.1%, food insufficient 18.2% and food insecure 19.8%.

Conclusions: There is a relationship between energy intake and stunting (p=0.008) and there is a relationship between the category of household food security and stunting (p=0.022) in toddlers at the Molibagu Health Center, South Bolaang Mongondow Regency. There is a need to optimize stunting prevention programs and cross-sectoral handling to overcome stunting and wasting in toddlers.

Visual health burden among industrial workers in Noida, India: an epidemiological study

Priyanshu Tiwari, Ishika Jain, Ruchika Sah, Manish Kumar Sah — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: To assess the prevalence, risk factors, and impact of visual health issues among industrial workers in Noida, India,

Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design to assess the ocular health burden among industrial workers in Noida, India. Data collection included structured questionnaires, vision screening tests, and comprehensive ocular examinations conducted by trained optometrist. The questionnaires gathered information on demographics, occupational exposure, visual symptoms, and eye care practices. Vision screening included tests for visual acuity, refractive errors, slit-lamp assessments, and fundus examination.

Results: A total of 638 industrial workers attended the eye camp, with 279 (43.73%) having normal vision and 359 (56.26%) experiencing eye problem. Refractive error (25.91%) was the most common ocular issue, followed by presbyopia (12.81%) and cataract (8.64%). The construction industry had the highest prevalence (31.48%), followed by rubber/plastic (12.81%) and textiles (12.26%).

Conclusions: The study indicates a high prevalence of ocular morbidity, likely influenced by workplace hazards such as dust, chemical exposure, poor lighting, and prolonged screen use. Addressing these concerns through regular vision screenings, workplace safety measures, and awareness programs is crucial.

Association between duration of diabetes and fasting lipid profile in Bangladeshi type-2 diabetic patients: a series of hundred one cases

Syeda Rumman Aktar Siddiqui, Mohammad Zillur Rahman — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a growing global health problem, with its prevalence rising significantly in developing nations. This chronic metabolic condition is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and is strongly associated with dyslipidemia, a prime risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of the length of type 2 diabetes with fasting lipid profiles of the type 2 diabetic patients.

Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive type of study was carried out at the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Epic Health Care Limited, in Chattogram, Bangladesh, from December 2023 to May 2024. A total of 101 type 2 medicated diabetic cases were employed in this study. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), Version-23.0.

Results: A total of 101 type 2 medicated diabetic cases were employed in this study. The mean age of the patients was 50.11±11.87 years. The females constituted the majority 61 (60.6%). The average duration of diabetes of the participants was 8.46±6.12 years. A statistically significant association between HDL levels and the varying duration of type2 diabetes was observed (p=0.000) while the association between cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides levels with varying duration of diabetes was not found statistically significant (P>0.05).

Conclusions: This study investigated a significant association between HDL levels and the varying duration of type2 diabetes while the association between cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides levels with varying duration of diabetes was not found statistically significant.

Cost analysis of patients with breast cancer undergoing adjuvant treatment at oncology ward of No. (2) Military Hospital (500 bedded), Yangon

Moe Pwint Phyu, Khin Chaw Chaw Kyi, Win Htut — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Breast cancer is a major public health concern among women associated with substantial amount of economic burden so as to assess the cost for treating breast cancer. This study aimed to identify the cost of patient with breast cancer who undergoing adjuvant treatment at Medical Oncology Ward of No. (2) Military Hospital (500 Bedded), Yangon.

Methods: The hospital based cross-sectional descriptive study was done with total of 33 patients by using semi-structured proforma and reviewing records. The top-down gross-costing method and bottom-up micro-costing method were applied for the direct and indirect costs.

Results: Among patients, their mean age was 55±10 years, almost all of the patients were married with at least three children. The mean family income was 131.49±50.09 USD. It was found that 26 patients were newly diagnosed and started treatment in 2023. The total provider cost was 14,500 USD in which the radiation therapy cost was the highest, followed by chemotherapy, and then food cost was the lowest. The total patient cost was 1,188 USD in which travel cost was the highest, followed by food cost and then caregiver cost was the lowest. The unit cost of treating breast cancer was 475 USD in which the provider expensed above 90% of them.

Conclusions: This study provides basic cost information for treating breast cancer from both the provider and patient perspective that useful for developing future budgeting of cancer care and allocation for equal access to sustainable oncology care in Myanmar medical context.

Analysis of kidney transplants in brazil: a comparative study pre and post-COVID-19 pandemic

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Kidney transplantation is essential for patients with advanced Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), a condition that affects 13% of the global population. Although Brazil stands out internationally, ranking fourth worldwide in kidney transplants, the COVID-19 pandemic posed significant challenges. The restructuring of the healthcare system and restrictions led to a reduction in transplants by up to 50% globally and 32% in Brazil, exacerbating disparities in access to the procedure.

Methods: It is an ecological study based on data from the Brazilian Transplant Registry (RBT), which examined the evolution of kidney transplants in Brazil across the pre-pandemic (2018-2019), pandemic (2020-2022), and post-pandemic (2023) periods.

Results: Between 2018 and 2023, a total of 33,224 kidney transplants were performed in Brazil, with a significant decline during the pandemic (-18.8% annual average) but a partial recovery in 2023 (18.2% of the total). The waiting list increased by 175.8%, with a 104.9% rise in the number of untreated patients. The productivity of medical teams dropped from 43 to 34 transplants per team during the pandemic, and deceased donors predominated (85.7%). Regionally, the Southeast accounted for the highest number of procedures, with São Paulo responsible for 32.6% of the transplants, highlighting inequalities in access to treatment.

Conclusions: Finally, it is observed that the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted kidney transplants in the country due to the reorganization of hospital care, with a gradual post-pandemic recovery, although still below pre-crisis levels.

Trends in suicide attempts and suicide mortality in Belize 2019-2023

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Suicide and attempts present significant public health challenges, especially with the increasing prevalence of suicides carried out using violent means. This study aimed to analyze trends in suicide mortality and attempts, methods used, and gender differences in Belize from 2019 to 2023.

Methods: This retrospective quantitative study utilized secondary data from the Belize Health Information System for the period 2019 to 2023.

Results: The rate of attempted suicides decreased from 28.43 per 100,000 population in 2019 to 2022, then increased to 26.16 per 100,000 population in 2023. Conversely, the suicide rate steadily rose from 6.99 per 100,000 population in 2019 to 11.38 per 100,000 population in 2023. Attempted suicides were most prevalent among adolescents aged 15-19 years, while suicides were highest among individuals aged 15-34years. Females had a higher rate of attempted suicides, whereas males had a higher suicide mortality rate. The male-to-female suicide ratio varied from 2.38 in 2019 to 7.75 in 2021 and 3.60 in 2023. Poisoning via medication overdose was the most common method for attempted suicides, while hanging was the most common method for suicides, with no significant gender differences in methods used. Mental health and substance-induced disorders were the most frequently reported risk factors for both suicide and attempted suicide.

Conclusions: This study provides a comprehensive analysis of suicide attempts and mortality trends in Belize, highlighting the alarming increase in suicide rates as a serious public health concern. These findings underscore the urgent need for a multi-sectoral approach to suicide prevention.

Treatment-seeking behavior among people affected by neglected tropical diseases in Koshi Province, Nepal

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Understanding the treatment-seeking behavior of individuals affected by Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) is crucial for improving access to care and controlling disease spread. Identifying care-seeking barriers and facilitators enables targeted health interventions and policies for NTD-affected populations. The aim is to assess treatment-seeking behavior and associated factors among patients affected by NTD.

Methods: Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 102 participants (leprosy 70, Lymphatic Filariasis 32) in Koshi Province of Nepal. A standardized, pre-tested questionnaire assessed treatment-seeking behaviour, and socio-demographic and disease related characteristics. Factors associated with treatment seeking bahviour were estimated using logistic regression.

Results: Around two-thirds (65.7%) of the patients affected by NTDs sought treatment in the past 12 months. Around 12% of the patients who received treatment from health workers still needed to complete the prescribed medication regimen. Religion, financial support, and types of NTDs are significantly associated with treatment-seeking behavior.

Conclusions: NTDs affected persons from younger age groups with informal education should be targeted to improve their treatment-seeking behaviour. Expanding health insurance schemes to include NTD may reduce the out-of-pocket expenditure on receiving treatment from the health post.

Determinants of fortified food consumption among children aged 6-23 months in Isiolo County, Kenya

Emily C. Mkungo, Peter Chege, Judith Munga — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Micronutrient deficiencies pose a significant public health challenge among young children in Kenya, particularly in arid regions like Isiolo County. Fortified foods are a cost-effective intervention, yet their consumption remains low. This study examines the role of socio-economic status, availability, and caregiver knowledge in fortified food consumption.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Oldonyiro and Ngaremara wards, Isiolo County, from June to August 2022, with 272 caregiver-child pairs. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Logistic regression analyzed associations between socio-economic status, availability, caregiver knowledge, and fortified food consumption at p<0.05.

Results: Non-fortified maize flour (100%) and vegetable oil (96.3%) were consumed daily, while fortified versions were consumed twice weekly by 36% and 47% of children, respectively. Higher socio-economic status (OR=1.729, p=0.0034), better caregiver knowledge (OR=1.227, p=0.0089), and greater availability (OR=1.311, p=0.015) significantly increased fortified food consumption. Only 20.2% of caregivers were knowledgeable about fortification, and fortified foods were less available in rural areas.

Conclusions: Socio-economic status, caregiver knowledge, and availability are critical drivers of fortified food consumption. Public health interventions should prioritize awareness campaigns, improve market access, and address economic barriers to enhance uptake.

The prevalence and determinants of social media usage among medical students of Nishtar Medical University, Multan

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Social media platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat and their usage has a significant prevalence in the medical students. Social media usage affects the quality of life and work of population including medical students, detrimentally affecting their mental health and academic performance.

Methods: A cross-sectional study using non-random convenient sampling technique was conducted from March 5, 2024 to September 14, 2024 among the medical students of Nishtar Medical University, Multan. Data collection was done by a self – developed questionnaire. SPSS-27 was used to analyze data.

Results: Out of 309 participants, 97.4% (301) students reported using social media, while only 2.6% (eight students) indicated that they did not use social media. First year medical students had the Social Media usage rate of 97.5% while the final year students had the highest social media usage rate of 100%. The most preferred social media platforms were Instagram (67.3%), followed by Facebook (24.6%) and Snapchat (8.1%). There was no statistically significant association between gender and prevalence of social media usage (p=0.183). Both male and female students showed a similar pattern of usage with 97.7% of males and 96.5% of females being active on social media.

Conclusions: The study reveals that MBBS students, particularly Instagram, frequently use social media for both social and academic purposes. They spend significant time on these platforms daily and while they are essential for social and academic purposes, overuse of these platforms can hinder their learning and participation in extracurricular activities.

Burden, quality of life, and coping of caregivers of obsessive-compulsive disorder and healthy controls

Sushree S. Behura, Jashobanta Mahapatra — Fri, 16 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Caregiver burden refers to the detrimental effects of caregiving on a caregiver's health, well-being, quality of life (QoL), and adaptation to challenging circumstances. The trajectory of any chronic mental disease is determined by the burden of morbidity, treatment costs, and the caregivers' responsibilities during the rehabilitation process. Caregivers of individuals with chronic mental illness frequently exert a detrimental influence on daily living. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is one of the long-standing, debilitating disorders that impacts the physical and mental health well-being due to its characteristics and progression. This study aims to look at how much stress caregivers feel, their QoL, and how they cope while caring for people with OCD compared to caregivers of healthy individuals, as well as exploring how these factors are connected in both groups.

