International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health

Sociodemographic factors’ influence on diarrheal diseases among children under five years in Kibish sub-county, Turkana, Kenya

2026-08-01T02:00:27+00:00

Background: Diarrheal diseases are the third major causes of hospitalization, morbidity and mortality among children under five years in low and middle-income countries. In Kenya, during the year 2018, diarrheal cases among children under five years was 1,499,146. In the same year, Turkana County reported 16.5% diarrheal prevalence rate among children under five years, that suggest the diarrheal diseases are still a challenge. The aim of this study was to assess mitigation challenges on diarrheal diseases among children under five years in Kibish Sub-County, Turkana County.

Methods: The study employed the precede-proceed model, and a mixed-methods research design was used. Target population of 2779 respondents participated in the study. The Yamane formula (1967) was used to determine a sample size of 354 respondents. The simple random sampling, cluster sampling and purposive sampling techniques were used.

Results: The findings revealed that socio-demographic factors, such as household size and the number of children under five, were significant (p<0.014, p<0.0001). Environmental factors, like time spent fetching water, were also significant (p<0.01), as were behavioral factors, including handwashing after disposing of child feces and before feeding (p<0.021, p<0.029). These factors contributed to the prevalence of diarrheal diseases in the region.

Conclusions: The study concluded that diarrheal diseases among children under five years in Kibish Sub- County, requires an integrated approach combining improved household size, WASH services, health education, timely treatment, nutrition support and stronger community-based health systems. The study recommended collaboration among stakeholders, promote household-level prevention measures, improve access to early treatment services, enhance community health education, strengthen water, sanitation and hygiene practices and improve healthcare infrastructure and staffing. Furthermore, the community leaders, stakeholders and community health promoters should design and implement targeted interventions that address the specific challenges experienced in Kibish Sub-County, including water scarcity, limited access to healthcare services, poor sanitation, immunization outreaches, and hygiene practices in order to curb diarrheal diseases.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with obstetric fistula among women of reproductive age in Bungoma, Kilifi and Kiambu Counties, Kenya

2026-08-01T02:00:26+00:00

Background: Female genital fistula (FGF) is a debilitating childbirth-related condition affecting an estimated 50,000-100,000 women globally each year. In Kenya, the incidence is estimated at 17.4 cases per 100,000 deliveries, yet only about 8% of new cases receive surgical treatment annually. This study explored the risk factors, psychosocial experiences, healthcare-seeking behaviour, and coping mechanisms among women living with FGF in Bungoma, Kiambu, and Kilifi counties.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 113 purposively selected female genital fistula survivors. Quantitative data were collected using structured interviewer-administered questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistics.

Results: Severe depression was reported by 66.2% of participants, while 51.3% experienced anxiety associated with stigma and social exclusion. Suicidal thoughts were reported by 22.1% of respondents. Regarding childbirth, 59.3% delivered their youngest child in a health facility, whereas 40.7% delivered at home. Among home deliveries, the leading reason was the long distance to a health facility (40.0%). Social isolation was the most common coping strategy, reported by 59.3% of participants.

Conclusions: Female genital fistula continues to have profound psychosocial consequences and remains closely linked to barriers in accessing skilled maternal healthcare. Strengthening maternal health services, promoting community awareness, and providing comprehensive post-repair care that integrates psychosocial and economic support are essential. Increased county investment in fistula prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and reintegration programmes is recommended.

Investigating association of residential status with depression, anxiety and stress levels among undergraduate medical students: a comparative cross-sectional study

2026-08-01T02:00:24+00:00

Background: The study was done to compare the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress between hosteller and non-hosteller medical students and to determine the association between type of residence and scores on the depression anxiety stress scale-21 (DASS-21).

Methods: The study included 219 MBBS students selected through convenience sampling. A structured questionnaire consisting of demographic details and the DASS-21 scale was used to collect data. The data was entered and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27.0. The Mann-Whitney U test was applied to compare DASS-21 scores between hostellers and non-hostellers, while the Chi-square test assessed the association between residential status and categorical severity levels.

Results: Out of 219 participants, 111 were non-hostellers, and 108 were hostellers. Descriptive analysis indicated a higher prevalence of extremely severe depression, anxiety, and stress among non-hostellers. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups in depression (p=0.272), anxiety (p=0.290), or stress (p=0.706). Similarly, no significant association was found between residential status and categorical severity levels of depression (p=0.781), anxiety (p=0.812), or stress (p=0.665).

