International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health

Oral cavity: a horbor for metastasis

Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The early recognition and appropriate diagnosis of lesions or growths which do not appear to have probable aetiology is of utmost importance. In such cases metastatic lesion or secondary tumours should be considered in differential diagnosis. Metastasis from distinct organs, outside the head and neck region, accounts for about 1% of all malignancies of the oral cavity. A comprehensive approach to history-taking, clinical examination, and diagnostic evaluation is necessary when suspecting metastatic disease in the oral cavity. The most common primary sites are lung carcinoma in males and breast carcinoma in females, followed by renal cell carcinoma. It presents with clear cells and exhibit a tendency for hematogenous distant metastasis to various sites including the oral mucosal tissue. Renal cell carcinoma metastasis to the oral cavity is relatively rare, but it highlights the significance of thorough examination and consideration of metastatic disease in patients presenting with oral lesions, particularly those with a history of cancer. Here, we present a case of metastasis of renal cell carcinoma to oral cavity of a 65-year-old Male patient, which represented the first sign of disease.

Comprehensive dental and surgical management of patients with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis: a systematic review of reported cases and management strategies

Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Congenital insensitivity to pain is a rare condition that is usually detected in late toddlerhood, a time when children are very active and prone to getting hurt without feeling pain. Despite being protected from external dangers, individuals with this condition tend to harm themselves by biting their tongue, lips, and fingers, leading to significant damage. Children who cannot sense pain and have mental challenges are more vulnerable to infections and slow-healing ulcers. The atypical pain is caused by the absence of specific nerves and nerve responses to harmful stimuli. While previous reports have impressed on oral and dental issues related to congenital insensitivity to pain with or without anhidrosis and how they are managed surgically and dentally, there hasn't been a systematic review gathering all oral and dental findings of this condition. Therefore, our current systematic review aims to examine the complete dental and surgical treatment of patients with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) by discussing documented cases and treatment methods.

Botulinum toxin type A for pain control in temporomandibular joint disorder patients

Thu, 21 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) include different conditions, such as: myofascial pain that involves discomfort or pain in the muscles that control jaw function, also internal derangement of the jaw involves a displaced disc, or injury to the condyle, and arthritis that refers to a group of degenerative/inflammatory joint disorders, the causes of TMDs is multifactorial; it includes occlusal factors such as bruxism, stress and psychological status, hormonal factors, and systemic diseases, treatment encompasses simple treatment for example physiotherapy, intra-oral appliance, certain medications, as well as complex treatment such as intra-articular injection and surgery. Botox is considered a peripheral muscle relaxant and a very effective option to reduce pain with TMD patients. Consequently, the present review article was undertaken to shed some light on the different treatment modalities of TMDs and specifically the relevance of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) for pain relief in TMD patients. Searches were conducted in Medline (via PubMed, Scopus, The Cochrane library), all original relevant studies that discussed the effectiveness of BTX-A in managing temporomandibular disorders were included. BTX-A injection in masticatory muscles of patients with TMD can be a useful supportive therapy to control pain and improve quality of life.

The role of surgery in managing recurrent hyperparathyroidism

Thu, 07 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Recurrent hyperparathyroidism (RHPT) presents a complex surgical challenge after initial treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Characterized by hypercalcemia following a previously successful parathyroidectomy, RHPT requires accurate diagnosis and careful management to avoid complications. Preoperative imaging advancements and intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) monitoring have reduced recurrence rates from 30% to 2.5%-5%, though they can be as high as 14% in some cases. Persistent hyperparathormonemia, multigland disease (MGD), and conditions such as parathyroid carcinoma contribute to recurrence. Factors such as age, imaging results, and PTH levels influence recurrence risk, with studies identifying older age and double adenomas as predictors. Surgical reintervention carries significant risks, including recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy and permanent hypocalcemia. Monitoring biochemical markers over time, including calcium and PTH levels, remains essential. This review explores the causes of RHPT, surgical management strategies, and factors predicting recurrence, with a focus on individualized patient care and minimizing surgical risks. Successful management requires a balance between reoperation necessity and potential complications.

Recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of Addison's disease

Thu, 07 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI), also referred to as Addison's disease (AD), is a rare but potentially life-threatening disorder marked by a deficiency in the production of hormones by the adrenal cortex. Despite significant advancements in diagnosis and treatment, challenges remain, particularly in pediatric cases where diagnostic delays are common. Autoimmune adrenalitis is the leading cause of AD in adults, while congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is the primary cause in children. Recent developments include dual-release hydrocortisone formulations designed to mimic circadian rhythms and improve patient outcomes, as well as continuous subcutaneous cortisol infusion using insulin pumps. Experimental therapies, such as immunosuppression, gene therapy, and cell replacement, are in early stages of research. Management focuses on hormone replacement therapy and preventing adrenal crises, often triggered by infections or surgery. Education on crisis prevention is crucial, and patients should regularly monitor hormone levels. Advances in treatment aim to improve quality of life, yet more research is needed to refine therapeutic approaches and long-term outcomes.

An overview of treatment strategies for class II and class III malocclusions

Mon, 11 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Class II and class III malocclusions represent common yet complex dental conditions that affect both aesthetics and function. Managing these malocclusions requires an approach tailored to the patient's growth stage, with early interventions focusing on growth modification and adult cases often necessitating surgical solutions. In class II malocclusions, growth modification with functional appliances such as the Twin Block and Herbst appliance promotes mandibular advancement and improves facial harmony in younger patients. For older individuals or those with more severe malocclusions, orthodontic camouflage or mandibular advancement surgery, including bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, is recommended to achieve a balanced occlusal relationship and improve facial proportions. Class III malocclusions, often involving a prognathic mandible or maxillary deficiency, are particularly challenging. For young patients, facemask therapy and rapid maxillary expansion can encourage maxillary growth, while chin cup therapy can control mandibular projection, aiming to improve skeletal balance. In severe adult cases, combined orthodontic-surgical treatments, such as maxillary advancement through Le Fort I osteotomy or mandibular setback procedures, provide durable, functionally stable outcomes. Surgical-orthodontic approaches, including bimaxillary surgery, are particularly advantageous for severe class III cases by effectively addressing the underlying skeletal imbalances and enhancing facial aesthetics. Growth modification techniques emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and intervention, aiming to harness natural growth potential and reduce the need for more invasive treatments later in life. For adult patients, surgical interventions present a definitive solution, delivering substantial improvements in function and appearance. Ongoing advances in both orthodontic and surgical techniques are refining the precision and stability of treatment outcomes, underscoring the need for individualized, age-appropriate strategies in managing class II and class III malocclusions.

Exercise protocols for improving functional outcomes in hip fractures

Thu, 21 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Hip fractures, particularly among the elderly, are a growing public health concern due to their association with significant morbidity, mortality, and long-term disability. Effective rehabilitation is essential for restoring mobility, independence, and quality of life in affected individuals. Exercise-based interventions, focusing on early mobilization, strength training, and balance exercises, have been shown to significantly improve functional outcomes in patients recovering from hip fractures. Early mobilization, initiated within 24 to 48 hours post-surgery, reduces the risk of complications associated with immobility, such as muscle atrophy and deep vein thrombosis. Encouraging weight-bearing activities early in the recovery process accelerates the restoration of mobility and functional independence. Strengthening exercises, particularly those targeting the lower extremities, play a crucial role in rebuilding muscle mass and enhancing stability, which is critical for preventing recurrent falls. Balance exercises complement strengthening efforts by improving postural control and reducing the fear of falling, which is common in elderly patients. Long-term adherence to these exercise protocols is vital for sustaining functional improvements and preventing further decline. The long-term outcomes of these interventions extend beyond physical benefits, contributing to improved psychological well-being by promoting confidence and reducing anxiety associated with functional limitations. Tailoring rehabilitation programs to individual needs, ensuring sustained participation, and addressing barriers to adherence, such as lack of access to resources, are crucial for maximizing recovery. These evidence-based strategies offer a comprehensive approach to improving recovery and reducing the long-term burden of hip fractures on individuals and healthcare systems. The integration of structured, progressive exercise regimens, supported by multidisciplinary teams, is key to optimizing both short- and long-term functional outcomes following hip fractures.

Impact of vaccination programs on the incidence of meningococcal infections

Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Meningococcal infections, caused by Neisseria meningitidis, are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among young children, adolescents, and immunocompromised individuals. Vaccination programs have been instrumental in reducing the incidence of meningococcal disease by targeting the most common serogroups responsible for infections, including A, B, C, W, and Y. The introduction of conjugate and quadrivalent vaccines has resulted in significant declines in infection rates across various regions, demonstrating both direct protection for vaccinated individuals and the establishment of herd immunity, which benefits the entire population by reducing transmission. In mass gatherings, such as the annual Hajj pilgrimage, the risk of meningococcal disease outbreaks is high due to the large influx of people from diverse geographical locations. Mandatory vaccination policies have been implemented to prevent such outbreaks, particularly with quadrivalent vaccines that target the most prevalent serogroups. This has proven highly effective in preventing the spread of meningococcal disease both during and after these events. However, challenges remain in achieving global vaccination coverage, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where healthcare infrastructure and vaccine affordability can be limiting factors. Additionally, vaccine hesitancy driven by cultural and social factors continues to impede vaccination efforts in some regions. Addressing these challenges through enhanced public health campaigns, financial support for vaccination programs, and targeted strategies such as school-based vaccination initiatives is critical to increasing coverage. As meningococcal vaccination programs continue to evolve, ongoing surveillance, public education, and global collaboration will be necessary to sustain progress in controlling this potentially devastating disease. The impact of vaccination extends beyond individual protection, offering community-wide benefits and significantly reducing the global burden of meningococcal infections.

Prevalence and awareness of anaemia among medical students

Shabina Anjum, Maydaa M. Dabi, Nouf A. Aldahlawi, Manar M. Dabi — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The prevalence of anemia, which is the most common cause for anemia, is 52% in women aged 15 to 49 years, as per WHO statistics. Health consequences of anemia include reduced immunity, increased morbidity, and impaired cognitive performance. The main objective of this article is to give insight on the significant impact of anemia on the individual's health and the whole country and the importance of raising awareness about anemia. A number of studies were viewed during this semester, which were about anemia which is a medical problem in which the number of RBCs or HB concentrations is below the normal value, some of studies were about the prevalence and risk factor of anemia, the other dealt with its complications and what is the treatment for it, and some talked about the classification of anemia and how to diagnose it. Anemia is a worldwide medical condition that affects individuals and even countries. Medical students are of increased risk of mild anemia, but anemia is slightly higher in females. Despite anemia in medical students is mild, it is still worrying because it may be due to bad habits in eating or resources of food present at hostels. As a result, efforts should be made to prevent anemia, especially in medical students.

Bridging the gap: opportunities, challenges, and future directions for teleradiology in rural healthcare

Jamal Hasan, Tiba Shekhqader, Fadi M. Al-Kabban, Ghdah Najm, Sawai Singh Rathore — Mon, 11 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Teleradiology, the electronic transmission of radiological images and data for diagnostic purposes, holds significant promise for improving healthcare access in rural and underserved regions. This review explores the opportunities and challenges of implementing teleradiology in rural settings, where limited access to radiology services exacerbates healthcare disparities. Teleradiology offers multiple benefits, including improved access to timely diagnostics, enhanced decision-making, and cost savings for rural patients who would otherwise need to travel to urban centers for radiology services. It has shown positive outcomes globally, with examples in India, Mali, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Brazil, demonstrating its feasibility and potential to reduce geographic health inequities. However, implementing teleradiology in these settings faces several challenges, such as technological limitations, workforce shortages, regulatory and legal barriers, data security concerns, and cultural acceptance issues. Solutions and recommendations include investments in infrastructure, workforce training, supportive regulatory frameworks, secure data management, and adaptable telehealth models that consider socioeconomic factors in rural areas. By addressing these challenges, stakeholders can enhance the impact of teleradiology in rural healthcare systems, ultimately contributing to reduced disparities and improved healthcare outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape and suggests actionable pathways for advancing teleradiology in rural settings worldwide.