Methods: This research used a comparative and correlational research design. We used the purposive sampling method to collect a total of 100 samples, with 50 samples from each group.

Results: The study groups were equivalent in all sociodemographic factors. Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) were seen in caregiving burden, QoL, and coping mechanisms. A negative correlation was identified between caregiver burden and the quality of life of caregivers of individuals with OCD, whereas no significant relationship was observed between caregiver burden and coping strategies.

Conclusion: Providing care for an individual with OCD significantly affects health outcomes, adversely impacting the well-being and QoL of caregivers. The subjective and objective burdens faced by caregivers of individuals with OCD are significantly detrimental to their well-being and quality of life, resulting in adverse health effects while also fostering resilience in coping strategies.

The centrality of regional growth charts in the categorization of neonates as small for gestational age

Yusuf Rana Kamal, Rani Gera, Pratima Anand — Tue, 20 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: This paper presents a study which is based on the application of international and national growth charts on the same neonates. The study was conducted at the Safdarjung Hospital, Ansari Road, New Delhi, India.

Methods: International and regional growth charts were applied on the physical parameters of the same neonates to categorize them into the large for gestational age (LGA), appropriate for gestational age (AGA) or small for gestational age (SGA) categories.

Results: It was found that the SGA status and outcomes predicted by the regional chart were more accurate in terms of expected health issues in the neonates.

Conclusions: The value of regional growth charts is massive in taking measures to safeguard the life and health of neonates. A consciousness about the impact of neonates’ weight should be spread amongst everyone. Regional growth charts are valuable for accurate assessment.

Impact of non-pharmacological pain management technique on physiological parameters and duration of cry among neonates while undergoing heel prick

Sabitri Acharya, Pity Koul, Kalpana Sharma — Sat, 17 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Neonatal heel pricks cause distress, necessitating effective pain management. Minimizing pain is an ethical responsibility of healthcare providers, ensuring both comfort and compassionate care for neonates. This study evaluates 25% dextrose and expressed breast milk for pain relief by assessing vital parameters and crying duration.

Methods: Quasi-experimental study was conducted among 14 neonates and assigned to two groups i.e. dextrose group (n=7) received 2 ml of 25% glucose, while the expressed breast milk group (n=7) was given 2 ml of expressed breast milk, administered two minutes before the heel prick procedure. Physiological parameters were assessed using physiological assessment proforma at baseline and following the heel prick procedure. Bio-physiological assessment proforma was validated with reliability coefficients of 0.80.

Results: The mean birth weight of neonates was 2920±430 g. The expressed breast milk group had a significantly higher respiratory rate (55.43±2.22 versus 46.57±3.59, p<0.01) and heart rate (150.86±7.01 versus 136.86±3.43, p<0.01) compared to the dextrose group. Oxygen saturation remained similar between both groups (p=0.12). Similarly, 25% dextrose significantly reduced duration of crying compared to the breast milk group. A positive correlation was also observed between heart rate and respiratory rate (0.68, <0.01*) whereas negative correlation was observed between heart rate and oxygen saturation (-0.53, 0.051).

Conclusions: The study demonstrates that 25% dextrose more effectively stabilized the physiological parameters with less crying duration than expressed breast milk while undergoing heel prick.

Barriers to attending one-month review post cataract surgery by patients availing free cataract treatment in India

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Cataract is a leading cause of blindness in India, with free cataract surgeries widely performed. However, follow-up adherence remains a challenge, impacting visual outcomes. This study investigates factors influencing non-compliance with one-month follow-up visits among patients undergoing free cataract surgery.

Methods: A retrospective multicentre study was conducted across 15 locations in India, including 14 states. Data were collected from 851 patients (≥18 years) who missed their follow-up, using a validated telephonic questionnaire covering demographics, socioeconomic status, and perceived barriers. Chi-square tests were applied to analysed correlations.

Results: Of the participants, 51% were male, 53% were aged ≥65, and 68% were illiterate. Most (64%) were married, and 34% had income-generating activities. Post-surgical spectacle use was low (8%), though 79% achieved good vision (6/6–6/12) with pinhole correction. Follow-up adherence was 59% at camps, 37% at hospitals, and 4% at other locations. Key reasons for missing follow-ups included forgetting (20%), household/livelihood commitments (16%), and lack of an escort (8%). Financial and transportation barriers affected only 2%. Despite 98% recognizing follow-up importance, 22% were unwilling to attend future visits, with 38% requiring support, mainly transportation (62%). Age significantly correlated with satisfaction (χ²=82.86, p<0.0001), but gender and spectacle use showed no correlation.

Conclusions: Forgetfulness, socioeconomic constraints, and logistical barriers hinder follow-up adherence. Enhancing patient education, community outreach, and transportation support can improve compliance. Future interventions should focus on targeted awareness campaigns and technology-driven reminders to optimize post-surgical visual outcomes.

Awareness, practices and treatment seeking behavior of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Shimla

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing global health issue, with its management and outcomes influenced by socio-demographic factors, healthcare access, and diabetes-related knowledge. These factors vary between rural and urban populations, leading to disparities in disease progression and complications. This study explores the awareness, practices, and treatment-seeking behaviors of T2DM patients in Shimla, focusing on the differences between rural and urban populations.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Atal institute of medical super-specialities Shimla with 100 participants diagnosed with T2DM, consisting of 50 rural and 50 urban individuals. Data were collected through structured interviews and medical record reviews. Variables assessed included socio-demographic factors (age, gender, education, family structure), clinical characteristics (BMI, smoking habits), diabetes knowledge (symptoms, complications), and treatment-seeking behaviors. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square and independent t tests, with a significance level of p<0.05.

Results: The results revealed significant differences between rural and urban populations. Urban participants had better diabetes-related knowledge, particularly recognizing symptoms such as unexplained weight loss (28.9% vs. 14.5%, p=0.04) and complications like kidney damage (64.4% vs. 34.5%, p=0.001). Urban participants were more likely to seek treatment due to complications (13.3% vs. 3.6%, p=0.04), while rural participants were more likely to seek care due to fear of complications (50.9% vs. 37.8%, p=0.09).

Conclusions: This study underscores the need for targeted diabetes education and healthcare interventions, particularly in rural areas, to improve disease management and reduce fear-based treatment-seeking. Addressing these disparities will help both rural and urban populations better manage T2DM.

Undergraduate students’ perception and feedback on small group teaching sessions in a medical college in Tumkur

Ramya K. S. — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Small group teaching (SGT) is the most recommended method in the competency based medical education (CBME). As CBME is a learner-centric curriculum, the facilitator should familiarize with the students’ perspectives and challenges faced during small group learning to impart knowledge effectively.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among phase III part 1 students (n=150) in the department of community medicine, to assess the students’ perspectives and their feedback on SGT sessions conducted in the department of community medicine. Three SGT sessions using think-pair-share method were conducted. The feedback was collected from the students (n=80) using a semi-structured validated questionnaire administered through Google forms, after obtaining informed consent. The questionnaire consisted 19 questions having five-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics version 21.0.

Results: The mean age of the students was 21.3 years (±1.02 year). It was found that only 28.8% students preferred SGT, while the majority 56.4% students, preferred interactive lecture. Overall, 33.8% strongly agreed and 61.3% agreed that SGT was interesting and educational. Around 28.8% strongly agreed and 66.3% agreed that the overall conduct of the SGT sessions by the facilitator was effective.

Conclusions: Although small group discussion are interactive and interesting, the need of the hour is to find out the preference, comfort and challenges faced by students while participating in the newer teaching-learning methods like SGT for effective delivery of knowledge.

Effectiveness of heat application on comfort during labor among primigravida women: a pilot study

Isabel Lawot, Imran Khan, Tumla Shrestha — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Labor discomfort may result in worry, anxiety, and fear, potentially affecting a woman’s childbirth experience. Comfort can be experienced even in the severe pain of labor. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of heat application on comfort during the first active phase of childbirth among the experimental and control groups.

Methods: The study was conducted at Bharatpur Hospital in Chitwan, Nepal. Ten first-time mothers with low-risk pregnancies participated in this randomized trial. One group received heat application on the lower back for pain relief, while the other received standard hospital care. To measure their comfort during labor, the Childbirth Comfort questionnaire was used at different times. The results were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, such as t-tests and repeated-measure ANOVA tests, to compare the effects.

Results: The results demonstrated that in the experimental group, comfort levels increased over time, as reflected by the mean scores, standard deviations, t-test, and F-values. In contrast, the control group showed a gradual decline in comfort. The t-test revealed a significant difference in comfort levels during post-tests II and III across the four conditions, with an F-value of 29.986 and a p value of less than 0.002.

Conclusions: Heat application during the first stage of labor increases the comfort level among the experimental group more than the comparison group. Hence, it can be considered as a method for comfort during labor after validation.

A study to assess the effectiveness of breast self-examination demonstration on practice of breast self-examination among women employed in a selected hospital, Bengaluru

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: In 2020, 2.3 million women worldwide were newly diagnosed with breast cancer, leading to 685,000 reported deaths. One of the main reasons for this high mortality is delayed detection, which could be reduced through regular breast self-examination (BSE). Women working in housekeeping roles often have limited education and low awareness of BSE due to their socioeconomic status. Educating this group can serve as a gateway to broader community awareness. This study was undertaken to assess how effective a demonstration-based intervention is in improving BSE practices among this population.

Methods: A quantitative one-group pre-test post-test study design was used. The sample included 69 women aged 20–60 years from the housekeeping department of a tertiary hospital in Bengaluru, selected through purposive sampling. Participants initially demonstrated their BSE skills using a dummy model. They then received hands-on training in three techniques-circular, wedge and sweeping. After seven days, they were reassessed through re-demonstration. Data were evaluated using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods.

Results: Before the intervention, 92.76% of participants showed poor BSE practice (mean=1.22, SD=1.69). Post-intervention, none exhibited poor practice; 73.91% had average and 26.09% had good practice levels (mean=5.83, SD=1.98), indicating a significant improvement.

Conclusions: The results show that demonstration-based teaching significantly enhances BSE practice. Such approaches are practical and effective in promoting early detection, particularly among underserved women.

Estimation of sex from dimensions of hand prints in North Indian Haryanvi adolescent population

Vikas Dhawan, Manju Bala, Shaveta Galhotra, Dinesh K. Passi — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Studies have established racial identification, sexual dimorphism, height and age estimation from hand and hand print dimensions for forensic applications. The present investigation was conducted to study the sex differences in hand print dimensions among North Indian Haryanvi adolescent population.

Methods: The study was carried out in the department of anatomy at MM institute of medical science and research, Mullana, Ambala (Haryana), India. Data for the study were obtained from 400 Haryanvi adults (200 males and 200 females) aged between 21-25 years randomly selected from population of Haryana India. Diseased and/or disabled hands were excluded from the study. Hand print length (HPL), hand print breadth (HPB) and palm print length (PPL) were measured using sliding Vernier calipers.

Results: Hand print index (HPI) was calculated using formula following standard protocols. Statistical analysis of the obtained data was done in relation with gender and side. The dimensions of both hands print showed significant relation with sexual dimorphism.

Conclusions: The results of our study may be useful to identify sex in medico-legal investigations for the population of this specific area.