Conclusions: Residential status was not significantly associated with depression, anxiety, or stress among medical students. However, higher prevalence among non-hostellers suggests that additional factors may contribute to psychological distress among medical students in Pakistan. Institutional-based mental health support programs and policy interventions are urgently needed to address this issue.

Maternal dietary practices and perception of newborn skin complexion: a community-based field study

2026-08-01T02:00:23+00:00

Background: Traditional beliefs continue to influence maternal dietary practices during pregnancy and may affect food choices despite access to antenatal health education. One such belief is that consuming saffron strands with milk during pregnancy contributes to a fairer complexion in the newborn baby. This report describes field observations regarding saffron consumption practices and associated beliefs among pregnant women in Bangalore Urban, Karnataka, India.

Methods: This descriptive field observation report is based on routine maternal health surveillance activities conducted in Bangalore Urban, Karnataka, between January 2016 and December 2022. Observations were made during antenatal counselling sessions and community interactions with pregnant women registered under the National Health Programme.

Results: Among approximately 50-65 pregnant women registered each month, 8-12 women (approximately 16%-18.5%) reported consuming saffron strands with milk during pregnancy. This practice was observed across different educational and socioeconomic backgrounds and was commonly described as a family tradition passed down through generations. Participants believed that saffron consumption during pregnancy would influence the complexion of their newborn baby.

Conclusions: This report documents a traditional dietary belief observed among pregnant mothers during routine community health activities. Although saffron consumption with milk during pregnancy was believed to improve newborn complexion, available scientific evidence does not support this association. Newborn skin complexion is primarily determined by genetic factors rather than maternal dietary practices. These findings highlight the importance of culturally sensitive health education and behaviour change communication during antenatal counselling to address misconceptions and promote informed pregnancy-related dietary practices.

Blood gases findings in patients with rib fractures: a retrospective cross-sectional study

2026-08-01T02:00:22+00:00

Background: Rib fractures are common injuries associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and management improve outcomes. This study evaluated the role of arterial and venous blood gas parameters in the diagnosis and prognosis of rib fractures.

Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study included 66 patients with rib fractures who underwent blood gas analysis at King Abdullah Medical Complex Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, between 2016 and 2022.

Results: Most patients were male (84.8%), with a mean age of 40.56 years. Older age was associated with a greater number of fractured ribs, higher arterial blood gas (ABG) PCO₂, higher anion gap, and lower venous blood gas (VBG) O₂ saturation. The mean hospital stay was 12.49 days. Higher ABG PO₂ was associated with shorter hospitalization, whereas lateral chest involvement, flail chest, and hemopneumothorax were associated with longer hospital stays. The median number of fractured ribs was 3. A greater number of rib fractures correlated with lower VBG pH, higher PCO₂, and lower HCO₃. Pneumothorax (39.4%) was the most common associated injury, followed by hemothorax (18.2%). Right-sided rib fractures occurred in 62.1% of patients, and 83.3% of hemothorax cases were right-sided. Road traffic accidents accounted for 57.6% of injuries.

Conclusions: ABG and VBG parameters may assist in the diagnosis and prognosis of rib fractures. Pneumothorax was the most common associated injury, followed by hemothorax, while road traffic accidents were the leading mechanism of injury. The mean hospital stay was 12.49 days.

Knowledge and practices on prevention of dengue fever among urban slum dwelling adults

2026-07-11T01:16:03+00:00

Background: Dengue fever is a fast-spreading mosquito-borne virus disease in the world and it has become the major global health concern, which are currently a burning public health issue in Bangladesh. This research evaluated the knowledge and practices on the prevention of dengue fever and examined factors associated with knowledge levels.

Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study on 346 adults in the Korail slum of Dhaka in January to December 2023. The survey was conducted through a face-to-face interview with the help of the pre-tested standardized and structured questionnaire and analyzed through SPSS. The predefined criteria that were used to calculate knowledge and practice scores. Using descriptive statistics, participant characteristics were compiled, and the relationships were assessed using Pearson's chi-square test.