Environmental health and human health-unifying strategies, conceptual framework and green prescriptions: a review

Deepika Chandar, Surendar Ravipragasam — Mon, 11 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The intricate relationship between environmental conditions and human health is increasingly acknowledged as a critical area of public health research. As global challenges such as climate change, urbanization, and biodiversity loss become more pronounced, understanding the connections between these environmental factors and health outcomes is essential for developing effective public health strategies. This analysis delves into the complex interactions that exist between environmental influences and health, emphasizing the urgent need for integrated approaches that simultaneously promote ecological sustainability and enhance community well-being. Environmental degradation has significant implications for human health, with many deaths linked to preventable environmental health risks. These risks encompass a wide range of issues, including air and water pollution, exposure to hazardous substances, and the impacts of climate change, all of which disproportionately affect vulnerable populations. A conceptual framework is proposed to elucidate the multifaceted connections between environmental exposures, health determinants, and health outcomes, enabling a clearer understanding of how these elements interrelate. Cohesive strategies, such as the one health approach, advocate for collaboration across various sectors, including public health, veterinary health, and environmental management, to address the shared challenges of health and environmental degradation. Additionally, the principles of planetary health highlight the interdependence of ecosystems and human well-being, underscoring the need for sustainable management of natural resources to safeguard health outcomes. This article also explores the concept of "green prescriptions," which involve recommending nature-based interventions to enhance physical, mental, and social well-being. These prescriptions have demonstrated effectiveness in promoting health while fostering a sense of environmental stewardship. By synthesizing current evidence and successful case studies, this review emphasizes the significance of adopting a holistic perspective that integrates environmental considerations into healthcare practices. Ultimately, fostering collaboration among various stakeholders will contribute to the development of resilient communities that are better equipped to navigate the intertwined challenges of health and environmental sustainability.

Diphtheria outbreak triggered by low vaccine coverage and socioeconomic status in 2023: Nigeria

John Kama, Rahama Sanusi Karama, Jalamanchili Prithvi — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Diphtheria is a highly contagious bacterial infection that primarily affects the throat and upper airways. Before the introduction of vaccines, there were many cases and fatalities from diphtheria. During the 1920s, over 150,000 cases of diphtheria with an average of 14,000 deaths reported each year in the United States of America. Ever since the diphtheria toxoid vaccine has been made available in the 1940s, there have been a massive decline in diphtheria morbidities and mortalities in developed countries as compared to developing and underdeveloped countries. The socioeconomic status of Nigeria could have contributed to the recent Outbreak of diphtheria. As a country, Nigeria has struggled to have a functioning Economy system but still no solution despite efforts from the government. For instance, the recent outbreak has been linked to low vaccine coverage especially in rural communities in the country. Poor access to healthcare has also played a role on the basis of insecurity and inadequate functioning health infrastructures. There is little or no awareness, conferences, workshops concerning the importance of vaccination all because of shortage of health workers in the country. Most of these factors above, have leads us to experiencing symptoms of diphtheria such as sore throat, low-grade fever, weakness, and difficulty breathing recently. Diphtheria can be prevented if vaccination is done as scheduled by the WHO (World Health Organization) and NPI (National programme for immunization). To prevent future outbreaks, low vaccine coverage and socioeconomic status must be tackled effectively by the Nigerian Government.

From silos to synergies: multisectoral collaboration to reach the last mile of malaria elimination in India

Shwetangi R. Shinde, Anuradha K. Shah — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Malaria, a public health problem in India with declining endemicity, is now being tackled with the National Strategic Plan for Malaria Elimination (2023-2027), targeting zero indigenous cases by 2027 and complete elimination by 2030. A central pillar of this strategy is vector control, yet its effectiveness is undermined by siloed efforts, where different sectors work in isolation. Malaria is a disease with various environmental, social, and behavioural determinants, requiring a multisectoral approach for control. Coordinated efforts involving the health, environment, agriculture, housing, water, and education sectors among others are crucial to address the broader determinants of mosquito breeding and disease transmission. Focusing exclusively on health sector interventions risks overlooking these critical factors. Multisectoral collaboration for vector control is central to the global vector control response (GVCR) 2017-2030, the multisectoral approach to the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases (2020), along with India's manual on integrated vector management. Several ministries have already begun implementing measures to address mosquito breeding. Successful case studies from Kenya, Maharashtra, and Gujarat demonstrate the effectiveness of such collaborative efforts in vector control. However, challenges remain, particularly in defining roles, securing funding and strengthening entomological infrastructure. Addressing these challenges through strong political commitment, clear accountability frameworks, and increased resources is crucial for achieving sustainable malaria elimination in India. Improving health outcomes should be a shared responsibility, breaking silos and aligning efforts across all sectors and sections of the society.

Role of training and monitoring and its effect on infusion-related peripheral thrombophlebitis in a teaching hospital

Ramkrishna Mondal — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

There were several benefits of infusion catheter, but the complications are also too common and the earliest is thrombophlebitis. Several factors are associated with thrombophlebitis. Monitoring along with training or awareness among staff is one of the vital things to reduce thrombophlebitis incidence. The main aim of this current study is to measure the effect of the monitoring and training in peripheral infusion associated Thrombophlebitis across the hospital. The study was done in a 750-bed teaching hospital in eastern India in 2018 over six months. A total of 24 different clinical areas were identified including 7 critical, 3 semi-critical, and 14 non-critical areas. All patients were monitored using a matrix method of monitoring for incidence of thrombophlebitis daily. Data were collected for zero-, three- and six-month incidence for analysis. Monthly data were used for training needs assessment every month. For statistical analysis Microsoft excel software was used for simple statistics and t test for a p value. The total number of thrombophlebitis were coming down from 42 to 16. The changes mainly occur in the non-critical areas from 67% to 25% compared to critical and semi-critical areas. The changes in month 0 and month 3 (p<0.05) month 0 and month 6 were statistically significant (p<0.05). Though the current study is of a very short duration, the findings were in support of the multivariable approaches described by several scientists. It concluded that with proper training and monitoring can decrease the thrombophlebitis.

Client-centered management of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: an occupational therapy approach

Chinmayee Sahu, Durga Sankar Suar, Srikanta Padhan — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Adhesive capsulitis, commonly known as frozen shoulder, is a musculoskeletal condition characterized by pain and a significant reduction in shoulder mobility, often leading to substantial impairment in daily activities and occupational performance. Although it is considered self-limiting, the condition can persist for months or even years, necessitating medical and rehabilitative interventions. This comprehensive review focuses on the role of occupational therapy in managing adhesive capsulitis, with an emphasis on client-centered approaches. Utilizing a systematic search of databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane, the review includes high-quality evidence from randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews, while excluding case reports and cohort studies. Key interventions highlighted include therapeutic modalities, ergonomic modifications, assistive devices, and comprehensive patient education, all of which contribute to reducing pain, improving functional independence, and enhancing overall quality of life. This evidence provides occupational therapy practitioners with a robust framework for tailoring interventions to meet clients' specific needs, optimizing therapeutic outcomes, and supporting functional recovery.

Handle with care: authorship challenges and conflicts in research publication

Mahendra Kumar — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This review article explores how to determine correct authorship order, addresses disputes among co-authors over authorship credit, identifies misconduct, and offers recommendations to resolve such conflicts. An electronic literature search was conducted using keywords such as “authorship,” “authorship conflict,” “publication abuses” “co-authorship” and “co-authorship order,” among others. Over 100 free full-text articles published between 2010 and 2024 were reviewed. The review presents different perspectives of authorship disputes, how to decide the order of authorship, authorship abuse, and various types of scientific misconduct. Additionally, suggestions from various authorities on improving current authorship practices are included.

Tracing deficiency to disorders: vitamin B12 and the neurological manifestations of infantile seizures and west syndrome

Pranitha Avunoori, Sadiya Fatima, P. Vidhusha, Neha Fatima — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A silent maestro conducts the developing brain's symphony – Vitamin B12. When this vital nutrient goes missing, the music can convulse, leading to infantile seizures. This review delves into the fascinating link between B12 deficiency and the enigmatic West syndrome, a specific seizure disorder in infants. We dissect the intricate mechanisms by which B12 deficiency disrupts these vital pathways, potentially orchestrating this devastating neurological manifestation. One crucial impact area is myelination, the process of insulating nerve fibers with a fatty sheath for efficient signal transmission. Without sufficient B12, this insulation falters, disrupting communication between neurons. This disruption may manifest in the characteristic seizures observed in West syndrome. Furthermore, B12 is essential for producing neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers that shuttle information between brain cells. A deficiency can leads to imbalances in these messengers, potentially triggering abnormal electrical activity and causing seizures. By meticulously analyzing the reported association between B12 deficiency and the well-defined clinical presentation of West syndrome, this article underscores the crucial role of considering this vitamin deficiency in the complex detective work of diagnosing infantile seizures. Early identification and intervention, administered with the precision of a perfectly timed crescendo, can be the key to restoring the harmonious melody of a healthy brain, ensuring proper development and a brighter future for these vulnerable infants.

Comparing the incidence of adverse events following topical versus oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Thu, 21 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Knee osteoarthritis is a prevalent condition that significantly impairs the quality of life, often managed with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). While oral NSAIDs are widely used for their systemic effects, they are associated with a higher risk of adverse events (AEs). Topical NSAIDs offer localized approach with potentially fewer systemic side effects, making them an alternative. This meta-analysis compared the incidence of overall AEs associated with topical versus oral NSAIDs in patients with knee osteoarthritis. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase for studies comparing AEs in patients with knee osteoarthritis treated with topical versus oral NSAIDs. Eight studies with a total of 2,181 participants were included. The pooled odds ratio (OR) for overall AEs was calculated, and heterogeneity among studies was assessed using I² statistic. Publication bias was evaluated using a funnel plot. The meta-analysis demonstrated that topical NSAIDs were associated with lower incidence of AEs compared to oral NSAIDs, with a pooled OR of 0.62 (95% CI: 0.38 to 1.00). This suggests that patients treated with topical NSAIDs were 38% less likely to experience AEs than those treated with oral NSAIDs (p=0.05). Significant heterogeneity was observed among the studies (I²=80%). The funnel plot indicated potential publication bias. Topical NSAIDs offer safer alternative to oral NSAIDs for managing knee osteoarthritis, particularly in reducing the risk of AEs. While the findings are promising, the high degree of heterogeneity and potential publication bias underscore the need for further research to confirm these results.

Meta-analysis of alcohol consumption and cancer risk: a comprehensive review of epidemiological evidence and mechanistic insights

Sagam Dinesh Reddy — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Alcohol consumption has been identified as a risk factor for various types of cancer. This meta-analysis aims to quantify the association between alcohol intake and cancer risk and to explore the underlying biological mechanisms. A comprehensive literature search was conducted for studies published between January 2000 to December 2023. Eligible studies included cohort and case-control studies that reported relative risks (RRs) or odds ratios (ORs) for cancer associated with alcohol consumption. Data were extracted and pooled using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic. Subgroup analyses were performed based on cancer type and level of alcohol consumption. A total of 75 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Alcohol consumption was significantly associated with an increased risk of several cancers, including those of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, liver, breast, and colorectum. The pooled RRs for high vs. low/no alcohol consumption were as follows: oral cavity and pharynx (RR=3.15, 95% CI: 2.44-4.05), esophagus (RR=2.89, 95% CI: 2.19-3.81), liver (RR=1.83, 95% CI: 1.39-2.40), breast (RR=1.25, 95% CI: 1.14-1.37), and colorectum (RR=1.21, 95% CI: 1.09-1.34). Heterogeneity was moderate to high across studies. This meta-analysis confirms the significant association between alcohol consumption and increased risk of multiple cancers. Public health strategies should emphasize reducing alcohol intake to lower cancer risk.