To study the prevalence of overweight and obesity and its associated risk factors in a youth population in an urban slum in a metropolitan city

Shyamal S. Kamble, Rujuta S. Hadaye — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Obesity, the most prevalent form of malnutrition, affects children and adults alike. A risk factor for Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Cancer, Cardiovascular diseases, and entity on its own, thereby increasing the morbidity and mortality of individual and community enmasse.

Methods: The study was conducted in the community field practice area of Urban Health Centre of Topiwala National Medical College & B.Y.L Nair Hospital, Mumbai. 210 participants were selected for the study using simple random sampling method. One-to-one interviews were conducted using semi-structured interview schedule. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was calculated based on the obtained anthropometry information.

Results: The study found the overall prevalence of overweight/ obesity to be 17.2% in 15 to 24 years’ age group. The prevalence of overweight was 14.3% and of obesity was 2.9% in the study population based on BMI. The study also found 13.3% adult study participants to have high Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR) which signified abdominal fat deposition. Interestingly, all the participants with high WHR were females. The study found significant association between sex of the participant and overweight and obesity.

Conclusion: The study concluded that the prevalence of overweight was 14.3% and obesity was 2.9% in the youth population of an urban slum in a metropolitan city. The study found high WHR among 13.3% of adult study population. Among the sociodemographic risk factors, sex of the participant was found to be of significant association for predisposition of overweight / obesity in the current study.

Poor menstrual management facilities in the work place, a major challenge experienced by working women: a cross sectional pilot study conducted in Kerala

Manju Koshy, Fezeena Khadir, Sumina Cheriyan, Bindu Kumari — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Secrecy and stigma around menstruation hinder effective menstrual hygiene management (MHM) in emergencies, causing distress, discomfort, and barriers to education, employment, and social well-being while increasing health risks. The main objective of the study is to identify the adequacy of facilities provided in the workplace for menstrual management. This study also attempts to assess the efficacy of supportive environment conducive for a menstruating woman (including menstrual products disposal) and subsequent distress associated in the workplace.

Methods: The study participants were all educated and employed women of menstruating age between 18-45 years, either working in private/ government organizations/ self-employed sectors in Kerala. Primary data was collected from 232 working women of Kerala using structured self-administered questionnaire enquiring about the sanitation and hygiene facilities. General health questionnaire (GHQ-12) was used to assess the severity of any mental discomfort at the onset of menstruation and during menstruation.

Results: The study revealed critical issues: 62.3% of women struggled with menstrual product disposal due to inadequate workplace facilities, 50.2% faced physical or mental discomfort from poor hygiene practices, and 71% reported a lack of menstrual management aids at work.

Conclusions: Workplace menstrual hygiene impacts women's well-being, attendance, and productivity but is often overlooked. Reliable empirical evidence on menstrual health remains limited.

Demographic profile of diabetic subjects with hearing loss in a tertiary health care facility of Punjab

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The demographic profile of diabetic patients with hearing loss in the state of Punjab was analyzed. The emphasis was on the age, gender and clinical presentation in this prospective study.

Methods: In this prospective study 30 patients of clinically diagnosed diabetic mellitus were randomly selected from the otology clinics of oto-rhino-laryngology services, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital Ludhiana; in a period of one and a half years 01 March 2021 to 31 August 2022. All patients were taken up audiometric evaluation (pure tone audiometry,) and correlated with the diabetic profile.

Results: Maximum numbers of patients were above the age of 50 years 17 (56.7%) Male patients (21) 70% outnumbered the females (9) 70%. The selection of patients was random and irrespective of gender. Majority of patients were type II diabetic 20 (66.7%). Types I diabetic were only 10 (33.3%). The pure tone average threshold increases with increase in blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). In type II diabetes mean pure tone average was maximum (in right ear 44.67, left ear 45.11) as compared to type I diabetes (in right ear 37.20, p=0.426, left ear 33.20, p=0.149).

Conclusions: Type 1 and type 2 diabetes have been associated with hearing impairment due to hyperglycemia and oxidative stress leading to cochlear microangiopathy and auditory neuropathy. Quality of life improves in diabetic patients with control of glycemic index. Pure tone average shows high hearing threshold in higher frequencies with increase in HbA1c levels (p=0.001).

Sleep-related breathing disorder among adolescents and its association with obesity, sleep pattern and mood

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBD) are widely prevalent among adolescents; however, are often undiagnosed, impacting their physical and psychological well-being. This study examined SRBD prevalence and its association with obesity, sleep patterns and mental health of adolescents.

Methods: Adolescents aged 10-19 years were enrolled after requisite permission of school authorities and necessary assent and consent for participation. Participants were explored for their sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, SRBD and mood changes using standardized questionnaires like Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), pediatric daytime sleepiness scale (PDSS), sleep related breathing disorder-pediatric sleep questionnaire (SRBD- PSQ) and depression anxiety stress scale-21 (DASS-21) respectively.

Results: SRBD was present in 18.05% (389) adolescents and 15.83% (341) were obese. Males, as well as older adolescents, had higher SRBD susceptibility with 56%; p=0.008 and 52.7%; p<0.001, respectively. Older adolescents had higher body mass index (p=0.017), shorter sleep durations (p<0.001), poorer sleep quality (p=0.006), increased daytime sleepiness (p<0.001), and elevated levels of depression, anxiety, and stress (p<0.001). Among SRBD-positive adolescents, 40.1% were obese, 32.1% were overweight, 82.5% experienced poor sleep quality (p<0.001) and 66.3% (258) were sleep deprived.

Conclusions: An increasing trend in sleep disturbances, reduction in sleep quality and duration, increase in obesity as well as SRBD was observed with age among adolescents, with Older adolescents exhibiting the highest scores for all the parameters, including compromised emotional health.

A study on disease activity and outcome in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, aged 2 months to 16 years at a tertiary care institute in North India and compare JADA’S based on ESR to JADA’S based on CRP in newly diagnosed patients

Parvez Ahmed Lone, Ishfaq Ahmad Thoker — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is the most common chronic rheumatic disease of childhood. The clinical spectrum spans from time-limited mono-arthritis to ongoing aggressive poly-articular disease, and may include severe systemic features or sight-threatening uveitis.

Methods: This was a prospective 2 years study conducted from September 2018 to August 2020 in the Department of Pediatrics, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, a tertiary care institute in North India. Patients were assessed individually by interview and clinical examination supported by Laboratory investigations. Patients were diagnosed and assigned to different JIA categories based on ILAR classification. Disease Activity and Outcome was measured based on JADAS-27.

Results: A total of 51 patients were enrolled in our study, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The most common clinical features in studied subjects were: joint pain and swelling each found in 48 (94.1%) patients, restricted joint movement found in 42 (82.3%) patients, limp found in 36 (70.5%) patients, fever in 9 (17.6%) patients, rash in 6 (11.8%) patients and joint deformity in 3 (5.9%) patients. Of the 51 patients, 24 (47%) patients had no change in disease activity, 24 (47%) improved with significant reduction in disease activity and 3 (6%) patients worsened with increased disease activity during the course of study.

Conclusions: Oligorthritis was the most common subtype of JIA observed. Joint pain and swelling were the most common presentations. Knee, ankle and hip joints were the most commonly involved joints. Disease activity was mostly moderate to high initially. Maximum improvement in disease activity on follow up was observed in oligorthritis persistent variant.

Health camps for truck drivers: a community-based approach to wellness

Sahil Jagnani, Ankit Chowdhury, Snigdha Saikia — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Globally, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Occupational lifestyle, particularly in professions like truck driving, increases exposure to NCD risk factors. Early detection at the community level is vital for prevention and ensuring well-being. M/S Primary Healthtech Private Limited, in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, developed “Mobilab” a portable, battery-operated, IoT-enabled biochemistry analyzer. To support early screening, health camps targeting truck drivers key contributors to the national supply chain were conducted.

Methods: Two health camps were organized in Binola (Camp-1) and Greater Noida (Camp-2), screening 382 and 234 participants respectively over 8 days each. Screening used the Mobilab device to assess various biochemical and physiological parameters for early detection of NCDs.

Results: Parameters tested included cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TGL), LDL, HDL, uric acid (UA), creatinine (CRE), glucose (GLU), hemoglobin (HB), total bilirubin (TBIL), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLO), and albumin/globulin ratio (A/G). Camp-2 showed higher prevalence of kidney issues (41.1%) and anemia (39%) compared to Camp-1 (26.18% and 18%, respectively). Diabetes prevalence was low in both camps: 2.88% in Camp-1 and 2.16% in Camp-2.

Conclusions: This community-based screening among truck drivers in Binola and Greater Noida highlights the effectiveness of early NCD detection using portable diagnostic tools. The study underscores the importance of regular health check-ups, especially for kidney-related complications, and the need for sustained preventive healthcare initiatives for high-risk occupational groups.

A cross-sectional study to assess the attitude towards people living with HIV-AIDS and its determinants among undergraduate medical students in Chennai, 2022

Sarath Murali, Sudharshini Subramaniam, G. Priyanka, Sargema Manikgantan — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Attitudes of medical students toward people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) influence future clinical interactions and care delivery. This study assesses the empathy and avoidance scores among medical students and examines factors associated with these attitudes.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students across pre-clinical, para-clinical and clinical phases. Demographic details, personal experiences with PLWHA and responses to a validated AIDS Attitude Scale were collected. Statistical analysis included Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests.

Results: The mean age of participants was 21.24 years (SD=1.142). A majority (97.1%) exhibited non-therapeutic attitudes, with only 2.9% displaying supportive attitudes. Female students had higher empathy scores (p=0.010) and lower avoidance scores (p<0.001) than male students. Para-clinical students had higher avoidance scores compared to clinical-phase students (p<0.001). No significant differences were observed based on HIV knowledge or clinical exposure. Students who had personal encounters with PLWHA reported lower empathy scores (p=0.028).

Conclusions: Attitudinal gaps persist among medical students toward PLWHA. Gender and phase of study influence empathy and avoidance, while knowledge and exposure alone may not. Educational strategies focusing on reflective learning and stigma reduction may help improve therapeutic attitudes in future healthcare providers.

Impact of cataract on the livelihood income status of patients availing free cataract surgery in India

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Cataract remains the leading cause of blindness globally, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries like India. Beyond health consequences, cataract-related visual impairment significantly impacts employment, income, and financial independence. While free cataract surgery programs exist, their effectiveness in restoring economic stability remains underexplored. This study evaluates the socio-economic impact of cataract-induced visual impairment, focusing on employment and earning potential.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted across 15 diverse Indian locations, covering urban, semi-urban, and rural areas. A total of 918 patients undergoing free cataract surgery were recruited and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Data on demographics, employment history, income levels, and willingness to return to work post-surgery were collected. Preoperative visual acuity was categorized into four groups: very good (6/6–6/12), good (<6/12–6/18), borderline (<6/18–6/60), and poor (<6/60). Statistical analysis assessed correlations between vision impairment, economic status, and employment.

Results: Among 918 participants, 73% were male, 41% were aged 51–60, and 45% were illiterate. Vision impairment led to financial instability in 75% of cases. Before vision loss, 38% earned ₹5000 to ₹10,000/month, while 18% earned over ₹15,000. After vision deterioration, 19% had no income, and 37% stopped working entirely. Post-surgery, 79% were willing to resume work.

Conclusions: Cataract surgery significantly aids economic rehabilitation, with 79% of unemployed patients willing to return to work. Integrating vocational rehabilitation with free surgery programs is crucial for sustainable socio-economic impact, urging policymakers to adopt holistic cataract management strategies.

Nutritional and cognitive health assessment among elderly at geriatric care facilities, Hyderabad: a cross sectional study

Nasreen Begum, Bandi S. L. Pranathi — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: With the global rise in the elderly population, ensuring their health and well-being has become critical. Nutrition plays a vital role in maintaining cognitive function, while cognitive health influences dietary habits. This study assessed nutritional status and cognitive function among elderly residents in geriatric care facilities.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2024 to September 2024 at two geriatric care facilities in Hyderabad (Srimatha Old Age Home, Kukatpally and HCAH Old Age Home, Gachibowli). Sixty-seven elderly residents were assessed using the mini nutritional assessment (MNA) for nutritional status and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) for cognitive function. Anthropometric measurements were recorded.

Results: Among participants (47.8% male, 52.2% female), MNA revealed 46.3% had normal nutrition, 46.3% were at risk of malnutrition, and 7.4% were malnourished. MMSE scores showed 17.9% had no cognitive impairment, 34.3% had mild decline, and 47.8% had severe impairment.

Conclusions: Malnutrition risk and cognitive impairment are prevalent among elderly in care facilities. Regular assessments and holistic interventions addressing nutrition, cognitive stimulation, and social engagement are essential to improve their quality of life.

Perceptions and practices of menstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls and young women in an urban underprivileged area of Bengaluru, India: a qualitative study

Sayvithaa Shalini V., Avita Johnson, Joe Amalan — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) is vital for the physical, emotional, and social well-being of adolescent girls and young women. In low- and middle-income countries, including India, cultural taboos and limited access to hygiene products create significant challenges. This study explores MHM perceptions and practices among adolescent girls and young women in Austin Town, Bengaluru, Karnataka, with a focus on cultural practices and barriers to effective MHM.

Methods: A qualitative study was conducted between March and April 2023 with IEC study ref. no.110/2023 using focus group discussions (FGDs) with adolescent girls and young women (aged 13-30 years) from underprivileged areas of Neelasandra and Maya Bazar in Austin Town, Bengaluru. A total of 6 FGDs were conducted with 8-12 participants per group. Data were analysed using thematic analysis and inductive coding.

Results: Key findings include the lack of prior awareness of menstruation for some participants, with family members and school as primary sources of information. Hygiene practices such as regular pad changes and washing external genitalia were commonly followed, though cloth pads were seen as unhygienic by some. Sanitation concerns, particularly in school washrooms, were prevalent. Cultural taboos regarding isolation, dietary restrictions, and participation in activities during menstruation were reported. Support from family varied, and there were mixed opinions on involving boys in menstruation discussions.

Conclusions: The study highlights gaps in MHM, including limited knowledge, sanitation barriers, and cultural taboos. Public health interventions should focus on early education, improved facilities, and engaging boys and men to reduce stigma and promote equality.

Level of stress among undergraduate, intern and postgraduate medical students measured using perceived stress scale-10: a cross-sectional study

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Medical education both under-graduation and post-graduation is considered as being very stressful now a day and a high level of stress may have a negative impact on cognitive functioning, learning and patient care by the students. So, this cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of stress and its determinants among the medical students using perceived stress scale (PSS)-10 scale.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among under-graduate, intern and post-graduate medical students (n=288) of a medical college in Mumbai metropolitan region in the month of June, 2024. PSS-10 scale was used to assess the stress level among the subjects. Data was collected through Google form and analysed by using Microsoft excel. Descriptive and inferential statistics was applied. Statistical significance level was fixed at p<0.05.

Results: Google form was submitted to all (n=583) under-graduate, intern and post-graduate medical students of the medical college. The overall response rate among the study subjects was 49.40% (n=288), 67 (44.67%) under-graduates, 30 (60.00%) interns and 42 (47.73%) post-graduates were having very high (PSS-10 score ≥21) stress level. The 26 (49.06%) post-graduate students from clinical and 16 (45.71%) from non-clinical branches were having PSS-10 score ≥21 i.e. very high stress level. The mean PSS-10 score of post-graduates was more (i.e. 23.04±7.24) compared to under-graduate medical students and interns.

Conclusions: Perceived stress was high among post-graduate, female and hostelite subjects. More than half of the interns were having very high stress level. Academic burden and family issues were common reasons for perceived stress among the subjects. More research is needed to identify potential confounders.

Perception and challenges towards Family Adoption Program among undergraduate students of a Medical College of Tripura: a cross-sectional study

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: In 2022, NMC has introduced family adoption program as part Community Medicine Curriculum to sensitize upcoming medical professionals for the health needs of community. Objectives of the study were to assess perception towards FAP among first and second professional medical students of Agartala Government Medical College of Tripura and to determine the challenges encountered by the students during family adoption visits.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1^st and 2^nd Professional MBBS Students of AGMC for a period of one month. All students of 1st and 2nd Professional were included with a sample size of 250. A semi structured questionnaire was used for data collection and data were analysed using SPSS v.29. Perception towards FAP was measured with 1-5-point Likert scale where 1 being lowest and 5 being highest score. Mean score of each item was measured. Study was approved by Institutional Ethics Committee of AGMC.

Results: Total 210 students had participated. Regarding perception of students towards FAP, majority agreed that it will create health awareness in community and can understand dynamics of rural setup. Communication and leadership skill can be learned and it provide an early clinical exposure to students. Students had faced multiple challenges like, families expected curative treatment but students were not eligible to provide (47.8%), language barrier (26.8%), difficulty in graining trust (26.3%) and cooperation from the families (18.7%) etc.

Conclusions: Family adoption helps the students to learn communication and leadership skill and it will improve health awareness in community.

Assess the knowledge, attitude and behaviour regarding oral health among bachelor of dental surgery first year students: descriptive study

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Oral health integrates physiological harmony and microbial equilibrium, underpinning systematic wellness and psychological confidence. Today’s social media era, information about oral health is widely accessible, influencing students' perceptions and habits. While digital platforms can enhance awareness, they may also spread misinformation, making it essential to access how social media affects their knowledge and behaviour. This study is conducted to assess knowledge, attitude and behaviour regarding oral health among BDS first year students.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among BDS first year students of New Horizon dental college and research institute. Convenience sampling was done and out of 99 students, 94 students consent to be a part of this study. Collected data was analysed by software IBM SPSS Statistics version 23.0 and descriptive analysis was done.

Results: The survey involved 94 students out of 99, with 29% of the participants being male and 71% being female. It showed that there is a limited knowledge and practice among first year students.

Conclusions: Study revealed that BDS first year students performed better but there is a need to improve their knowledge, attitude and behaviour towards oral health.

Keratometric changes in a population-based study: a comparative analysis of pre- and post-cataract surgery outcomes

Jamshed Ali, Mariyam Khan, Salal Khan, Sunil Kumar Gupta, Ali Saeed, Kamal Pant — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: This study aims to evaluate the distribution of keratometry in cataract patients to know the variation in pre and post of small incision cataract surgery (SICS). To determine the variation in pre and post of small incision cataract surgery (SICS) using Bausch and Lomb keratometry instrument.

Methods: This is a cross sectional study, undertaken at secondary centre of Dr. Shroff’s Charity eye hospital Mohammadi. Two hundred patients will be selected for keratometry in pre and post of SICS. Small incision cataract surgery (SICS) will be done with straight incision with back cut technique using 1.5 mm incision from limbus and 6.0 mm optic PMMA IOL implantation. All surgeries will be performed by a single surgeon, surgical procedures being standardized. Results will evaluate at the end of the study.

Results: Out of the total 200 patients 75 (38%) are male and 125 (63%) are female with the age Ranging from 40-80 years. The data are further divided into 2 subgroups (>50 and <50 years) and variations in pre and post of SICS are calculated for individual age Subgroups and gender. Out of total 200 patients in post op K1 reading subtraction the absolute variation value <=1.00 are found in 185 patients (92.50%) while the absolute variation value >1.00 are found in 15 patients (7.50%). In post op K2 reading subtraction the absolute variation value <=1.00 are found in 178 patients (89.00%) while the absolute variation value >1.00 are found in 22 patients (11%).

Conclusions: Most frequently observed pre-existing corneal astigmatism in this study is the corneal astigmatism or absolute variation value in K1 are <=1.00D n 93% and >1.00D in 8%. And absolute variation value in K2 are <1.00D 89% and >1.00D 11%. The change in K reading are in males 38% and females 62% >50 years age group. On the other hand, the K reading are decreased to 35% in males in <50 years age group and increase to 65% in females in <50 years age group. As the age advances the astigmatism becomes more common which is more evident in females as compared to males. This can be easily corrected with appropriate measures like corneal relaxing incisions, excimer laser refractive procedures, femto laser assisted astigmatic keratectomy and toric IOL implantation.

Unearthing transformation: a qualitative study on the impact of Radio Dhimsa bringing changes in health-seeking behaviour in Odisha's Tribal-Rich Koraput district

Madhumita Bhakta, Durga Madhab Satapathy, Jasmin Nilima Panda, Pramila Marandi — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The tribal-rich Koraput district of Odisha, India, is home to diverse indigenous communities facing various socio-economic and health challenges. In this context, Radio Dhimsa, a community radio station, has emerged as a powerful medium for potential health-seeking behaviour change. This qualitative case study aims to explore Radio Dhimsa's role in the Koraput district's healthcare practices, focusing on the narratives and experiences of community members.

Methods: Narrative analysis explored the personal stories, struggles, and successes of individuals and communities influenced by Radio Dhimsa. The study involved in-depth interviews and content analysis of the radio programs.

Results: The findings demonstrate that Radio Dhimsa has played a pivotal role in preserving indigenous cultures and languages while promoting community empowerment, education, and awareness. The narratives reveal shifts in social attitudes, health-seeking behaviour, health-care practices, and community health standards attributed to the radio station.

Conclusions: Radio Dhimsa's impact extends beyond mere broadcasting; it catalyzes positive change in community healthcare practices, especially within underserved tribal regions. This study underscores the significance of community engagement in media-driven narratives and their contribution to transformative changes in health-seeking behaviour. Understanding the complex interplay between media and narratives in tribal communities can inform strategies for sustainable development and empowerment.

Seroprevalence of dengue virus infection among the patients admitted with acute febrile illness in a tertiary care hospital in Central India

Pooja P. S., Sandeep B. Kokate, Sunanda Shrikhande — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Dengue is the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease in tropical and subtropical regions, posing a major public health challenge. Seroprevalence studies are vital for understanding its burden and guiding control strategies.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology at Government Medical College, Nagpur, from July 2022 to June 2024. A total of 7814 patients admitted with acute febrile illness (AFI) were screened, and 429 clinically suspected dengue cases were selected. Serum samples were tested for Dengue NS1 antigen, IgM, and IgG antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results: Out of 429 suspected cases, 109 were confirmed positive for dengue, yielding a seroprevalence of 25.41%. The highest incidence was observed in the 21–30 years age group (23.86%), with females (54.13%) being more affected than males. A majority of cases (74.31%) were from urban areas. Peak incidence occurred during the monsoon months, particularly in September.

Conclusions: The study highlights a significant seroprevalence of dengue in Central India, emphasizing the need for vigilant surveillance, timely diagnosis, and effective vector control measures, especially during the monsoon season.