Ambulance is for life: a call for bridging the knowledge gap among the masses

Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Essential awareness among the masses about the ambulance usage is pertinent. Lack of knowledge and basic understanding for accessing the ambulance services is liable to reduce resources and cause delay in provision of appropriate treatment. Similarly, prompt management and timely intervention to any emergency provides considerable assistance to respond and address any sudden health uncertainty that arises from accidental health conditions and crises. However, knowledge and basic understanding for utilizing the emergency health services is crucial among masses. This provides the capability to the individual about recognizing the role of emergency response services and gives a sense of understanding about the appropriate usage of ambulance. Thus, in this context, there is a model called medical priority dispatch system (MPDS) a globally recognized method that helps in emergency medical services (EMS) to determine the intensity of the medical condition and accidents before dispatching the assistance. The following paper is aimed to inculcate the knowledge and address the misperceptions among the masses for attaining the facilitation of ambulance services which responds in accordance to MPDS model.

Factors influencing COVID-19 preventive behavior in Thanlyin township, Yangon region, Myanmar

Myo M. Moh, Hla H. Win, May S. Aung, Le Thandar Soe — Tue, 19 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified COVID-19 as a novel lung condition caused by an emerging virus. Socioeconomic factors significantly influence preventive behaviors like handwashing, wearing masks, social distancing, coughing cover, and avoiding touching the face to reduce COVID-19 transmission. Aim was to determine factors influencing COVID-19 preventive behavior among selected households.

Methods: The cross-sectional descriptive study with 700 samples was conducted from July 2022 to December 2023 that collected quantitative data using an interviewer-administered questionnaire that was converted to Open Data Kit, a mobile data tool in Thanlyin Township, Yangon, Myanmar. Objective of study was to determine the association between socio-demographics, knowledge and preventive COVID-19 behaviors in this township residence over the age of 18 years old. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), independent t-test, and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the data.

Results: The overall mean score of knowledge related to COVID-19 was 25.95±7.07, whereas 37.48±15.05 was for preventive behaviors. After multiple linear regression, participants who living in urban, single, passed high educational status, family members who had COVID history, COVID-19 patients who had underlying diseases reported higher preventive behavior where as participants who had co morbidity reported lower performing preventive COVID-19 behaviors. Those participants with higher knowledge scores reported higher preventive COVID-19 behaviors (β=0.312, p=0.000).

Conclusions: Public health interventions should utilize these experiences to effectively communicate and promote preventive measures, thereby enhancing the targeting and impactful nature of future infectious disease prevention efforts.

Effect of female partner-led brochures method on knowledge and intention for prostate cancer screening among men in Kiambu County, Kenya

Peterson K. Kimani, Joseph Muchiri, Margaret W. Nyongesa — Thu, 21 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Prostate cancer (PC) is a problem of public health concern globally. The problem is further complicated by the low rates of screening which results in late detection of the disease. Further, the misconception regarding PC screening (PCS) methods further makes men avoid screening. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of female partner-led brochures method on knowledge and intention for PC screening among men in Kiambu County, Kenya.

Methods: The research adopted a randomized controlled trial study design. Multistage sampling was employed in this study. The sample size was determined using Magnani formulae and a total of 279 respondents were recruited in the study. The Chi-square test was used to assess the difference in intention and knowledge of PC between the control and intervention groups. Further difference in difference analysis was used to assess the overall effect of the female partner-specific gain-framed and loss-framed brochures intervention on the intention of PCS and knowledge on PC.

Results: The intervention groups had a significantly higher mean difference in difference in knowledge about PC than the control group with the group intervened using gain-framed and loss-framed brochures having a mean DID of 4.989 (3.561–6.418) and 5.264 (3.804–6.724) respectively. The increase in knowledge was more in the group intervened using loss-framed brochures.

Conclusions: The study recommends the utilization of a combined approach of gain and loss-framed messaging in enhancing PCS.

Pulpitis tendency in teeth with vital pulp restored with composite resins: a cross-sectional retrospective study

Wed, 13 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: This study evaluates pulpitis tendency in vital teeth restored with composite resin after at least one year, focusing on the effect of cavity depth and the use of a base material on pulp status.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 212 patients with one tooth restored by dental senior students. At the follow-up, periapical and bitewing radiographs, cold tests, percussion, and palpation were performed. Cavity depth was measured from bitewing radiographs, and the periapical index (PAI) was recorded. The restored teeth were compared with contralateral sound teeth to assess the impact of the resin on pulp tissue.

Results: Composite resin restorations significantly affected pulp status compared to intact teeth (p=0.002). Five out of 212 teeth became necrotic, and four developed symptomatic irreversible pulpitis (SIP). Four necrotic cases occurred in cavities deeper than 3.60 mm, and all SIP cases were associated with cavities deeper than 3.10 mm. Cavity depth was a significant predictor of adverse pulpal outcomes. However, using calcium hydroxide as a base did not significantly affect pulp health.

Conclusions: The study concludes that composite resin restorations, mainly in deep cavities, can negatively impact pulp vitality. Cavity depth is a key factor in the risk of pulp necrosis and SIP, while calcium hydroxide base did not reduce pulpitis incidence. Larger studies with longer follow-up periods are recommended to confirm these findings and explore potential protective factors.

Awareness of community-led total sanitation and its impact on sanitation among residents of Kilifi and Marsabit Counties, Kenya

Tobias Mbeya Omufwoko, Alfred Owino Odongo, Mohamed Karama — Wed, 13 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Community-based strategy known as community-led total sanitation (CLTS) is frequently employed to address open defecation and the health issues it causes. Inadequate sanitation is one of the biggest health and environmental problems in the world, contributing to approximately 775,000 deaths per year. This study aimed to assess the level of awareness of community-led total sanitation (CLTS) and its impact on sanitation among communities in Kilifi and Marsabit Counties in Kenya.

Methods: The study adopted a comparative study design. Purposive and multistage sampling were used to recruit study respondents in this study. Fischer's formula was used to determine the sample size for this investigation where 811 study participants were enlisted for the research. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to estimate the impact of CLTS intervention on sanitation status. A significance level of 0.05 was employed as the threshold for all tests conducted in this study.

Results: From this study, Among those fully conversant with CLTS, 98% resided in Kilifi County; 77% in Marsabit were fully aware of CLTS. The majority(87.7%) of the study respondents were fully aware of CLTS. Despite CLTS intervention resulting in a 42% increase in households owning a sanitation facility, There was no significant statistical association between CLTS intervention and sanitation status (t=0.42, p=0.0835).

Conclusion: The study established that the level of awareness of CLTS in both counties was high. The results from this study demonstrated that CLTS intervention programs had an impact on sanitation levels in Kilifi and Marsabit counties.

Workload analysis of medical record and health information officers at a hospital

Dina Sonia, Puteri Fannya, Daniel Happy Putra — Tue, 19 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: This research aims to analyze the workload of medical record and health information officers at hospital X. Initial observations identified several issues, such as frequent multitasking by staff, an imbalance in task distribution, leading to delays in completing tasks within the stipulated time.

Methods: The research method used is a case study with a qualitative approach. The data collection techniques used include observation and interviews.

Results: The calculating of the workforce needed for medical record and health information officers at hospital X based on workload analysis, shows that 29 officers are required, but only 20 are currently available, indicating a shortage of 9 peoples.

Conclusions: The findings of this research are expected to aid hospital management in making decisions to either recruit more officers or adopt technology to automate work processes, thereby reducing staff workload.

Multiple sclerosis incidence in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah in Saudi Arabia before and after the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective cross-sectional study

Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Many people have suffered from coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) which was declared pandemic in 2020. More than a year ago, vaccination against COVID-19 offered hope of controlling this pandemic. Recent studies have reported that COVID-19 vaccine can boost immune responses, However, it triggers several neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). However, there is insufficient data on COVID-19 infections as a risk factor for MS. Therefore, in this study our aim is to assess the incidence rate of MS before and after COVID-19 Pandemic and the associated findings that appeared in MS patients.

Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study had been conducted using data of patients admitted with COVID-19 infection at King Fahad hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia from 2020 to 2024. The collected data had been analyzed using SPSS version 20 using data from medical reports.

Results: The overall number of all MS cases that we have collected were 383, the cases before COVID-19 pandemic were 125 cases while 147 cases were during and after COVID-19 pandemic. The brain and spinal lesions was higher than the cases before COVID-19 also, there was a statistically significant difference between the cases that had ataxia before MS before COVID-19 are lower than after COVID- with statistically significant difference.

Conclusions: The incident of cases increased after COVID-19, the mean age before COVID-19 was higher than the mean age of cases after COVID-19 with statistical significance difference.

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and vaccine effectiveness in vertical transmission prevention: a hybrid study among pregnant mothers attending antenatal clinics in Abyei, South Sudan

Ramzy M. Matueny, Alfred O. Owino, Joseph Muchiri, Joseph J. Nyamai — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global health threat, affecting millions worldwide and causing severe liver diseases such as cirrhosis and cancer. Low and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly South Sudan, face challenges like limited healthcare infrastructure and public awareness, leading to high HBV prevalence. Infants born of seropositive women are at heightened risk due to vertical transmission, perpetuating the infection cycle.

Methods: This study assessed HBV seroprevalence among pregnant women in Abyei, South Sudan, and evaluated vaccine effectiveness in preventing mother-to-child transmission. A hybrid study of cross-sectional and cohort design included 384 pregnant women and 94 infants. Blood samples were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), while socio-demographic data and awareness levels were gathered through structured questionnaires. Qualitative insights were also collected via focus group discussions and interviews with healthcare providers. Logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors.

Results: The seroprevalence of HBV was 19% among pregnant women. Younger age, lower education levels, and unemployment were associated with higher infection rates. Vertical transmission occurred in 4.3% of infants, despite vaccine availability. Awareness of HBV was notably low among participants, underscoring gaps in public health education.

Conclusions: HBV presents a significant health burden in Abyei, South Sudan. Enhancing health education, improving access to preventive strategies, and strengthening healthcare infrastructure are critical to reducing HBV prevalence and transmission. Implementing targeted public health interventions can mitigate the virus’s impact on maternal and child health in the region.

Factors associated with men involvement in child nutrition in health center area of Burundi

Boniface Manirakiza, Florence Munezero, Deo Harimenshi — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Men play a central role in decision making regarding women's and children's health, their involvement in child nutrition has been proven to be essential in the prevention of child undernutrition. In Burundi, nutrition interventions have been introduced to strengthen mothers' knowledge on infant feeding, but no interventions are targeting men specifically. The objective of this study was to analyze the factors of men involvement in child nutrition.

Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out from July 2023 up March 2024 in health centers of Vumbi health district in Burundi. The study population consisted of 231 men with children aged 6-23 months. A questionnaire downloaded in Kobocollect application was used during data collection and the analysis were performed using Stata 15.

Results: The level of men involvement in child nutrition was 53.68% in the area. The men education level (OR=2.54; CI95%: [1.36-4.75]), men participation in nutrition sessions facilitated by the CHWs (OR=3.29; CI95%: [1.82-5.96]), men knowledge in terms of their involvement in child nutrition (OR=2.00; CI95%: [1.12-3.56]), and women accompaniment to health services (OR=2.30; CI95%: [1.18-4.46]) all with p<0.05 were statistically associated with men involvement in child nutrition.