A study to assess the knowledge regarding life style modification of liver cirrhosis among the people in rural area of Udaipur

Manohar Singh Chauhan — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: This study aimed to assess knowledge about lifestyle modifications for cirrhosis of the liver among the rural population in Udaipur. Cirrhosis is a progressive liver disease requiring timely lifestyle changes for effective management and prevention. Limited awareness and prevalent misconceptions can delay early intervention and affect self-care. The study sought to identify knowledge gaps to inform targeted health education efforts.

Methods: A quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in selected rural areas of Udaipur, including Bedla, with 100 participants aged 18 and above selected through convenience sampling. Individuals with other liver diseases or cognitive impairments were excluded. Data were collected via structured interviews and questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS with descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests. Ethical approval was obtained from Tirupati College of Nursing, Pacific Medical University.

Results: Participants were predominantly aged 18–25 years (28%), with more males (66%) than females (34%). Most had low education levels 26% had no formal education. A large proportion (80%) lacked awareness about cirrhosis, primary information sources included family (48%) and mass media (24%). Knowledge assessment revealed 55% had inadequate knowledge, 39% moderate and only 6% adequate. Significant associations were found between knowledge and age, gender, education, occupation, marital status, family type, awareness and source of information (p<0.05), while income showed no significant association.

Conclusions: There is a clear need for targeted, community-based health education to improve knowledge and promote preventive self-care practices regarding cirrhosis in rural populations.

The effect of high salt and oil consumption on heart health in an urban area of India: a community-based, cross-sectional study

Jyoti Pradhan — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The average salt and oil intake of the Indian population is substantially higher than WHO and national dietary recommendations. This has been linked to increased blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and stroke.

Methods: This community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in an urban area among adults aged ≥40 years to note the association between high dietary salt/oil intake (measured using Consumption units) with future risk CVDs and other non-communicable diseases. A semi-structured questionnaire adapted from WHO STEPS, and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to collect data.

Results: The average daily salt intake (10.1±4.13 g/d) was >5 grams in 95.5% of the study participants. A significant association was found between salt consumption with gender, overall tobacco use, and waist circumference using Chi Square (or Fischer Exact). The average daily oil consumption (24.3±14.04 ml/d) was >25 ml in 37% of the individuals. Refined Soybean was the most commonly used oil for cooking. A positive association was found between oil consumption and gender, occupation, type of family, tobacco, and alcohol consumption. There was a positive linear association between CVD risk score (using WHO ISH risk charts) and salt/oil intake using Pearson’s correlation and scatter plots. This was further tested in the linear regression model which showed that 6.3% of the changes in CVD risk could be predicted by salt intake in the adjusted model.

Conclusions: Increasing awareness and implementing health policies targeting lower salt and oil intake in the population is crucial for decreasing heart diseases.

Prevalence of stress and its associated factors on doctors: a cross-sectional study

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Stress is a common and natural part of daily life and its prolonged exposure can lead to very harmful effects on the body. In the modern healthcare workplace, there can be a lot of stressful conditions prevailing in the facilities. This study aimed to study the prevalence of stress and its associated factors among doctors.

Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study using stratified sampling technique.

Results: In our study population, maximum doctors were in age group of 25-34 (40%), males (60%), unmarried (70%). Moderate (50%) to high stress (30%) levels were found among doctors. Working hours per week, night shifts, sleep deprivation were associated factors.

Conclusions: The findings of this study underscore the importance addressing both work-related and personal factors in developing interventions to mitigate stress among medical professionals.

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among parents of school-going adolescents in an underprivileged area of Bangalore city

Paul Vincent, Prajwal Simha, Naveen Ramesh, Avita Rose Johnson — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Despite the availability of COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine hesitancy remains a challenge, especially in underprivileged areas. Parents of adolescents are important stakeholders in adolescent vaccination.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October to December 2022 in a Government Boys’ Higher Secondary School in Austin Town, Bangalore. The study included parents of adolescent boys aged 10–19 years. A structured, face-validated questionnaire captured socio-demographic details, COVID-19 vaccination status, and parental reasons for vaccine hesitancy. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20, with chi-square tests to assess associations.

Results: Out of 100 adolescent boys, 90% were vaccinated. There was no significant association between vaccination status and age, religion, family type, parental occupation, or education. However, higher socioeconomic status was significantly associated with vaccination uptake (p=0.007). Vaccine hesitancy among parents was observed in 10% of respondents, primarily due to concerns about vaccine necessity (80%), side effects (60%), and negative rumours (40%). Fear of adverse effects on growth, intelligence, or fertility also contributed to hesitancy.

Conclusions: The high adolescent vaccination coverage in this study may be attributed to free school-based vaccination programs and mandatory vaccine certification for school attendance. However, vaccine hesitancy among 10% of parents highlights the need for targeted health education campaigns to address misinformation and build vaccine confidence. Strengthening parental awareness through school-based health communication strategies could play a critical role in improving adolescent vaccine acceptance.

Evaluation of antibiotic dispensing without prescription by community pharmacies: a simulated patient study

Sivakumar Velusamy, Shiv Sundar ShyamSundar, Virgin Jerry Regi — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Antibiotics are widely used, but using them without a prescription remains problematic. In India, Despite Schedule H regulations, antibiotics are available in community pharmacies without a prescription, leading to inappropriate use and contributing to the rise of antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to evaluate antibiotic dispensing practices and influencing factors in community pharmacies for Adult Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URI) and Uncomplicated Acute Diarrhea (UAD) using a simulated patient (SP) approach.

Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at 200 community pharmacies across Coimbatore city, Tamil Nadu, using SPs presenting symptoms of URI and UAD. Chi-square test, unpaired T-test, and binary logistic regression were employed to analyze factors like scenario, location, pharmacy type, and interaction time on antibiotic dispensing.

Results: Antibiotics were dispensed without prescription in 76% of pharmacies, with a higher rate for URI (82%) than UAD (70%, p=0.047). Dispensing was more common in pharmacies within a 1–10 km radius (92%) than those farther away (60%, p=0.032). Interaction time averaged 3.8 minutes when antibiotics were dispensed versus 2.3 minutes when not. Erythromycin (33%) and norfloxacin (32%) were the most commonly dispensed antibiotics. Scenario (OR=8) and locality (OR=5) significantly influenced dispensing practices, while pharmacy type had minimal impact.

Conclusions: Antibiotic dispensing without prescription is high with higher rates for URI compared to UAD. Factors like locality, symptom enquiry, and interaction time influenced dispensing. Targeted interventions like training, audits, and public awareness are essential to promote rational use and mitigate antimicrobial resistance.

A multimodal educational intervention study on perception and practices of menstruation and menstrual hygiene among tribal adolescent girls from a residential school in H. D. Kote taluk of Mysuru district

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Educating girls about menstruation from an early age could empower them with the knowledge and confidence to manage their periods safely and hygienically. This education could also help dispel myths and cultural taboos surrounding menstruation, such as the idea of impurity, which can lead to social stigmatization and discrimination against menstruating individuals. By ensuring that girls receive comprehensive and accurate information about menstruation from a young age, we can help them adopt safer and healthier practices while also addressing the stigma and misconceptions surrounding menstruation. This education would not only benefit individual girls but also contribute to the overall well-being and empowerment of women worldwide.

Methods: This multimodal interventional study is aimed in assessing the perception and practices of menstruation and menstrual hygiene among school going tribal adolescent girls in Mysuru district. By focusing on a residential school and a pre-university college, the intervention targeted key phases in the educational journey of the students, aiming to foster development, improve outcomes, and provide insights into the menstrual hygiene and their practices among tribal youth in this region.

Results: The pre- and post-interventional data reveal a significant improvement in menstrual health knowledge and practices. Prior to the intervention, misconceptions were evident, such as confusion about the source of menstrual blood and inappropriate practices during menstruation.

Conclusions: The complete adoption of recommended practices and the elimination of outdated restrictions highlight the success of the intervention in promoting better menstrual health. Continued educational efforts are essential to sustain these improvements and address any remaining gaps in menstrual health knowledge and practices.

A study on eye health seeking behaviour among the rural communities in India

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Eye health is a crucial yet under-prioritized aspect of global public health, with vision impairment affecting 2.2 billion people worldwide, over half of which is preventable or treatable. Despite advancements in eye care, health-seeking behavior remains low in developing regions due to socioeconomic and cultural barriers. Understanding these factors is essential for designing effective interventions. This study examines eye health-seeking behavior across multiple Indian states, identifying key motivators and barriers influencing individuals' decisions to seek eye care.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted across eleven Indian states using a multistage random sampling method to ensure diverse representation. A total of 764 participants were surveyed through structured interviews in local languages. The questionnaire covered demographics, barriers, motivators, and eye care behaviours. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and R software.

Results: Among 764 participants, 47% were male and 53% female, with 34% aged 50–64 years. While 73% had experienced eye problems, only 14% sought treatment. Financial constraints (36%), lack of awareness (48%), and healthcare accessibility (29%) were major barriers. Cataract (16%), refractive errors (18%), and conjunctivitis (9%) were common diagnoses. Only 6% received free consultations, and 44% lacked health insurance. Cultural beliefs also influenced health-seeking behavior, while community and family support improved engagement.

Conclusions: Addressing financial, awareness, and accessibility barriers through targeted campaigns, affordable care, and telemedicine can enhance eye health-seeking behaviour. Community-based interventions and policy support are essential for improving eye care access in underserved regions.

Assessing patient awareness of rights and healthcare information: a cross-sectional study at JMF’s ACPM Medical College Dhule

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Patient rights are fundamental in healthcare to ensure ethical treatment and informed decision-making. Despite legal frameworks promoting patient rights in India, awareness remains limited, especially in rural areas. This study assesses patient awareness regarding their rights, treatment costs, and healthcare information at JMF’s ACPM Medical College Dhule.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at JMF’s ACPM Medical College Dhule. A total of 84 patients from different outpatient departments were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Data were collected anonymously, ensuring confidentiality.

Results: Findings indicate that a significant proportion of patients lacked awareness about their healthcare rights. In our study, 72.6% of patients did not know their doctor's name, and 83.3% were unaware of their doctor's qualifications. Additionally, 73.8% of patients did not know the expected cost of their treatment. Alarmingly, 89.3% of patients were unaware of their own health condition, and 85.7% had never seen a patient rights board displayed in the hospital. These findings highlight the need for improved patient education and transparent communication in healthcare settings.

Conclusions: The study highlights a significant gap in patient awareness regarding their rights and healthcare costs. Targeted educational interventions and improved communication between healthcare providers and patients are needed to bridge this knowledge gap.

Knowledge, attitude and practice on “human papilloma virus vaccination” among male medical undergraduate and postgraduate students in a tertiary care teaching centre: an observational and cross sectional study

Purvastha P. Dhargawe, Mrunalini Kalikar, Neha Meshram, Shivaji Dhande — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a significant health risk for males, yet awareness and vaccination rates remain low. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice levels regarding HPV and its vaccination among male medical students.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using a structured, pre-tested questionnaire among 165 male medical students in a tertiary care centre in Central India. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and un-paired ‘t’ tests.

Results: The study identified significant gaps in knowledge about HPV vaccinations. Only 34.8% of respondents answered correctly on average to questions about HPV vaccines, though 81.4% recognized the need for vaccination. The overall attitude towards HPV vaccination was positive, with 73.4% expressing confidence in vaccine safety and efficacy.

Conclusions: Despite a generally positive attitude towards HPV vaccination, knowledge among medical students remains inadequate in certain areas. Despite knowing about the vaccine, uptake was low, illustrating the "knowledge-practice gap" in healthcare. Increased educational efforts are recommended to improve knowledge and uptake of HPV vaccination.

Effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding the prevention of peripheral artery disease among elderly at selected hospital, Puducherry

Niveditha K., Pugazhvani R. — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Population aging is a major issue globally, with India defining a senior citizen as anyone aged 60 and above. Aging leads to progressive physiological decline, increasing the risk of conditions like Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD), a chronic condition caused by arterial blockage in the lower limbs due to atherosclerosis. The aim of the study to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured teaching program on knowledge regarding the prevention peripheral artery disease among elderly at selected hospital, Puducherry.

Methods: The study employed a quantitative research approach. The study was conducted at a government general hospital in Puducherry, with a sample of 60 elderly individuals aged 60 and above who met the inclusion criteria and were available during the data collection period. Non-probability convenience sampling was used to select participants. The sample selection criteria included those who could read and understand Tamil, while exclusion criteria consisted of patients with recent surgeries or with serious medical conditions.

Results: The study found that most elderly participants had inadequate knowledge of PAD prevention in the pre-test (68.3%). After the structured teaching program, 60% had moderately adequate knowledge, and 38.3% had adequate knowledge in the post-test. The mean pre-test score (6.67) improved significantly to the post-test score (12.73), with a p-value of 0.000, confirming the program's effectiveness.

Conclusions: The present study concluded that the elder patients in selected government Hospital in Puducherry had a adequate level of knowledge after the structured teaching program.

Assessment of functional, communicative, and critical health literacy in diabetes management among patients attending a tertiary care centre in Maharashtra, India

Ajith Mohan — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Effective diabetes management significantly relies on health literacy; however, within the Indian context, its components-communicative, functional, and critical health literacy-are inadequately comprehended. This research aimed to assess the factors related to diabetes treatment for patients enrolled in a tertiary care facility in Maharashtra, India.

Methods: Total 201 people under 75 with type two diabetes participated in cross-sectional research. Communicative, Functional, as well as Critical Health Literacy (FCCHL) scale has been employed to evaluate health literacy. Data on sociodemographic factors, diabetes control (last fasting blood sugar values), and health literacy domains were collected and analysed using chi-square tests, odds ratios, and ANOVA.

Results: Average participant age was 56.33 yrs (±10.879). Health literacy was higher among men (60.1 percent) than among women (45.1%; p value=0.033). Both functional as well as communicative health literacy didn’t exhibit substantial affiliation with diabetes control; however, critical health literacy did (p equal to 0.008). Health literacy as well as education level were substantially correlated (p=0.043), with graduates showing higher literacy. Health literacy did not significantly correlate with occupation, family type, or place of residence.

Conclusions: Better diabetes control is strongly correlated with critical health literacy, underscoring the significance of enabling patients to evaluate and apply medical information critically. To improve diabetes management outcomes, interventions should concentrate on enhancing functional and communicative health literacy, especially among females and populations with decreased levels of education.

A community-based study on menopausal symptoms and quality of life in postmenopausal women in a rural area of West Bengal

Munu Mohanta, Malvika Dwivedi, Mahul Mukherjee, Sunetra Kaviraj Roy — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Menopausal health demands priority in Indian scenario due to increase in life expectancy and growing population of menopausal women. There is considerably lack of awareness about the effects of the menopausal symptoms in women in India. This study was done to find out the sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics of the study population, to assess Quality of Life (QOL) of the study population by Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL) and to elicit the association between menopausal symptoms and sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics of the respondents.

Methods: It was a cross-sectional community based observational study conducted from 1^st July-31^st August 2024 in a rural area of West Bengal among 120 postmenopausal women. Data was obtained using a structured questionnaire and was analysed using SPSS version 21.0.

Results: Out of 120 postmenopausal women; vasomotor symptoms seen: hot flushes-67.5%, psychosocial symptoms: anxiety and nervousness-36.7% cases, physical symptoms: feeling tired and difficulty in sleeping-39.2%, sexual changes: 27.5%-avoiding intimacy. Tests of association revealed statistically significant association between: Vasomotor symptoms of study participants and their age, education, type of house. Psychological symptoms and age of the participants. Physical symptoms and education of the participants. No significant association was found between sexual symptoms and socio-demographic characteristics of the study subjects.

Conclusions: The results show that menopause causes both physical and psychiatric problems. A large number of women in the world suffer from menopausal symptoms and the problem cannot be ignored.

Utilization of postnatal care services and its associated factors among women in a tertiary health care center in central India: a cross sectional study

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The postnatal period, lasting six weeks after childbirth, is a crucial time for mothers and newborns, requiring proper care for recovery and well-being. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends postnatal care within 24 hours of delivery, with three follow-up visits, but uptake remains low in South East Asia, especially India. India accounts for 20% of global maternal deaths, with many preventable through better healthcare access. This study aims to assess postnatal care utilization and related factors in a tertiary healthcare center in central India.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 1st to February 28th, 2025, among 260 postnatal women. Data was collected through face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire. Univariate and bivariate analysis method was adopted in this study. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: The study included 260 postnatal women, with the majority (41.16%) aged 26-30 years. Adequate postnatal care (PNC) was received by 28.4%, including breastfeeding counselling (74.23%) and newborn care advice (65.76%). Bi-variate analysis revealed significant associations between PNC utilization and some of the factors like, residence, socioeconomic status, parity, place and mode of delivery, obstetric history, and complications.

Conclusions: The study found that only 28.4% of women received adequate postnatal care, with notable gaps in maternal recovery support, postnatal exercises, and family planning counselling. Enhancing awareness, increasing accessibility, and implementing focused public health interventions are crucial to improve postnatal care coverage and outcomes for mothers and newborns.

Interconnection between pre-presbyopia, asthenopia and refractive errors among handcrafting workers

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The aim and objectives of the study were to determine the effect of hand-crafting on different types of refractive errors and to verify whether there is an interconnection between asthenopia and pre presbyopia with such kind of work, and also to evaluate the effect of hand-crafting on pre-presbyopia, asthenopia and refractive errors.

Methods: This is a cross sectional study and for this study, 4800 subjects aged 16-35 years were selected. Visual acuity, retinoscopy, flashlight examination, ophthalmoscopy, and pencil push-up test were performed on each subject. A questionnaire was also completed with the information given by the subjects after informed consent.

Results: For this study, a total of 4800 patients, 35% were males and 65% females, aged 16 to 35 years were selected to check for eye strain, headache, decrease in near vision before the age of 35 years, and whether or not any type of refractive error was present in the sample. 70% of patients had near visual acuity of N6, 17% had N8, and 13% were between N10-N12. In this study, there were only 13% emmetropes, 42% myopes, 28% hyperopes and 17% astigmatism. In the N6 group, 57.1% suffered from ocular complaints and 62.8% from headaches. In the N8 group, 88.2% had ocular strain and 94.1% had a headache. In group N10-N12, 69.2% had ocular strain and 92.3% had a headache.

Conclusions: There is a strong interconnection between refractive errors and pre-presbyopia, but a strong interconnection with asthenopia in professionals of hand-crafting occupations.

Assessing the reach of tuberculosis contact tracing in Mysore district

Gangavarapu Aasweeja, Nayanabai Shabadi, Anchu R. Nath — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the second-leading infectious killer and the 13^thprimary cause of global mortality. India alone has one-fifth of the world's TB cases. The world health organization (WHO) recommends contact tracing as an effective tool to identify missing TB cases. It allows for early detection and treatment of active TB, reducing its severity and transmission. The study aims to assess the extent of contact tracing in pulmonary TB patients and identify the factors influencing contact tracing in TB.

Methods: The study included a total of 411 notified TB patients from January 2021 to December 2021. From each quarter, nearly 103 individuals were selected. A telephonic survey was conducted to gather information about their contact tracing and sociodemographic details using a semi-structured questionnaire.

Results: Out of the total participants, 338 had their family members contact traced, and among those who were traced, 17 individuals were found to be positive for TB. Factors like socioeconomic status, disclosure of disease status to family members, motivation and approach by health workers, awareness of TB transmission to close contacts, family members' interest in getting themselves contact traced, and awareness about contact tracing are found to be statistically significant

Conclusions: To combat TB effectively, comprehensive and targeted contact-tracing strategies should be implemented, aiming to identify and support those at risk and reduce the spread of the disease.

Acceptability and feasibility of using menstrual cups as an alternative menstrual hygiene product: a tertiary care-based prospective study

Twisha K., Rahul Chidurala — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Menstrual hygiene remains a vital yet often overlooked aspect of women’s health, particularly in resource-limited settings where cost, access, and sustainability pose significant challenges. Menstrual cups offer a reusable, eco-friendly, and cost-effective alternative, but their adoption in India is hindered by social, cultural, and practical concerns.

Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care center in Chennai from September 2022 to April 2024. A total of 200 first-time menstrual cup users were enrolled following education on proper use. Participants were followed for three consecutive menstrual cycles. Data on demographics, menstrual history, and experiences were collected using pre-tested questionnaires and Likert scales. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22.

Results: Of 434 women initially surveyed, 200 completed the study. Most were aged 21-30 years (51%), married (57%), and graduates (46%). At baseline, 82.5% used sanitary napkins, with common issues being leakage (41%) and rashes (34.5%). Across three cycles, ease of insertion improved from 72% to 85%, removal from 72% to 82%, and comfort from 90% to 98%. Leakage decreased from 17% to 5%. By the third cycle, 96.5% intended to continue use, and 96% would recommend it to others.

Conclusions: Menstrual cups demonstrated high feasibility and acceptability, with progressive improvement in comfort and reduced leakage. Educational initiatives could play a key role in increasing adoption, offering a sustainable and effective solution for menstrual hygiene management (MHM).

Prevalence and predictors of nomophobia among undergraduate medical students of a medical college: a cross-sectional study

Inba Raja Alagesan, Sayeli Mitra, Suchetana Bhattacharyya, Paramita Sarkar — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Nomophobia, the fear of being without mobile phone access, is increasingly common among young adults, yet few studies address it among medical students in India. This study evaluated its prevalence and predictors among MBBS students.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 280 undergraduate medical students in R.G. Kar Medical College, from August to October 2020. The Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) assessed nomophobia levels (absent, mild, moderate, severe). Data on demographics and smartphone use were collected via self-administered Google Forms after obtaining informed consent. Statistical analysis, including descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression, was performed using SPSS.

Results: Of 280 respondents, 152 (54.3%) were males, with overall mean age of 20.81±1.64 years. Day scholars comprised 53.2%, hostel residents were 30%. Nomophobia prevalence was 99.6%, with 53.2% moderate and 30.4% severe cases. No significant associations emerged with gender (p=0.242), year of study (p=0.09), or place of stay (p=0.409). Severe nomophobia was significantly associated to >5 hours/day of mobile use (38.6% vs. 7.1% for <1 hour, p<0.001), checking every 5 minutes (41.5% vs. 3.0% for >1 hour, p<0.001), and phantom ringing (36.3% vs. 23.9%, p=0.001). Logistic regression confirmed frequent checking (OR=13.77, 95% CI: 1.78–106.42, p=0.012) and phantom ringing perception (OR=1.87, 95% CI: 1.12–3.14, p=0.017) as predictors.

Conclusion: Nomophobia affects nearly all medical students, driven by heavy mobile use and frequent checking. Interventions targeting usage habits are needed.