Conclusions: The men involvement in children nutrition for Muramba health center is low, which demonstrates a flaw in child nutrition with the consequent high rate of malnourished children in the locality.

Assessment of colour vision among self-referred patients for glucose monitoring in ESUT teaching hospital, Parklane, Nigeria using Hardy-Rand-Rittler colour vision test

Nnenna M. Ozioko, Gloria C. Eze — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Worldwide, diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common chronic metabolic disease that has a substantial impact on public health necessitating the need for screening populations at risk since it is linked to several sequelae, including diabetic retinopathy (DR). Despite evidence from studies linking colour vision impairments to diabetic eye disease, colour vision is not frequently tested for in diabetic eye screening protocols.

Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using the Hardy-Rand-Rittler pseudoisochromatic color vision test for diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening due to its cost-effectiveness and ease of use. Conducted at ESUT Teaching Hospital, Parklane, standard eye examinations, including dilated fundus assessments and visual acuity tests, were conducted alongside color vision evaluations over a three-month period for a total of 57 patients on self-referred blood glucose monitoring appointments.

Results: The research involved participants with fair glycemic control (average blood sugar level of 159.28 mg/dl). Those aged 48-57 had the highest likelihood of moderate color vision abnormalities while 73.7% of them demonstrated mild unclassified defects on the Hardy-rand- rattler colour vision testing.

Conclusions: The Hardy-Rand-Rittler test for color vision could be valuable for screening older diabetes patients, particularly in resource-limited areas. Detecting anomalies early may indicate retinal disease, prompting further eye examinations and immediate intervention.

Perceptions of pregnancy, labour, and post-partum difficulties related with the adoption of focused antenatal care services among women of reproductive age in Sirisia Sub-County, Bungoma County, Kenya

Tobias Makunja, John Kariuki, Taratisio Ndwiga — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Focused antenatal care (FANC) adoption is significantly influenced by women's perceptions of pregnancy, labour, and post-partum difficulties. Cultural beliefs, personal experiences, and social norms shape these perceptions, affecting whether women seek FANC services. Fear of medical procedures and privacy concerns also deter FANC adoption. These perceptions contribute to FANC underutilization, potentially compromising maternal and neonatal health outcomes.

Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study design was used and 323 participants in the selected wards in Sirisia subcounty, Bungoma County, Kenya. Data was collected using interviewer administered structured questionnaire, and focus group discussion. Quantitative data analysis was conducted using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 29.0 and involved univariate and bivariate analysis. Bivariate analysis was done through logistic regression was used to test the significance of the association between the dependent and independent variables (p<0.05). Qualitative data was analyzed by thematic content analysis.

Results: More than half 183 (56.7%) had initial prenatal care attendance between 4-6 months and 17 (5.3%) between 7-9 months. Further, 202 (62.5%) had four or more ANC visits with 5 (1.5%) and 85 (26.3%) had one and three visits respectively. Significant relationships were found between FANC uptake and positive perceptions of well-being (OR=5.810), worry alleviation (OR=2.425), complication reduction (OR=5.011), birth preparedness (OR=4.551), service access (OR=3.005), and risk detection (OR=5.847). Barriers included fatigue (66%), permission requirements (67%), and transportation issues (65%). Factors like clinic distance, terrain, waiting times, and staffing shortages significantly influenced FANC uptake (p=0.0001).

Conclusions: FANC uptake influenced by perceived benefits and demographics. Logistical challenges remain. Recommendations include mobile clinics and community health worker education to improve access and awareness.

Risk factors of acute heart failure after the first episode of acute coronary syndrome

Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Factors that speed up the development of acute heart failure (AHF) after acute coronary syndrome (ACS), are understudied in developing country like Pakistan. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the risk factor of heart failure (HF) among the post-ACS patients.

Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed at Benazir Bhutto Hospital (BBH), Rawalpindi, Pakistan. 78 patients who were admitted with HF cardiology unit of BBH after ACS from March 2023 to April 2024 were enrolled in the study. An established inclusion and exclusion criteria along with consecutive sampling technique were used for patients’ recruitment. A self-structured proforma was applied to gather data. Data analysis was done in the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 25.0.

Results: HF was more prevalent among those post-acute coronary syndrome patients who had an age group with 40 years or above (69.23%), male gender (62.82%), anterior wall myocardial infarction (38.46%), reduced ejection fraction (67.90%), left anterior descending artery pathology (17.95%), absence of myocardial revascularization procedure (46.15%), diabetes mellitus (52.56%), hypertension (78.20%), anemia (53.85%), hyperlipidemia (75.64%), and who had history of smoking (51.28%). A significant number of patients also had chronic kidney disease (23.10%).

Conclusions: Factors such as an age group with 40 years or above, male gender, anterior wall myocardial infarction, reduced ejection fraction, left anterior descending artery pathology, absence of myocardial revascularization procedure, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, anemia, hyperlipidemia, and history of smoking, all accelerate the development of HF among post-ACS patients.

Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and its associated factors in children from suburban area in Yangon

Phyu Phyu Win, Lei Lei Win, Zay Yar Naing — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: H. pylori has infected about 50% of the global population. The infection rate in children differs across countries, being lower in high-income nations (34.7%) compared to low- and middle-income countries (50.8%). This study aimed to assess the risk factors associated with the seroprevalence of H. pylori infection among individuals aged 2 to 16 in Insein Township, Yangon Division, Myanmar.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Insein Township. A total of 193 children, aged 2 to 16 years and of both genders, were randomly selected. An in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine serum H. pylori IgG antibodies. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-squared tests, and mean scores between groups were compared using two-sample t-tests.

Results: Out of 193 children, 130 (67.36%) were tested positive for H. pylori antibodies. The average age of the participants was 7.6±3.85 years. Although H. pylori positivity was highest (71.01%) among those with birth order 1 and lowest (56.52%) in those with birth order 4 and above, it was not statistically significant. There was a higher percentage of H. pylori seropositivity among children with recurrent abdominal pain (87.77%). The rate of H. pylori antibody positivity was higher among those with a family history of peptic ulcer (85.71%).

Conclusions: The infection rate of H. pylori remains high among children in developing countries, highlighting the need for comprehensive prevention and treatment programs. Early diagnosis can greatly reduce complications later in adulthood and could have a significant impact on the country’s socio-economic status.

Effect of cigarette smoking on sleep quality of non-obese male medical students of south Punjab

Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Cigarette smoking disrupts sleep patterns. Studies suggest a strong link between sleep quality and academic achievement. This study investigates the impact of smoking on sleep quality and academic performance, informing the importance of smoking cessation strategies.

Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among 100 medical students of Nishtar Medical University from June 2023 to March 2024, using a convenient sampling technique. Demographic and anthropometric details were obtained, and academic performance was recorded based on the percentage achieved in the recent professional examination. Sleep quality was assessed by a validated questionnaire; PSQI. SPSS version 27 was utilized for data analysis.

Results: Smokers demonstrated a significantly higher PSQI (median 7, IQR 2-13) than non-smokers (median 4, IQR 1-15), p= 0.02. Academic scores were slightly higher in non-smokers (median 73.5, IQR 59.35-81.85) than in smokers (median 69.85, IQR 51-78.5), p= 0.05. In Group 1 (nonsmokers) and Group 2 (smokers), there was a significant negative correlation between PSQI and academic performance (Rho = -0.357, p = 0.011), and (Rho = -0.314, p = 0.026) respectively. Cigarettes smoked per day were also significantly correlated with both PSQI (Rho = 0.331, p = 0.019) and academic performance (Rho = -0.539, p = 0.000).

Conclusions: Smokers had poor sleep quality and slightly lower academic scores than non-smokers. Poor sleep quality was strongly tied to lower academic achievement. Students should be informed about the link between cigarette smoking and poor sleep quality, and how that affects academic performance.

Leveraging female partner influence in health interventions: a study on prostate cancer screening uptake among men in rural Kiambu County, Kenya

Peterson K. Kimani, Joseph Muchiri, Margaret W. Nyongesa — Tue, 19 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Globally, prostate cancer is the second most common cancer affecting men, with considerably high fatality rates. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a female partner-led brochure method on perception, attitude, and cultural beliefs toward the intention of prostate cancer screening among men in rural Kiambu County, Kenya.

Methods: The research adopted a randomized controlled trial design. Multistage sampling was employed in this study. The Chi-square test was used to assess differences in perception, attitude, and cultural beliefs towards intention to undergo prostate cancer screening (PCS) between the control and intervention groups at baseline and end line. Further, data were subjected to structural equation modeling to assess the influence of perception, attitude, and cultural beliefs on PCS intention pre-and post-intervention.

Results: The results revealed no significant difference in perception between the control and intervention groups at baseline and end-line. Regarding attitude, there was a 39.8% and 24.7% increase in positive attitudes in the group that used gain-framed and loss-framed brochure methods, respectively, at the end line. In the end, there was a significant reduction in the number of respondents who had fatalistic beliefs, whereby 23.1% and 13.2% of the respondents in the groups’ intervention used gain-framed and loss-framed brochures, respectively.

Conclusions: The study recommends the implementation of female partner-led interventions using gain-framed messaging in prostate cancer screening campaigns, as this approach demonstrated superior effectiveness in improving attitudes, reducing fatalism beliefs, and increasing the perceived benefits of screening among men.

Assessing the post-pandemic socioeconomic and health impacts on daily wage and private sector workers in India: a cross-sectional analysis

Akhila Narathattil, Gindhuja Vasanthan, Abidha Mohammed, Arathy Sujathan — Fri, 15 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic, a global health and socioeconomic crisis, has severely impacted various demographics, with daily wage and private sector workers in India among the hardest hit. Lockdown measures, aimed at curbing the virus's spread, resulted in widespread job losses, financial instability, educational challenges, and mental health issues, leading to a critical examination of the post-pandemic effects on these vulnerable populations. This study aims to assess the socioeconomic and psychological impacts of COVID-19 on daily wage and private sector workers. Specifically, it examines employment and income loss, access to basic needs, educational disruptions, lifestyle changes, and mental health effects post-lockdown.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 100 participants selected through simple random sampling. Data collection spanned from October to December 2023, utilizing a structured questionnaire to capture sociodemographic, economic, lifestyle, and psychological information. The depression, anxiety and stress scale-21 items (DASS-21) scale was employed to measure depression, anxiety, and stress levels among respondents.

Results: Results show that 42% of participants experienced job losses, predominantly among daily wage workers, with many respondents also reporting decreased financial stability. Educational impacts were notable, with limited access to digital learning tools exacerbating the digital divide. Significant lifestyle changes included shifts towards healthier habits and increased compulsive behaviours, such as handwashing. Mental health assessments indicated that 30% of participants had mild depression, while moderate levels of stress and anxiety were common.

Conclusions: The findings highlight the pandemic's lasting socioeconomic and mental health toll on daily wage and private sector workers in India. Immediate policy interventions are needed to strengthen social support systems, ensure access to mental health care, and facilitate economic recovery for these communities.

Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding personal protective equipment use among employees in a thermal power station of central India: a cross-sectional study

Saurabh Shingnad, Sarita Wadhva, Pragati Rathod, Uday Narlawar, Pratik Padyal — Thu, 07 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Personal protective equipment (PPE) is crucial for ensuring work safety in high-risk environments, such as thermal power stations. Proper use of PPE reduces the risk of occupational hazards. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding PPE use among thermal power station employees.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 250 employees of a thermal power station. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire designed to evaluate KAP towards PPE use. Descriptive statistics, including frequency and percentages, were used for data analysis to summarize participants' responses.

Results: The majority 96.8% knows about the types of PPE used. The 82% had a positive attitude towards its use while 60.8% study subjects reported that they consistently wear all relevant PPE at their workplace.

Conclusions: The employees had adequate knowledge and attitudes towards PPE, however actual compliance with its use remains suboptimal. Interventions focused on reinforcing PPE usage practices are needed.

Evaluating the quality of life in patients with oral cancer: a central Indian cross-sectional study

Thu, 07 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Oral cancer significantly impacts patients' quality of life (QoL) due to its associated physical, emotional, and social challenges. This study aimed to assess the QoL of oral cancer patients in Central India.

Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 210 oral cancer patients from various healthcare institutions in Central India. Participants completed the UW-QOL questionnaire, which evaluates multiple domains, including pain, appearance, chewing, swallowing, speech, anxiety, mood, taste, activity, saliva, recreation, and shoulder function. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze QoL scores and identify the prevalence of significant issues across domains.

Results: The findings revealed that shoulder function had the highest mean score (96.71), with 91.9% of participants achieving optimal scores. Saliva function followed (mean score: 83.62), with 56.2% of subjects at the best score. However, pain (mean score: 59.40) was the most significant issue, reported by 55.71% of patients, alongside notable concerns in appearance (32.38%) and anxiety (23.8%). Other domains, including mood and activity, exhibited low mean scores, with fewer than 15% of subjects reporting optimal scores.

Conclusions: This study highlights the disparity in QoL among oral cancer patients in Central India, with pain and chewing emerging as significant challenges. The results underscore the need for targeted interventions to address both the physical and psychosocial aspects of care, enhancing the overall QoL for these patients.

Principal component analysis of clinical, mental health, and behavioral factors in a mixed population: insights for public health strategies

Suguna Utchimahali, S. Kannan, Kumaravel Velayutham — Thu, 21 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and mental health disorders set forth substantial public health challenges in Tamil Nadu, India. Formulating targeted therapies requires an understanding of the behavioural, mental health, and clinical variables. Aim was to explore patterns in health outcomes among a mixed population with and without T2DM, focusing on socio-demographic, clinical, and mental health factors using principal component analysis (PCA).

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during April 2020 to March 2021 with 614 participants (307 with T2DM and 307 without diabetes) in Alpha Hospital and Research Centre, a tertiary healthcare centre in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. Statistical analysis was done using IBM statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 23.

Results: PCA discovered nine components from a set of clinical, behavioural, and socio-demographic variables, with a KMO value of 0.915 and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity showing significant Chi-square (11,932.50, p<0.001). 52.23% of the total variance was explained by the first five components. The clustering of stress, anxiety and depression in mental health components as well as the importance of glycaemic management and physical exercise as metabolic markers were among the key findings. Risky behaviours like smoking and alcohol consumption are exposed to have strong associations with adverse effects on health.

Conclusions: This study highlights novel insights on the interactions between clinical, mental health and behavioural aspects among the population of Tamil Nadu. Public health strategies converging on stress reduction, mental health support and chronic disease management are recommended for improved health outcomes.

An epidemiological study on menstrual knowledge among school going adolescent girls of 9th-12th standard of northwestern Punjab: a government private school comparison

Sukriti, Preeti Padda, Sanjeev Mahajan — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Although menstrual knowledge is pivotal in adolescent health education, shaping girl’s understanding of their bodies, reproductive health, and overall well-being but difference is seen in knowledge of government and private school adolescent girls. Therefore, a study was planned to compare menstrual knowledge of government and private school adolescent girls and determine its associated factors.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 28 senior secondary schools (14 government and 14 private) of Amritsar district, Punjab from which 1120 adolescent girls studying in class 9^th,10^th,11^th and 12^th standard (10 per class per school) were randomly selected. A semi-structured questionnaire was self-administered to collect the information from the study participants and data was analysed using SPSS version 21.0 and chi-square and unpaired t-test was used to establish association.

Results: The study reveals that overall mean score for private school goers was found to be 3.6±1.32 which was significantly higher than the government school goers (2.4±1.53). Menstrual knowledge was found to be associated with age, place of residence, type of family, caste, socio-economic status, educational and occupational status of both the parents.

Conclusions: Knowledge was found to be better among private in comparison to government school adolescent girls.

Glycaemic durability and compliance among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients from India: results from the companion survey

Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The COMPANION research survey was conducted to understand glycemic durability and compliance with existing care among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in India.

Methods: The cross-sectional observational survey enrolled 367 physicians; each physician responded to a questionnaire based on observation of 15 T2DM patients in their clinical practice and overall clinical experience. The survey questionnaire consisted of 6 sections with questions on durability of glycemic control, treatment adherence, patient compliance and time- in-range (TIR).

Results: Most physicians agreed that durability of glycemic control was an important factor for better clinical outcomes. More than half of the physicians believed that glycemic control was determined by medication adherence, lifestyle modifications, class of antidiabetic drugs, and duration of diabetes. Along with a weight neutral effect, physicians opined that vildagliptin exhibited reduced risk of hypoglycemia. Stopping medications after feeling better and trouble in swallowing tablets were the two main reasons for medication non-adherence. EAZYGLIDE™ tablet, a fixed-dose combination of vildagliptin plus metformin, was found to improve patient adherence and compliance. In patients with poor TIR, around 76% of physicians recommended dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor therapy. In all, 87% of physicians prescribed ambulatory glucose profile (AGP) to patients with increased risk of hypoglycemia.

Conclusion: Appropriate evaluation of glycemic control plays a vital role in the overall management of T2D. EAZYGLIDE™ tablet exhibited improved patient adherence and compliance to therapy owing to its improved features. Patient education about continuous glucose monitoring and AGP and prescription of suitable medications are necessary for enhancing overall clinical outcomes.

Prevalence and determinants of violence against healthcare workers in multiple settings: a cross sectional study

Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The quality of clinical care hinges on the doctor-patient relationship. The murder of Dr. Vandana Das highlights the urgent need to address violence against healthcare workers (HCWs). This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence of violence among HCWs, examine reporting mechanisms, and comprehend the repercussions of such incidents.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among HCWs at Pushpagiri Medical College Hospital and Taluk headquarters hospital, Pulinkunnu. A semi-structured questionnaire derived from surveys on workplace violence in the health sector by PSI (Public Services International), ILO (International Labour Office), ICN (International Council of Nurses), and WHO was used to measure violence.

Results: Among 185 participants, 150 were from private settings and 35 from government settings. In government settings, 14.3% experienced physical violence, and 31.4% faced verbal violence. In private settings, 9.3% encountered physical violence, 39.3% experienced verbal violence, and 2.7% reported sexual harassment. Incidents of physical violence were more frequent among HCWs with 6-10 years of experience and those working with adult patients. Verbal violence was more common among staff working in shifts and with adult and elderly patients.

Conclusions: Verbal violence was the most prevalent, affecting 37% of HCWs, often from patients’ relatives or bystanders. Contributing factors included staff shortages, patient non-compliance, long waiting times, communication issues, and work overload. Addressing violence against HCWs requires improved staffing, communication, security measures, and stringent legislation to safeguard HCWs’ well-being and patient care quality.

An explorative cross-sectional study on breast-feeding practices among children aged 12-23 months residing in a district of northwestern Punjab: an urban-rural comparison

Kirandeep Kaur, Jasleen Kaur, Sanjeev Mahajan, Preeti Padda — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The IYCF guidelines clearly dictates the breastfeeding practices for first six months of life. But, the practical adoption of these recommendations continues to fall short of expectations. Factors like urbanization, infant formula marketing, and maternal employment have contributed to declining exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates. Therefore, we planned to conduct this study to assess breastfeeding practices during first 6 months of life and made an urban-rural comparison.

Methods: An explorative cross-sectional study was conducted in 2 villages and 2 urban slums, involving 420 mother-child pairs (210 each from rural and urban). A mother and child duo where child was aged between 12-23 months were interviewed. The information pertaining to breastfeeding during first six months were collected on pre-designed, pretested and validated proforma. Data was compiled and analysed using Epi-info 0.7.

Results: Out of 420 participants 54% were males and 46% were females. Breastmilk was given to 98% of the study participants with no significant urban-rural difference. However, only 5% of urban and 2% of rural infants started breastfeeding within the first hour after birth. Overall, 46% of infants began breastfeeding two days after birth, with a significantly higher proportion in rural areas (53%) compared to urban areas (39%).74% were exclusively breastfed. Prelacteal feeding was significantly more common in rural areas (87%) than in urban areas (76%).

Conclusions: While exclusive breastfeeding rates were relatively good. Significant differences were observed in early breastfeeding initiation and prelacteal feeding in rural and urban area.

Arnett’s soft tissue norms in north western Himalayan population: a cephalometric study

Nithya Mahadevan, Sankalp Sood, Monika Mahajan, Susheel Negi, K. S. Negi — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: This study was conducted to establish soft tissue cephalometric norms and compare males and females of north western Himalayan range population with that of soft tissue Arnett’s norms.

Methods: The study group comprised of 110 subjects (51 females and 59 males) within age 18-25 years, having class I molar relation with well-balanced faces. The null hypothesis was there will be no statistically significant difference in the soft tissue parameters between the groups. Cephalograms were manually traced and the mean values of various parameters were compared with Arnett’s norms of Caucasian population as well as between males and females of the study group.

Results: The overjet, overbite, lip thickness, facial length, maxillary projection and mandibular projection were decreased in the study group when compared to the controls. Statistically significant differences were found in various parameters between males and females of the study group as compared to the control group. Males had increased overjet, increased lower facial height, retrusive maxilla, procumbent lips than females.

Conclusions: This study concluded that the norms of Arnett’s Caucasian population cannot be applied to the population of other geographic regions.

A prospective cross-sectional study on epidemiological determinants, vaccine hesitancy and adverse events following anti rabies vaccination in an animal bite

Alka Kaware, Tejaswi Pothipogu, Prachi Ingle, Jyostna Deshmukh — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Rabies is an infectious disease with hundred percent mortality that can be prevented by taking action pre or post exposure to the agent. The individuals’ beliefs, customs and traditions play a major role in any health care practices. In this study we tried to assess the epidemiological determinants, vaccine hesitancy and adverse events following vaccination. Objectives were to study the epidemiological determinants of the individuals with animal bite and to study the vaccine hesitancy and adverse events following vaccination.

Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among the 300 individuals who came with animal bite to the anti-rabies vaccination centre. The study participants were recruited through convenience sampling.

Results: Out of 300 participants 102 (34%) were of age group 15-35 years. Males 188 (62.7%) and females 112 (37.3%). The common animal that reported to bite was dog which was seen in 85.7% of study population. Vaccine hesitancy was observed in 16.7% (50). The 83% (249) participants took the ARV vaccination within 24 hours of the animal bite. The most common adverse events following vaccination reported is skin discoloration at the injection site by 53.3% (160).

Conclusions: The vaccine should be made available even in the rural, suburban areas. Newer vaccine with better preservatives should be made to prevent adverse events.

Food addiction among medical college students in Bengaluru city: a cross sectional study

Marvel K. Soman, Vidya G. S., Shashikala M. — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Food addiction has specific connotations with respect to obesity which often results from the imbalance of food intake and energy expenditure. In countries like India, with relative abundance of food in recent years, and reduction in physical exercise, the rates of obesity have been on the rise. Obesity itself has been associated with the occurrence of metabolic syndrome which becomes a risk factor for diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia. This study aimed to assess the proportion of food addiction among medical college students in Bengaluru city.

Methods: A descriptive study was conducted over a period of three months. The sampling technique employed was convenient sampling. The study population consisted of undergraduate medical students. The study involved a total of 174 participants. Inclusion criteria for participation included 1st year to 4th year MBBS students. The study tool utilized was the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS).

Results: Out of 174 respondents, the rate of occurrence of food addiction was 27.4%. Persistent desire or repeated unsuccessful attempts to quit was the most common symptom domain endorsed. Food addiction showed statistically significant association with BMI (Body Mass Index).