Evaluation of median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome by high frequency ultrasound and color Doppler

Priyanka Krishanan, Rani Ann Joseph, Rakesh M. — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), the most prevalent entrapment neuropathy of the upper limb, frequently leads to pain, numbness, and functional disability. While nerve conduction studies (NCS) remain the diagnostic gold standard, they have notable drawbacks, including patient discomfort and decreased sensitivity in certain populations. As a result, high-frequency ultrasound and color Doppler have emerged as valuable, non-invasive diagnostic tools that offer real-time visualization of structural deformities and vascular alterations in the median nerve, enhancing diagnostic precision in CTS evaluation. Aim and objective of the study was to evaluate the role of high-frequency ultrasound and color Doppler in diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome.

Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted over 9 months in the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Private Medical College, Kerala. 50 clinically suspected CTS patients underwent high-frequency ultrasound and color Doppler evaluation. Parameters assessed included nerve swelling, edema, flattening, palmar bowing, and vascularity.

Results: Most participants were aged between 40-50 years (46%), with a higher proportion of females (86%). Sonographic evaluation revealed that 72% of patients had nerve edema, 80% exhibited nerve swelling, and 60% showed nerve flattening. Palmar bowing was present in 42%, while 24% displayed intraneural vascularity.

Conclusions: High-frequency ultrasound and color Doppler are reliable, non-invasive tools for diagnosing CTS. These imaging modalities support early detection and aid in effective clinical management of CTS.

A study on challenges in assessing free cataract surgery services in India: a gender perspective

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness worldwide, accounting for 51% of cases as per World Health Organization (WHO). Despite cataract surgery being cost-effective, accessibility remains a challenge, particularly in low-income settings. Barriers include affordability, geographic constraints, and cultural acceptability. Gender disparities further limit access, as women—who form a larger proportion of visually impaired individuals—are less likely to receive surgery due to social and economic factors. This study examines cataract surgery accessibility through a gender perspective, identifying systemic, financial, and cultural barriers.

Methods: A multicentre, retrospective study was conducted across 15 diverse locations in India, covering urban, semi-urban, and rural regions. Patient records of individuals who underwent free cataract surgeries were analyzed. Data were collected via structured telephonic interviews, including demographics, socioeconomic status, and perceived barriers. A total of 1,361 patients participated (53% female, 47% male). Statistical analyses, including Chi-square tests, assessed gender-based disparities.

Results: Most respondents (60.18%) independently attended eye screening camps, with males (73.57%) being more self-driven than females (48.04%). Family, especially sons and spouses, influenced women’s decisions. Mobility challenges, financial dependency, and sociocultural norms limited women’s access. While 76.05% were confident about future hospital visits, 14.62% cited transport, financial, or health concerns.

Conclusions: Gender-based barriers in cataract surgery access must be addressed through community outreach, financial support, and culturally sensitive education campaigns. Targeted interventions are essential to ensuring equitable eye care, reducing preventable blindness, and improving women’s healthcare access and participation. Future research should focus on region-specific policies promoting gender-inclusive eye care.

Impact of urban heat islands on human health in India – a systematic review protocol

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Worldwide, urbanization is occurring at an accelerated rate, especially in India. The development of urban areas contributes to urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. Though the health effects of UHIs have been studied in various urban areas across the world, there is a need to develop evidence in India. This is essential for implementing effective and country-specific interventions aimed at mitigating the UHI effect while expanding urban areas in the country. The objective of this review is to describe the human health impacts of urban heat islands in India. The review will consider studies that focus on urban populations irrespective of age and sex, which report on health effects due to urban heat islands, or changes in ambient temperatures due to urbanization.

Methods: This review will search for both published and unpublished studies. The information sources to be searched will include Medline (PubMed), Embase, Epistemonikos, Virtual Health Library, PsychINFO (EBSCO), Mednar, Dissertation Abstracts International, Proquest dissertations and theses, World Health Organization (WHO) website and Google Scholar. Studies published from database inception till current date, as well as those published in English, will be included. Two independent reviewers will conduct a critical appraisal of eligible studies, assess the methodological quality, and extract the data.

Conclusions: This review will add to the body of evidence on urban heat island effects on human health and help to inform urban policy and planning.

Trial registration number: PROSPERO - CRD42024588528

Effect of behaviour change communication on dietary diversity among women of reproductive age from different socio-demographic background (cluster randomized controlled trial): a study protocol

Sujata Murarkar, Jayashree Gothankar, Prakash Doke — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Low diet quality of women of reproductive age group (WRA) will have an impact on their health due to deficiency of important micronutrients. Indicator of assessing quality of the diet is minimum dietary diversity for women (MDD-W). With this background present research will be conducted with the objective to compare the dietary diversity among women of reproductive age group who received intervention with among women who did not receive any intervention.

Methods: Two-armed cluster randomized controlled trial will be conducted in urban slums and rural area of Pune district among women of reproductive age group. Estimated sample size will be of 325 participants in each arm. Data on dietary diversity will be collected and classified into ten food groups using 24-hour recall method. Behaviour change communication will be provided in two steps. Statistical analysis will be done using univariate and multivariate logistic regression, Chi-square test will be applied to test association between different socio- demographic variables and risk factors in the intervention and control arm.

Conclusions: The study will contribute to the existing literature on dietary diversity among women of the 15-49 years’ age group of urban and rural parts of India, informing future research endeavors and policy initiatives.

Trial registration number: CTRI/2025/02/080693.

The effect of propofol on mental health in Saudi Arabia

Tue, 06 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Propofol is a widely used intravenous anesthetic agent with a rapid onset and short duration of action. While extensively utilized for sedation and anesthesia, recent research has raised concerns regarding its impact on mental health, particularly addiction potential, hormonal effects, and neuropsychiatric implications in individuals with underlying neurological conditions. This review aims to examine the neurobiological, hormonal, and psychiatric effects of propofol with a focus on addiction mechanisms, its role in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative syndromes, and its modulation of stress- and mood-related hormones, especially within the healthcare landscape of Saudi Arabia. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, drawing from experimental studies, clinical trials, and pharmacological analyses that explored propofol’s interaction with dopamine pathways, hormone regulation, and its implications in syndromes such as Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome (FXS), and Tourette syndrome (TS). Propofol’s interaction with the mesolimbic dopamine system and dopamine transporter (DAT) contributes to its addictive properties. It alters hormonal responses by modulating GABAergic pathways, reducing stress hormone levels such as cortisol and epinephrine. In patients with specific syndromes, propofol demonstrates differential effects on cognition, recovery, and neurological activity, requiring tailored clinical considerations. While propofol remains a cornerstone of modern anesthesia, its psychoactive and addictive potential, especially among healthcare professionals, necessitates stricter regulation and education. Its impact on stress modulation and mental health highlights its dual therapeutic promise and risk, warranting further clinical research and policy development, particularly in Saudi Arabia, where regulatory oversight remains limited.

Epidemiological risk factors associated with infertility

Ashwini Katole, Purushottam Giri — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Infertility is a serious and stigmatic health issue especially in a country like India. On one side India is dealing with population overgrowth and limited resources while on other side problem of infertility haunts many reproductive age group couples. According to world health organisation (WHO), one in every fourth couple in the developing country is suffering from infertility. The globally prevalence of infertility is 10-15%. Infertility can be primary or secondary. Male or female factors or both can cause infertility. Prevalence of infertility varies with diversity in the customs, traditions, climatic condition and health status. In addition, prevalence of infertility is increasing due to depression, anxiety, stress, and other physiological conditions. Few preventable conditions such as infection, lifestyle factors, advancing maternal age, age at marriage, postponement in child bearing for more than 1 year or more, socio-economic status, and occupational hazards also predispose to infertility. The main challenge of infertility is to estimate the actual prevalence of infertility due to varying definitions of infertility. The magnitude of the problem calls for urgent action, particularly when in the majority of cases the infertility is avoidable.

Forensic odontology: bridging justice and human rights

Neha Acharya, N. Aravindha Babu — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A crucial area of forensic science is forensic odontology, which applies dental knowledge to support legal and humanitarian investigations. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Dr. Oscar Amoedo—who is regarded as the father of forensic odontology-founded this field. This area is essential for human identification in criminal cases, accidents, and mass disasters; it helps law enforcement and gives families closure. Dental age estimate is one of its primary uses, producing age-related data with scientific accuracy for medical-legal and humanitarian applications. Age is estimated using a variety of techniques, which can be broadly divided into developmental, degenerative, radiographic, histological, periodontal, and combination approaches. Assessing tooth mineralization and eruption sequences, especially in youngsters, is part of developmental techniques. Degenerative methods assess age-related damage, including root transparency and tooth attrition. Cementum increment analysis is one of the imaging techniques used in radiography to evaluate the morphology of teeth and roots. Histological methods that analyze age-related tissue changes at the microscopic level include microradiography and histomorphometry. Alveolar bone density and structure are studied via periodontal techniques. Several indicators are integrated for increased accuracy in multidimensional and combination techniques. Through the integration of scientific methodologies with societal requirements, forensic odontology plays a vital role in promoting justice, identifying victims, and safeguarding vulnerable groups, including children, in humanitarian settings.

A comparative study of National Family Health Survey-4 and National Family Health Survey-5 on nutritional indicators in Assam

Aamir Saeed, Sthapana Sharma, Ashfia Habib, Jutika Ojah — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

When evaluating the health and wellbeing of children, nutritional indicators are essential. The National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) in India offer thorough data on these metrics. The nutritional status of Assamese children under five from NFHS-4 (2015–16) and NFHS-5 (2019–21) is examined in this study. This comparative study aimed at understanding the changes in indicators of nutrition, such as stunting, wasting, and prevalence of underweight among children aged below five years in Assam through data comparison in NFHS-4 and NFHS-5. Regional differences and trends in access to healthcare were explored in the study. The study discovered a range of nutritional consequences. Stunting decreased little from 36.4% to 35.3%, whereas wasting increased sharply from 17% to 21.7%. Additionally, the prevalence of underweight rose from 29.8% to 32.8%. There were still regional disparities, with the Barak Valley showing concerningly high levels of hunger. Nutritional outcomes have remained unchanged or worsened in spite of improvements in mortality rates and access to healthcare. The results highlight the significance of focused efforts on Assamese regional disparities, sanitation, and food security. Increasing acute malnutrition necessitates policy adjustments targeted at high-burden areas, notwithstanding improvements in healthcare access and mortality declines.