Conclusions: This exploratory study suggests that food addiction may be present in a proportion of young aged medical students. The association of food addiction with higher weight and BMI suggests propensity to develop metabolic syndrome, and the need to evaluate interventions that could modify phenomenological expression of food addiction.

A study on poor sleep hygiene and obesity among different groups of workers in the petroleum industry located in Andhra Pradesh

Sagam Dinesh Reddy — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: This study explored the relationship between poor sleep hygiene and obesity among workers in the petroleum industry in Andhra Pradesh. Sleep hygiene refers to practices conducive to regular, healthy sleep. Poor sleep hygiene has been linked to health issues, including obesity. Understanding this relationship is crucial for targeted interventions to improve worker health.

Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted with 193 tank drivers and 90 office workers (female workers excluded due to small sample size). Demographic data, including age, BMI, and average sleep duration, were collected via self-report questionnaires. Statistical tests, including independent t-tests and Mann-Whitney U statistics, were used to assess significance.

Results: A significant association between poor sleep hygiene and obesity was found among petroleum workers. Those reporting shorter sleep duration, irregular sleep schedules, and frequent sleep disturbances were more likely to be obese compared to those with better sleep practices. Shift work and long hours were identified as contributing to poor sleep and increased obesity risk.

Conclusions: Promoting healthy sleep habits is essential to reduce obesity among petroleum workers. Interventions such as sleep hygiene education and workplace policies supporting adequate rest may help mitigate obesity risk. Addressing occupational factors like shift work and long hours is vital for improving overall worker well-being.

Awareness about the role of physical activity and diet on oral health and respiratory health: a questionnaire based cross sectional study

Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: This cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the awareness of role of diet in oral and systemic health and their inter-relationship amongst the general population of Jodhpur city, Rajasthan.

Methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted 800 subjects of Jodhpur city Rajasthan region and a self-constructed questionnaire was used to collect the information. Here patient’s awareness for periodontal-systemic health inter-relationship was also assessed by questionnaire. Study is started conducting from 15th August 2023 to 25th July 2024. Study was completed in 11 months 10 days.

Results: It was observed that majority knew about role of diet in oral and respiratory health whereas many of them were not much aware about association of periodontal and systemic conditions which was statistically significant.

Conclusions: There is an imperative call for ample educational programs to promote good oral hygiene awareness and its impact on systemic health amongst the general population.

Assessment of immunization coverage during COVID-19 pandemic among 12-23 months old children in Sonitpur district under Bihaguri BPHC of Assam

Souvik Banik, Rupali Baruah, Shashanka Shekhar Chakraborty — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The longest-lasting decline in childhood vaccination rates in a generation is seen during COVID-19 Pandemic in India. The study aims to analyze the overall scenario of Immunization coverage of 12-23 months children in Sonitpur under sub-centers of Besseria State Dispensary under Bihuguri BPHC during COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: All the children registered with mother and child protection card in villages under Besseria State Dispensary under Bihuguri BPHC, Sonitpur during COVID-19 pandemic were surveyed for a period of two months from May and June 2021. A simple random sampling method of study includes 84 respondents of children in the age group of 12-23 months.

Results: A total of 84 respondents were surveyed. All the cases include children between the ages of 12 and 23 months. 96.25% babies received BCG at birth. 80% received OPV 0 dose. Hepatitis B was given to 76.25%. 100% of the babies received 3 dosages of OPV at 6, 10, and 14 weeks, only 21 (26.25%) received PCV 1^st dose, 24 (30%) received PCV 2^nd dose, 23 (28.75%) received PCV booster dose. 65% of the children between 12 and 23 months old received all the vaccinations.

Conclusions: The restriction and the quarantine implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic has hampered the immunization status of the children. The non-availability of vaccines has delayed the immunization status. Comprehensive training and supervision of health workers, increasing awareness regarding immunization sessions, and vaccine preventable disease (VPD) are some of the interventions which could help tackle the issue.

Opinion, perception and attitude of medical students towards family adoption programme- a cross sectional study

Ravindra Balaram Gurav, Aishwarya Suresh Nair, Poornima Tomar — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Right from first MBBS to third MBBS part one, the community medicine curriculum includes family adoption programme (FAP). It involves adopting families by medical students from underserved communities and tackling various health problems among them.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 232 MBBS students of Rajiv Gandhi Medical College, Thane in the month of January 2024 using purposive sampling method. Pre-designed proforma was used to record age and gender of the students and 18 Likert scale questions for assessing their opinion, perception and attitude towards FAP. The data was entered in Microsoft Excel and analysed. SE (p1-p2) test was applied. The statistical level of significance was fixed at p<0.05.

Results: 150 (64.66%) students had strongly agreed for ‘FAP is important to understand the health problems among the adopted family’ and 112 (48.28%) to ‘FAP is essential to understand social problems among the adopted family’.76 (32.76%) subjects had strongly agreed for ‘FAP is useful to understand concept and structure of the family’ and 102 (43.97%) for ‘FAP is innovative way for learning community medicine’. 31 (13.36%) students had strongly agreed for ‘FAP should be conducted in urban area’ while 95 (40.95%) were for ‘FAP should be conducted in rural area’. 86 (37.07%) subjects had strongly agreed to ‘I am happy with the allotted families’. 95 (40.95%) students had strongly agreed for ‘FAP is the foundation of my future medical practice’.

Conclusions: The medical students were highly motivated and under appropriate supervision they can create significant difference in promotion of health of the adopted families.

Screen addiction and associated factors among grade-10 school children in Nuwaragampalatha- east educational zone in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka

Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Screen addiction has become a significant concern among school children in recent years due to the widespread use of digital devices such as smartphones, tablets, and computers. The objective was to assess the prevalence of screen addition and associated factors among grade 10 students in Nuwaragampalatha- east educational zone in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka.

Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among students studying in grade 10. Sample size was 318. Three schools selected randomly from Type 1AB, IC and type 2 categories and proportionate to the number of students in grade 10, sample was recruited from each school. Study instruments comprised Internet addiction test, Perceived stress scale and an interviewer administered questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was utilized to identify associated factors of screen addiction. Probability <0.05 was selected as the significant level. The results were expressed as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results: Response rate was 100% (N=318). Mild screen addiction was reported among 29.6% (95% CI=24.6-34.9) and 20.1% (95% CI=15.9-25.0%) showed moderate level while 1.6% (95%CI=0.5-3.6) had severe addiction. Half of the students (n=155) with no screen addiction. Male sex (AOR=1.9; 95% CI=1.1-3.3; p=0.021), spending more than two hours with social media (AOR=6.1; 95% CI=3.5-13.5; p<0.001), moderate and high stress levels (AOR=3.9; 95% CI=2.3-7.0; p<0.001) and not engage in physical exercises > one hour per day (AOR=2.4; 95% CI=1.2-4.8; p=0.014) were found to be associated factors with screen addiction.

Conclusions: More than half of the students had some form of screen addiction. Except sex, other associated factors are modifiable.

Prevalence of surgical site infections in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Goa, India: a cross-sectional study

Akhila Narathattil, A. M. Ferreira — Mon, 11 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a major category of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), particularly in surgical settings. They lead to extended hospital stays, increased morbidity, and financial burden. The study was conducted in the surgical wards of Goa medical college, a tertiary care hospital, to assess the prevalence of SSIs and identify the key bacterial pathogens and associated risk factors.

Methods: A cross-sectional, prospective study design was employed, involving 378 patients aged over 18 years admitted for surgical procedures. Data collection included daily follow-up for signs of infection, identification of bacterial pathogens, and analysis of potential risk factors such as age, type of surgery, duration of postoperative drain, length of hospital stays, and wound classification. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software, with significance set at p<0.05.

Results: The study identified an SSI prevalence of 12.69% among the participants, with Pseudomonas being the most common causative agent. Significant risk factors included extended postoperative drain duration, longer hospital stays, emergency surgical procedures, and surgeries involving contaminated or clean-contaminated wounds. Patients with prolonged postoperative drains had a markedly higher incidence of SSIs (63.63%).

Conclusions: The findings reveal a considerable burden of SSIs in the studied setting, with high infection rates in patients undergoing prolonged drain usage, emergency surgeries, and surgeries on contaminated wounds. Strengthening infection prevention measures, particularly in high-risk cases, and enforcing strict adherence to hygiene and sterilization practices are critical. Enhanced infection surveillance programs and targeted interventions could help reduce SSI rates, improve patient outcomes, and minimize healthcare costs.

Risk assessment of type 2 diabetes among the adult population using Indian Diabetes Risk Score: a community-based cross-sectional study in Central India

Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of long term morbidity and is a major health hazard in a developing country like India. Because of the disease’s growing burden, its iceberg nature, its consequences, and the ability to prevent the complications through early identification and treatment, strong efforts for early diabetes diagnosis are essential. Early identification of the high risk individuals would help in taking appropriate intervention thus helping to prevent, or at least delay, the onset of diabetes. Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) is a cost-effective tool for screening of undiagnosed diabetic individuals in the community.

Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in the urban field practice area of Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur, Maharashtra among 360 participants above 18 years of age. Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) was used to assess risk of diabetes. Chi-square test was applied to determine association between variables.

Results: Out of the 360 study participants, 86 (23.89%), 156 (43.33%) and 118 (32.78%) participants were in low risk, moderate risk and high risk categories respectively. Risk of diabetes was significantly associated with age, socioeconomic status, physical activity, adequate fruit and vegetable intake, high consumption of sweet foods, history of hypertension, family history of diabetes, body mass index and waist circumference.

Conclusions: Risk assessment using IDRS is useful for screening of individuals. This would help to take necessary interventions for their early diagnosis and treatment.

Assessment of household dietary diversity and its associated factors among the households of Amritsar district: a descriptive cross-sectional study

Aditi, Preeti Padda, Sanjeev Mahajan, Jasleen Kaur, Arvin — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Dietary diversity (DD) refers to the range of foods consumed over a specific period, ensuring adequate nutrient intake for optimal health and development. It’s a critical component of a healthy diet and is widely recognized as such. Dietary diversity is a qualitative measure of food consumption, which indicates household access to a variety of foods and is proxy for nutrient adequacy of the individual's diet. It is described as the number of different food or food groups consumed over a given reference period.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in rural areas and urban slums of district Amritsar. A 24-hour recall evaluated the HDDS amongst 300 households equally distributed in rural and urban areas. HDDS consisted of 12 food groups which were marked 0 or 1 depending upon the consumption of various food items in the past 24 hours and the total score was calculated. Data was compiled and analyzed using Epi Info, CDC USA. For nominal, categorical and ordinal data, frequencies and proportions were calculated. For continuous data, mean±standard deviation, median (IQR) were calculated whichever relevant depending upon the distribution of data.

Results: Mean household dietary diversity score in rural areas was a little higher i.e. 8.96 versus urban areas where it was 8.82.

Conclusions: In both rural and urban areas (100%) ate 6 food groups viz. cereals and millets, vegetables, milk and milk products, oil and butter, sugar/honey/jaggery and tea/coffee.

Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices regarding immunization among mothers of under-five children in Chitoor district, Andhra Pradesh

Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Immunization is a vital public health strategy to protect children from infectious diseases, achieved through the administration of vaccines. India's universal immunization program (UIP) provides free vaccines against 11 life-threatening diseases for children under the age of five. Despite its importance, immunization coverage in many areas remains inadequate due to various factors, including limited awareness, accessibility challenges, and misconceptions.

Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted in PHC Pedda Upparpalli, Chitoor district, Andhra Pradesh, aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of mothers with children under five regarding immunization. A structured interview questionnaire was used to collect data, and scoring methods were applied to categorize knowledge levels.

Results: Results indicated that while awareness of the importance of vaccination was high, knowledge regarding specific vaccines and contraindications was limited. Attitudes toward vaccination were generally positive, with mothers acknowledging its importance and safety. Most mothers exhibited good vaccination practices, with a majority following the immunization schedule. Interestingly, the study found no significant association between knowledge and sociodemographic factors except for income. This suggests that income level may influence mothers' knowledge of immunization.

Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of improving knowledge and addressing misconceptions surrounding immunization to achieve complete vaccination coverage. Strategies such as targeted health education and awareness campaigns are essential, especially in underserved communities. Further research on a larger scale and in different geographic settings is recommended to gain a comprehensive understanding of immunization practices in India.

A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of nomophobia and its impacts on quality of life among medical students in Shimoga, Karnataka

Aseeba O. P. K., Praveen Kumar N., Chandana M. — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Nomophobia refers to discomfort, anxiety, nervousness, or anguish caused by being out of contact with a mobile phone. The highest smartphone penetration was seen among 18–24-year-olds. Recent research indicates that nomophobia is universally present, but the evidence of its effect on the quality of life of potentially vulnerable populations like medical students is less. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of nomophobia and to assess its impact on the quality of life of medical students.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate medical students who were selected randomly. Nomophobia and quality of life were assessed using NMP-Q and SF 36 questionnaires, respectively.

Results: The study comprised 250 medical students. Prevalence of nomophobia was as follows- mild (11.2%), moderate (69.6%), and severe (18.8%). There was a negative correlation between nomophobia and the following domains of quality of life- role of limitation due to emotional problems (r=-0.280, p<0.001), energy/fatigue (r=-0.296, p<0.001), pain (r=-0.232, p<0.001), social functioning (r=-0.263, p<0.001) and emotional well-being (r=-0.316, p<0.001).

Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of moderate nomophobia with a negative impact on the multiple physical and emotional domains of the quality of life of medical students.

Accuracy of self-reported height and weight measurements in elderly in Pune: a cross-sectional study

Atiya Shaikh, Shweta Thakar — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: As age increases the height and weight of the person may change. The perceived height and weight may be different than actual measurements thus, may lead to faulty reporting. Hence, it is important to find the accuracy of self-reported measures. Aim was to compare self-reported and measured height and weight in elderly of Pune region. To do gender-wise comparison of self-reported and measured height and weight in elderly of Pune region. To find influence of age on these measurements by finding correlation between age and difference in self-reported and measured values.

Methods: Self-reported and measured data for height and weight of 465 individuals above 65 years chosen according to set inclusion criteria was gathered and compared using paired t-test.

Results: There was a significant difference in self-reported and measured readings of height and weight in elderly (0.01, <0.0001 for height and weight respectively). Height being over estimated and weight being underestimated. Both genders over estimated height (p=0.0001, <0.0001 for males and females respectively). Females under estimated weight (p=0.2692 for male and <0.0001 for females). As age increases the difference in reporting goes on increasing (Spearman’s correlation coefficient 0.120 and -0.167 for height and weight respectively).

Conclusions: Gender influences reporting of height and weight adversely in elderly. Thus, it is better to take actual measurements of height and weight instead of relying on self-reported values in elderly of Pune region.

A cross-sectional study on social anxiety disorder and self- esteem among undergraduate medical students of a tertiary health care centre in central India

Anju George, Ashok R. Jadhao, Sanjay Agrawal, Ebin Mathew, Kalaivani M. — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) aka social phobia is a persistent fear of one or more social situations where embarrassment may occur and the fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual threat posed by the social situation as determined by the cultural norms. Self-esteem is an attitude or a sense of worth as a person. People low in self-esteem are generally more dependent on others and more susceptible to external cues that carry self-relevant implication. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of Social anxiety disorder and to assess the status of self-esteem and to determine the association of SAD with self-esteem among undergraduate medical students.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 382 undergraduate medical students and interns of a tertiary health care institute. Social phobia was assessed using Social-phobia-Inventory (SPIN) questionnaire and self-esteem using Rosenberg self-esteem scale.

Results: Among 382 study participants, 180 (47.1%) were females and 202 (52.9%) were males. 203 (53.1%) had social anxiety disorder. 135 (35.3%) students had low self-esteem. There was a statistically significant association between social phobia and status of self-esteem.

Conclusions: This study showed that a higher proportion of medical students had social anxiety disorder and 35.3% had low self-esteem. So, early detection and appropriate intervention need to be done among the students to improve self-esteem and to enhance social interaction by their institutes.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice assessment in diabetic foot ulcer grading: a prospective cohort observational study

K. Manimozhi, D. Lokeshvaran, P. Theesmi Bershani, J. Jayaseelan, D. G. Abinish — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Diabetes is a group of disorders marked by chronic high blood sugar due to issues with insulin. It includes type 1, type 2, genetic and drug-induced types, and gestational diabetes. A serious complication of diabetes is diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), caused by peripheral neuropathy, vascular problems, and infections, which can lead to severe outcomes like amputations.

Methods: A prospective cohort observational study was conducted over six months at a tertiary care teaching hospital involving 163 diabetic patients with foot ulcers, aged 20 to 80. The study assessed knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) regarding DFUs using a translated KAP questionnaire. Ulcer grades were classified using the Wagner system. Data were collected on socio-demographic factors, disease-related factors, and practices related to foot care.

Results: This study found most of the participants were under the age group of 41-50, with a higher prevalence of females, and predominantly had type 2 diabetes. Common co-morbidities included hypertension, eye issues, and cardiovascular disease. Ulcer grading showed that most patients had Wagner grade 2 ulcers. Many participants lacked awareness about diabetes-related foot risks. Although most were open to lifestyle changes, many had gaps in foot care, with few following recommended practices.

Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of better patient education and counselling to manage diabetic foot ulcers effectively. Although participants had a positive attitude towards foot care, there were significant gaps in their knowledge and practices. Healthcare providers, including pharmacists, need to improve education and communication to address these issues and help prevent severe complications.

Development and assessment of feasibility of a ‘NeuroCare’ app for home care of neurosurgery patients

Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Patients undergoing neurosurgery may require long-term care at home after discharge from the hospital. Mobile apps may assist their caregivers in care provision. This study aimed to develop and assess the feasibility of a ‘NeuroCare’ App for neurosurgery patients.

Methods: The study was carried out at the neurosurgery department of a tertiary care institution. A mobile app was developed following a preliminary assessment of patients' post-surgery health problems and the caregivers' training needs. This bilingual app consisted of videos on oral care, back care, hand hygiene, Tracheostomy tube (TT) care, TT suction, TT change, RT feeding, etc. It was validated by 22 experts in nursing, public health, physiotherapy, and neurosurgery. The feasibility of the App was assessed on purposely selected 16 patients and their caregivers.

Results: The majority (81.3%) of experts were highly satisfied with the functions of the app such as its contents, voice clarity, video clarity, content sequence, and understanding, and 80% of the caregivers preferred using the app in Hindi language. All the caregivers responded that the videos were not time-consuming. 60% of the caregivers were highly satisfied with the functions of the ‘Neuro-Care’ app.

Conclusions: The ‘NeuroCare’ app was found to be feasible and may be a useful component for home care of postoperative neurosurgery patients.

Assessment of levels of depression, anxiety, stress and coping strategies among inmates in a selected prison/ correctional home of West Bengal

Uma Rani Adhikari, Sharmistha Chakraborty Das — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Stress, anxiety and depression are common among inmates. They carry a much greater burden of illness than other members of the society. Therefore, present study was conducted with the aim of studying the level of depression, anxiety, stress and coping strategies among inmates in a selected prison.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 200 inmates from district jail, Hooghly in West Bengal, India over the period of 7 months. Data was collected by interview method using DASS-21 scale and coping strategies scale by A. K. Srivastava. Administrative permission, ethics committee clearance and informed consent was taken before data collection. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 version, descriptive and inferential statistics was used for analysis.

Results: The study results revealed that 87.5% had mild to moderate levels of depression, 100% inmates had moderate to extremely severe levels of anxiety and 39% had moderate to extremely severe levels of stress. No one used high approach coping 76% inmates used low approach coping and 62% used moderate avoidance coping.

Conclusions: Hence the study outcome provided essential information to those who help the inmates, especially the counselors in formulating and planning intervention programs to resolve the issues of underserved population.

A study to assess the awareness and uptake of Janani Suraksha Yojana among the women attending a tertiary care hospital

Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Maternal mortality continues to be a pressing issue in India, necessitating ongoing efforts to improve maternal health and reduce the maternal mortality ratio. Launched in 2011, the Janani Suraksha Yojana is a significant initiative by the Government of India aimed at incentivizing pregnant women to deliver in health facilities. This study examines the awareness and uptake of the JSY scheme among women attending a tertiary care hospital in Udaipur.

Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Pannadhay Zanana Hospital, MBGH, Udaipur, over six months. A total of 260 women meeting the inclusion criteria participated. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, assessing awareness and uptake of the scheme. Descriptive statistics and inferential analysis were performed using SPSS v25, with significance set at p<0.05.

Results: The majority of participants (70.8%) were aged 20-30 years. Literacy rates were high, with 79.2% of participants being literate. Most participants (93.1%) were unemployed, and 75.4% resided in rural areas. Socioeconomic analysis showed that 45.4% belonged to the lower middle class. Awareness of the JSY scheme was (69.6%), with high utilization rates (87.7%). ASHAs were the primary source of information about the scheme (42%).

Conclusions: The JSY scheme has successfully reached a significant portion of its target population, demonstrating high awareness and utilization among women attending tertiary care in Udaipur.

Unravelling the influence of sociodemographic factors on eHealth literacy and online health seeking behaviour: a rural-urban comparative study

Amit Yadav, Ravindra Gurav, Dinesh Samel — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The proliferation of digital technology has led to the emergence of eHealth literacy, vital for navigating health information online. India's Digital India program and initiatives like the National Digital Literacy Mission aim to address digital illiteracy and promote access to digital resources. However, socioeconomic disparities persist, contributing to significant digital divide between rural and urban areas. This study was conducted to assess the impact of sociodemographic factors on eHealth literacy and online health seeking behaviour of people.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study surveyed 380 adults over 18, residing in area for at least a year, including both rural and urban residents. Data collected through face-to-face administration of structured questionnaire and eHEALS tool in April 2024. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression analysis were conducted using SPSS version 29, with significance level set at 0.05.

Results: The study encompassed 380 participants, equally divided between rural and urban areas. Urban residents showed higher digital literacy (70.53% daily internet usage vs. 46.32% in rural, p<0.001) and eHealth literacy (59.87% vs. 40.13%, p=0.002). Factors influencing eHealth literacy included education levels, comorbidity, occupation, demand for digital health technology, internet usage time, smartphone ownership, and computer usage (p<0.005).

Conclusions: This study revealed significant disparities in digital and eHealth literacy between rural and urban populations. Urban areas exhibit higher digital and eHealth literacy compared to rural regions.

Prevalence and pattern of self-medication among undergraduate medical students in various medical colleges in Kashmir: a student initiated research

Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Self-medication is a widespread practice among medical students, often driven by their growing medical knowledge and easy access to drugs. This study aims to determine the prevalence and pattern of self-medication practices among undergraduate medical students in various medical colleges of Kashmir.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 218 undergraduate medical students from three medical colleges in Kashmir. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire to assess demographic characteristics, self-medication prevalence, reasons for self-medication, and types of drugs used. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.

Results: Of the 218 participants, 152 (69.7%) were female, and 66 (30.3%) were male. The mean age of participants was 21±1.56 years. The prevalence of self-medication was 49%, with final-year students showing the highest prevalence (52%), followed by first-year students (28.4%). Headaches (55%) and rhinitis (44%) were the most common reasons for self-medication. Analgesics (33%) and antibiotics (29%) were the most frequently used drugs. While 68% of students were aware of the risks associated with self-medication, only 3.8% reported experiencing adverse events.