From relief to risks: a comprehensive review of medical cannabis

Nidhi Lokhande, Aditya Mokal, Namita Deshmukh, Avinash Borkar, Suvarna Patil — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Cannabis has been used for medicinal purposes for thousands of years, with a resurgence in modern medical applications sparking significant research and regulatory discussions. This review explores the medical benefits, risks, mechanisms of action, and legal considerations of cannabis use. Cannabis-based treatments have shown efficacy in managing multiple conditions, including chronic pain, multiple sclerosis, psychiatric disorders, chemotherapy-induced nausea, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite its therapeutic potential, cannabis use carries short- and long-term risks, including cognitive impairment, cardiovascular issues, dependency, and adverse mental health effects. The variability in cannabis products, dosing, and regulation raises concerns regarding safety and quality control. Additionally, ethical dilemmas exist in prescribing unstandardized cannabis-based therapies. Legalization trends across various regions continue to shape the accessibility and acceptance of medical cannabis, though significant research gaps remain. Future studies are required to further validate its efficacy, optimize dosing strategies, and mitigate potential health risks. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current evidence, highlighting both the promise and challenges associated with medical cannabis.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus with dyslipidemia: risk factors, prevalence, pathophysiology, and nutritional management-a narrative review

Chandana M. S., Savitha Vijaykumar, Pooja Anudhar G. — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Diabetic dyslipidemia is the most prevalent medical condition, which is associated with an increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease. In diabetic patients, Insulin resistance alters metabolic functions. It triggers the abnormalities of the lipid profile by elevating free fatty acid which is characterized by an increase in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, low level of high-density lipoprotein, and low level of low-density lipoprotein. Globally, 80-90% of diabetes patients have dyslipidemia mainly due to several factors like hyperglycemia, lifestyle, genetics, age, and history of other comorbidities. Management of the condition by incorporating a healthier lifestyle and dietary pattern also includes a calorie-deficit diet, low glycemic foods, fiber-rich foods, and unsaturated fatty acids foods. These nutrient-dense functional components reduce insulin resistance followed by free fatty acid flux. These changes can optimize the blood glucose and lipid profile levels in individuals. Hence, main purpose of review is to understand pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidemia, risk factors, dietary modifications, and particular nutrient-dense functional foods to reduce the conditions. This study also includes some of the clinical studies with functional foods in managing dyslipidemia in diabetes. In conclusion says that incorporating nutrient-dense components along with healthy lifestyle modifications can reduce the risk of dyslipidemia and avoid the risk of cardiovascular diseases in diabetic individuals.

The impact of mindfulness techniques workshop on nursing professionals' self-awareness and emotional resilience in values-based healthcare

Jyoti Kathwal, Aditya Sharma, Monika Sharma, Kavita Sharma — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Healthcare environments are inherently demanding, often resulting in emotional fatigue and burnout among professionals. Self-awareness and emotional resilience are critical competencies for sustaining empathy, effective communication, and therapeutic relationships in such high-pressure settings. Mindfulness-based interventions, particularly those aligned with values-based healthcare (VBHC) principles, have shown promise in enhancing these attributes. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a two-day values-based meditation workshop in improving self-awareness, emotional resilience, and professional fulfillment among B. Sc. nursing students. A pre-experimental, pre-test/post-test design was utilized. Fifty-nine nursing students participated in a workshop integrating mindfulness meditation, reflective journaling, and cognitive reset exercises. Self-awareness and resilience were measured using a validated 31-point scale before and after the intervention. Qualitative data were collected through open-ended questions exploring spirituality, positivity, resilience, and life satisfaction. Post-intervention, the average self-awareness and resilience score increased significantly from 18.2 to 26.4 out of 31, with the proportion of high scorers (≥25) rising from 12% to 68% and low scorers (<15) dropping from 35% to 4%. Qualitative analysis revealed a strong association between self-awareness, positive mindset, and personal growth. The majority of participants recognized spirituality as integral to clinical practice and reported increased appreciation and cognitive control. Workshop feedback was overwhelmingly positive, and no significant correlation was found between age and outcome scores. Values-based meditation workshops are effective in enhancing self-awareness, emotional resilience, and professional fulfillment among healthcare professionals. The findings support the integration of mindfulness interventions into healthcare education to foster emotional intelligence, reduce burnout, and promote patient-centered care.

An era of electronic nicotine delivery system: understanding the consequences of its use on oral health

Priya Ray, Namita Shanbhag, Manjunath P. Puranik — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), commonly known as e-cigarettes, are battery-powered devices that aerosolize liquid solutions containing nicotine and other substances. While promoted as safer alternatives to traditional cigarettes due to their lower toxin levels, e-cigarettes raise significant concerns regarding their long-term safety and impact on oral health. The variability in nicotine delivery, influenced by diverse device designs, complicates their regulation and potential health risks. E-cigarette usage has been associated with oral and periodontal issues, including increased plaque accumulation, deeper probing depths, and cytotoxicity in oral keratinocytes. Aerosols from e-cigarettes contain higher concentrations of metals such as nickel, lead, and chromium, which compromise the gingival epithelium, periodontal ligament, and oral mucosa. The widespread marketing of e-cigarettes poses a public health challenge. The implementation of the prohibition of electronic cigarettes act (PECA) 2019 is essential to mitigate these risks. However, gaps remain in understanding the short- and long-term oral health consequences of e-cigarette use. Public health strategies must include stringent regulation, awareness campaigns, and digital monitoring to prevent e-cigarette uptake, particularly among youth. Comprehensive preventive measures are crucial to minimizing the oral health burdens associated with e-cigarette use.

Scenario of endometrial cancer in Asian countries: epidemiology, risk factors and challenges

Sayeeda Sultana, Rehana Parveen — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Endometrial cancer is one of the commonest gynecological malignancies which has been widely studied in West; however, it is on a rise throughout Asia owing to westernization of lifestyle, population ageing and rising prevalence rate of obesity. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of endometrial cancer epidemiology, risk factors, treatment challenges and healthcare disparities studies among Asian countries with key recommendations on how detection and prevention efforts could be enhanced in the region. A systematic review using databases such as PubMed and Scopus to find studies from 2000 until 2023. Inclusion criteria included epidemiological data, risk factors and access to health care on endometrial cancer in Asia. Screening of articles; extraction of relevant data on incidence, mortality rates, risk factors and barriers to healthcare. The incidence of endometrial cancer throughout Asia is heterogeneous; Japan (10.2/100,000) and Singapore (13.1/100,000) have similar rates to countries in the West while India (3.2/100,000) and Indonesia (3.5/100,000) have rates that are lower than expected. Obesity, one of the key risk factors accounting for 27–35% of urban populations, metabolic syndrome and postponement to childbirth are among them. In low-income nations, the access to more sophisticated therapy like minimal invasive surgery is 45% limiting survival for overbuilt-drugs resistant bacterial infection cases whose mortality is more than 80% in high-income countries but less than 50% in resource-constrained settings. Modifying traditional behavioral and religious practices affecting recognition of symptoms, access to medical services and public awareness on endometrial cancer will likely alleviate the burden of this malignancy across Asia.

A systematic review of machine learning methods for diabetes mellitus prediction and classification in Nigeria

Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant public health issue in Nigeria, affecting millions of people. Early detection and management are crucial to prevent severe complications. Traditional diagnostic methods have limitations, prompting the exploration of machine learning (ML) techniques for more accurate and efficient prediction. This review systematically examines existing studies on ML applications for DM prediction and classification in Nigeria. It analyzes the research methodologies, attributes considered, study areas, and performance of different ML algorithms. The findings reveal that while ML holds promise, research is limited in scope, focusing primarily on the northern regions. Supervised learning algorithms like ANN and decision trees have demonstrated promising results for prediction and classification in Nigerian datasets, with logistic regression being a common tool for risk factor analysis. Furthermore, studies often overlook key risk factors prevalent in the southern population. This review highlights the need for future research that considers the southern population and a wider range of risk factors. It further recommends a decision support system to improve the early detection, management, and outcomes of diabetes in remote regions of Nigeria.

An umbrella systematic review of antibiotics therapy in COVID-19 patients: implications for antimicrobial resistance

Tue, 06 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Evidence from public health bodies describes extensive overuse of antibiotics during the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide, further worsening the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Umbrella review (CRD42024590181) of SRs that investigated the safety and efficacy of antibiotic drug therapies for treatment in COVID-19 patients irrespective of disease severity and age was conducted. Comprehensive searches were conducted between July 30, 2024, and October 26, 2024, covering PubMed and Cochrane databases, and other sources, such as, Coronavirus (COVID-19) Cochrane resources, and Google Scholar. The AMSTAR2 tool was used to assess the methodological quality of the included SRs. Review findings were synthesized narratively. The systematic search yielded a total of 3624 records from the electronic databases search. Ten original SRs, with 1-42 studies in each SR, were finally included. Sample size per SR ranged from 665-37,429 patients. Azithromycin was the most commonly administered antibiotic therapy. Overall, the studies included in this review reported no difference in all-cause mortality, time to clinical recovery, length of hospital stay, progression to severe disease, viral clearance, rate of co-infections or superinfections, and adverse events among patients treated with antibiotics compared to placebo/standard of care. Evidence suggests that use of antibiotics in COVID-19 patients is not associated with better outcomes. Further studies assessing prevalence of AMR and antibiotic usage during COVID-19 infection could aid in improving antimicrobial stewardship in clinical practice.

Occupational mental health in the niger delta: a systematic review of stressors and interventions

Candid U. Uhegbu, Obatavwe Ukoba — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Occupational mental health in Nigeria's Niger Delta is profoundly impacted by a confluence of factors, including environmental degradation from oil extraction, pervasive socioeconomic instability, ongoing social unrest and the systemic issue of "disconnected capitalism." These elements collectively create a high-stress environment for workers in the region. This systematic literature review aimed to comprehensively analyze existing research (2000-2025) on occupational mental health in the Niger Delta, identifying key stressors, evaluating mental health service availability and exploring proposed interventions. Utilizing databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus and Google Scholar, we synthesized findings narratively. The review identified primary stressors as environmental degradation (linked to depression, anxiety, PTSD), socioeconomic factors (contributing to depression, anxiety, frustration), oil and gas industry hazards (causing burnout, anxiety) and "disconnected capitalism" (fostering powerlessness, resentment, chronic stress). A critical finding was the limited availability of mental health services. In conclusion, occupational mental health in the Niger Delta is severely affected by these interconnected environmental, socioeconomic, industrial and systemic stressors. Addressing this crisis necessitates comprehensive, culturally sensitive interventions focused on environmental remediation, socioeconomic development, workplace well-being, equitable resource distribution and significantly improved mental health services.

Large idiopathic osteosclerosis in the mandibular after exclude other bone diseases: a case report

Sat, 17 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Idiopathic osteosclerosis is an asymptomatic, localized radiopaque bone lesion characterized by a dense, homogeneous appearance and occurs independently of infection or systemic conditions. The aim of this case report is to increase awareness about idiopathic osteosclerosis and its differential diagnosis in the maxillofacial region. A 26-year-old female patient was referred to the oral medicine clinic for evaluation of a bone lesion identified on a panoramic X-ray. Upon clinical examination, no carious teeth were noted. The panoramic X-ray revealed a radiopaque lesion on the lower right side of the mandible, extending from the distal aspect of the second molar to the mesial aspect of the third molar. Cold testing and percussion were performed, both yielding positive results. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of idiopathic osteosclerosis on the right side of the mandible was confirmed. The present case revealed an incidental finding of a radiopaque, elliptical lesion between the lower right molars, measuring approximately 20 mm in diameter, with no evidence of bone perforation or clinical relation to the surrounding teeth.

A case report on caseating tuberculous lymphadenitis and anti-tuberculosis treatment induced hepatitis in the backdrop of undifferentiated connective tissue disorder

Bincy Charley, Archana Rajan, Sunil Antony — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Extra pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is rare occurring in 0.05-5% of patients with tuberculosis. In this way, this disease rarely features in the differential diagnosis of head and neck lesions. We present a case of a 22-year-old female patient with a painless swelling in her left submandibular region. Her histopathology report revealed caseating granuloma – suggestive of Tuberculosis. In the backdrop of this scenario, she was also diagnosed with undifferentiated connective tissue disease. This case report presents a complication in continuing with the usual basic Anti-tuberculosis treatment regimen as our patient developed ATT induced hepatitis two months from commencing the treatment. Hence, this case scenario sheds light upon yet another challenge in actively managing extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Although manifestations of TB are atypical in head and neck area, clinicians should integrate them in the differential diagnosis.