Conclusions: Self-medication is highly prevalent among medical students in Kashmir, especially among senior students. The frequent use of antibiotics raises concerns about antimicrobial resistance. Educational interventions are needed to promote rational drug use and reduce unsafe self-medication practices.

Developing an instrument for assessing determinants of data use in evidence-based decision making: a principal component analysis at public primary health centres in Haryana, India

Rupinder Sahota, Arindam Das — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Evidence-based decision making (EBDM) by frontline health managers is the need of the hour in India and similar low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) for effective health policies and programs and factors affecting it needs to be ascertained. This study aims to develop an instrument for assessing determinants of data use for EBDM by frontline managers at public primary health centres.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional and analytical study using interview schedules capturing quantitative data from 120 medical officer in charges (MOICs) positioned at 120 primary health care units across 6 selected districts of Haryana, India. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to generate clustered factors and reliability was tested.

Results: An instrument with three broad categories of determinants – organizational, technical, and individual (behaviour and technical) was generated. Within these, 154 variables were clustered into 27 factors. Each of the eight factors generated for organizational, technical, individual behaviour and three for individual technical determinants explained 60.5%, 59.8%, 57.7% and 68% of the total variance and had reliability of 0.75, 0.75, 0.78 and 0.80 respectively. Organizational, technical, and individual factors pertained to management meetings with superiors/subordinates, stakeholders influence, trainings in data sources, data quality and check mechanism, information adequacy, training seeking behaviour, involvement in multiple programs, incentivization, computer/software skills and knowledge.

Conclusions: The developed instrument comprised of generated factors which were rigorous, practicable, sorted, reliable and comprehensive, and effectively captured diverse determinants of data use for EBDM by frontline managers in peripheral health centres. The determinants resonate with the public health system scenario and has applicability in further analysis/settings.

Patient reported experience measures: an assessment of the out-patient pharmacy in a tertiary care teaching hospital

Muneeza, Chitra Yathindra — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Patient Reported Experience Measures (PREMs) are essential for assessing healthcare service quality, directly reflecting patient satisfaction. This study evaluates patient experiences in an out-patient pharmacy of a tertiary care teaching hospital to identify factors influencing pharmacy service satisfaction.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August 30 to September 16, 2023, with 49 patients who used the out-patient pharmacy. Data was collected via a structured, close-ended questionnaire using a 3-point Likert scale. Analyses included frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation.

Results: The study revealed that 46% of patients rated medicine availability as "excellent," while 8% were dissatisfied. Service timeliness received a 40% "excellent" rating, yet 32% found the overall wait unsatisfactory. Patient satisfaction with staff knowledge and assistance was high, with 55% rating it "excellent." However, billing and crowd management needed improvement, with 30% and 22% of patients rating these areas as "poor," respectively. Overall, 40% of patients were highly satisfied, while 18% expressed dissatisfaction.

Conclusions: The findings highlight both strengths and areas for improvement in the out-patient pharmacy. While patients appreciated medicine availability and knowledgeable staff, service delays and billing issues were areas of concern. Regular feedback and targeted interventions are crucial to enhance pharmacy operations and patient satisfaction.

Burden and clustering of anaemia among children aged 6-59 months in Uttar Pradesh, India: a district-level spatial analysis

Madhurima Sharma, Indrajit Goswami — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: In the previous decade, India held the position of being the foremost contributor to childhood anemia among developing nations. In India, 89 million children aged 6-59 months suffer from anaemia. The study attempts to examine the spatial prevalence and detect the clustering of anaemia in Uttar Pradesh and also tries to identify the determinants of anaemia among children aged 6-59 months.

Methods: The study utilized secondary data from the national family health survey-5 conducted in 2019-2021. It employed spatial analysis software, including ArcGIS 10.8 and GeoDa 1.22, incorporating Moran's index. The assessment of factors predicting the prevalence of anemia among children involved the application of a logistic regression model using STATA-17, considering socio-economic, demographic, maternal, and child characteristics.

Results: The anaemia prevalence is highest in Kanshiram Nagar and lowest in Allahabad districts. A total of 38 districts of Uttar Pradesh have more than national level average (67.1%-NFHS-5) of anaemia. Results also shows that 66.7% and 65.3% children 6-59 months age group were anaemic in urban and rural areas respectively. Around 70.7 % of children belonging to poorest wealth status and 69.4% of children who lived in rural areas were anaemic. Increase of mothers age, education, receipt of full ANC and richer wealth status reduce the risk of childhood anaemia.

Conclusions: The correlation between anemia in preschool-aged children and various socioeconomic factors was significant. The research proposes directing efforts towards districts in Uttar Pradesh identified as hot-spots with a higher prevalence of anemia.

Socio-clinical profile of burn patients in Odisha: a cross-sectional study

Harapriya Jena, Priyanka Sahoo, Bhibudatta Nayak, Ranjit Kumar Sahu — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Burn injuries remain a major global health issue that can be prevented, with countries like India seeing a concerning increase in cases. The objective of this research was to examine the sociolect-demographic traits and trends of burn injuries in patients who were hospitalized at a tertiary care facility.

Methods: During a three-month timeframe, a hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted using semi-structured questionnaires, after obtaining consent from patients or their caregivers. Clinical evaluations were also carried out to ascertain the proportion of total body surface area (TBSA) impacted and the body part most severely affected. Data on sociolect-demographic features, burn cause, severity and type, time to seek medical care, and results were also collected.

Results: Of the 84 burn victims, the majority were women between the ages of 20 to 40, following the Hindu faith, residing in rural regions (66.6%). The majority of burns (97.61%) resulted from heat, were unintentional, and took place in kitchens (62.3%). Men were more susceptible to electrical burns, whereas women were more prone to flame burns. Following receiving thorough treatment, 51.1% of burn patients were released from care, whereas 17.8% of them died.

Conclusions: This research highlights the susceptibility of women to fire burns, often resulting from incorrect cooking methods. Preventing burn incidents in homes can be achieved through safety precautions and increased knowledge especially in rural regions. In the tertiary care setting, starting treatment early, and adhering to established protocols can all aid in decreasing mortality rates. The experienced burns specialist should assess the advantages and risks of integrating AI into clinical practice before deciding to do so.

Assessment of knowledge on child sexual abuse among school going adolescent girls (age 14-17 years) in urban slums of Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh

Sridevi Garapati, Sujatha Peetala, Krishna B. Goru — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a hidden, psychologically complex, and socially sensitive issue. The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 defines different forms of sexual abuse. Child sexual abuse can result in both short-term and long-term consequences including physical, mental, and behavioural among victims. It is very important to understand and improve public awareness of sexual abuse prevention. Objectives were to study the awareness on child sexual abuse among adolescent girls between 14 to 17 years of age and to identify the socio-demographic factors related to their awareness on child sexual abuse.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescent girls in 3 urban slums in Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh during September to November 2019 using a semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 343 children participated in the study. Data analysis was done with statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 16.

Results: Mean age of the study population was15.82±1.08 years. Half (53.9%) of them belong to BC, 73.8% Hindu, 87.4% of the participants have parents and 70.6% belong to nuclear family. Overall knowledge on child sexual abuse was 60.3%, majority (67.1%) do not know where sexual abuse can take place. Knowledge on getting physical, mental, and behavioural problems due to abuse was 72.0%, 69.1% and 46.1% respectively and none of them were aware of POCSO act.

Conclusions: Knowledge gaps and misperceptions about child sexual abuse are widespread. Children, Parents, caregivers, professionals in health and education and law enforcement should be prime targets for awareness-building and empathy-building for disclosure and appropriate response.

Experience with newborn hearing screening in a tertiary hospital: a 6-month review from Kaniyakumari

Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Early identification of congenital hearing loss is vital for optimal language, cognitive, and social development. Despite its significance, universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS) programs are not well-established in many regions of India. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of congenital hearing loss and assess the performance of otoacoustic emissions (OAE) and brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA) in a tertiary care setting in Kanyakumari.

Methods: A retrospective review was performed on 830 newborns delivered at Kanyakumari Government Medical College Hospital from July to December 2022. All newborns underwent initial OAE screening within 24 to 72 hours of birth or prior to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) discharge. Infants failing the second OAE screening were further evaluated with BERA. Relevant risk factors were documented, and families received counselling regarding follow-up.

Results: The incidence of congenital hearing loss was found to be 0.12%. Of the 93 infants who required repeat screening after failing the first OAE, 21 failed the second test, and one was confirmed to have hearing loss through BERA. The first OAE had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 89%, while the second OAE maintained 100% sensitivity and 78% specificity. Family history of hearing impairment was a significant risk factor (p<0.001).

Conclusions: This study highlights the practicality and efficacy of implementing UNHS in resource-constrained areas. OAE proves to be a reliable initial screening method, with BERA serving as a robust confirmatory tool. Improved awareness and access to healthcare can further enhance program success.

Prevalence and determinants of low birth weight in Rohilkhand region, Uttar Pradesh

Aishwarya Patra, Vijender K. Agrawal, Mukul Maheshwari — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Weight of a newborn during delivery is a critical determinant of his health and a key element in determining the infant's ability to survive, grow physically and mentally. Additionally, it is a sign of the mother’s well-being. The present study was done to study the prevalence of low birth weight , to describe the factors affecting low birth weight and to suggest remedial measures for prevention of low birth weight.

Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in a community health centre attached with Rajshree Medical Research Institute among 227 mothers for one year. Analysis was done for estimating prevalence of low birth weight and its association with socio-demographic features, maternal clinical characteristics and newborn characteristics. Suitable research analysis was done.

Results: 20.3% newborns delivered were low birth weight. Factors which were found to have significant association with low birth weight are maternal age (p<0.05), maternal education (p<0.05), work done during pregnancy (p<0.05), gestational length (p<0.001), iron and folic acid (IFA) prophylaxis (p<0.01) and sex of baby (p<0.01).

Conclusions: Our study indicates that maternal age, maternal education, gestational length, IFA prophylaxis, work done during pregnancy and sex of baby are significant determinants of low birth weight. These findings highlight the importance of maternal health and prenatal care interventions in reducing the incidence of low birth weight.

Perception and practice of household solid waste management practices in rural Mysuru district: a cross-sectional study

Rakesh M., Annaram Ravali, Shruddha, Sunil Kumar D. — Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Effective household solid waste management (SWM) is vital for public health, environmental quality, and sustainable living. With rising global waste production, understanding current practices is essential for policy and system improvements. Objectives were to assess the practice and perception of household SWM among rural population

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Suttur, Mysuru. Using systematic random sampling 200 households were selected. Data was collected using a validated, semi-structured questionnaire, including socio-demographic profiles, knowledge, and waste management practices. Analysis was performed using SPSS version 26 and chi-square tests were used to identify significant associations (p<0.05).

Results: Participants aged 18-30 years constituted 48% of the sample, with a nearly balanced gender distribution (49.5% male, 50.5% female). Waste segregation was practiced by 70% of households. Daily waste disposal was reported by 58.5% of participants, primarily using corporation dustbins (72%). Significant associations were found between awareness scores and age (p<0.0001), education level (p<0.001), type of house (p<0.001), socio-economic status (p=0.007), and marital status (p=0.0001). Graduates demonstrated the highest levels of excellent knowledge (43.2%), while illiterates had a significant proportion of poor knowledge (50%).

Conclusions: The study highlights the need for improved waste management systems, enhanced public awareness, and stricter regulations to address current environmental and health risks. Future research should focus on evaluating intervention effectiveness and exploring innovative waste management solutions in rural areas