Results: The present study revealed only 17.3% of the respondents being good in knowledge about dengue prevention. When it comes to practices, 57.8% had satisfactory preventive practices. Strong relationships were identified between level of knowledge and source of information given by health personnel, radio, books/newspapers, social media, and advertisements (p<0.05). Although the awareness is high, there are significant misunderstandings on transmission, breeding location and warning signs, which serve to highlight the existence of a knowledge-practice gap.

Conclusions: Urban slum dwellers were also lacking in correct knowledge and preventive measures. Formal sources of information enhanced understanding and it should be mentioned that specific health education and community-based intervention are necessary to decrease the risk of dengue.

Optimizing digital documentation of invasive oral surgery procedures to improve patient safety: a quality improvement project at a dental centre

2026-08-01T01:58:19+00:00

Background: Incomplete documentation of invasive oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) procedures compromises patient safety and continuity of care, and jeopardizes compliance with International Patient Safety Goal (IPSG) 4, which mandates 100% adherence to safe-surgery documentation. Baseline audits revealed documentation completeness as low as 7-22%.

Methods: A multidisciplinary QI project was conducted at the OMFS outpatient clinic of Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, from August 2023 to August 2024. The Model for Improvement was applied through iterative Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles, with root-cause analysis using fishbone and Pareto diagrams. Interventions included structured education and reorientation, audit-and-feedback, extended documentation time, a blended auto-populated electronic form in the R4 dental software, and monthly revision of incomplete records.

Results: At baseline (August-September 2023), completeness was 7-22%. After educational and feedback interventions, compliance rose to 53-67%, then declined to ~53% (January-March 2024). Following workflow redesign and system-level changes, it increased steadily, reaching 97% by August 2024 (overall median 62%). Component-level gains included a 61% increase in invasive procedure record completion, 58-59% in site marking, and 30% in informed consent documentation.

Conclusions: A structured, multicomponent QI intervention markedly improved digital documentation of invasive OMFS procedures, aligning practice with IPSG4 and strengthening patient safety. Combining system-level redesign with education, feedback, and routine auditing produced sustainable gains and offers a transferable model for other dental and surgical services.

Health system determinants of vision protection practices among monocular patients attending a referral eye hospital in Kenya

2026-08-01T01:59:14+00:00

Background: Monocular patients are at increased risk of bilateral blindness as soon as they lose their remaining eye. Despite the importance of protective eye-care behaviors in preserving residual vision, evidence on health system factors influencing vision protection among monocular patients in low- and middle-income countries remains limited. The study assessed health system determinants of vision-protection practices among monocular patients attending the Thika Level Five Hospital Eye Clinic, Kenya.

Methods: The study used a cross-sectional, analytical design. A well-structured questionnaire was used to survey 125 monocular patients. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression at a 95% confidence interval, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results: Response rate was 95.2% (119/125). Overall, 58.6% of respondents demonstrated poor vision protection practices. Binary logistic regression analysis demonstrated that respondents residing far from the health facility were significantly more likely to exhibit poor protection practices (OR=12.604, 95% CI: 2.441-65.083, p=0.003). Similarly, respondents who had not received health education on vision protection were significantly more likely to demonstrate poor practices (OR=5.386, 95% CI: 1.697-17.097, p=0.004). Inaccessible ophthalmic services and poor caregivers’ communication were also significantly associated with poor protection behaviors (p<0.05).

Conclusions: Poor vision protection practices remain highly prevalent. Long distances to hospitals, inadequate health education, and inaccessible eye services significantly influence the adoption of vision protective practices. Decentralizing services through mobile eye clinics, strengthening patient-centered education, and improving the accessibility of ophthalmic services may improve preventive behaviors and reduce avoidable blindness among monocular patients.

Factors influencing the practice of breast self-examination among female tertiary students in the Tamale Metropolis

2026-08-01T01:59:12+00:00

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in Ghana, with many cases detected at advanced stages due to limited screening options. Breast self-examination (BSE) is a low-cost and practical method for early detection. This study aimed to assess factors influencing the practice of BSE among female tertiary students in the Tamale Metropolis.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 486 female students selected from three tertiary institutions. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, and practice of BSE. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including logistic regression, were used for analysis.

Results: Among participants, 95.1% had heard of BSE, and 95.3% considered it important for detecting breast cancer. Overall, 70.8% demonstrated good knowledge, while 63% reported good practice. Monthly practice was reported by 39.3%, and 54.9% performed BSE after menstruation. Lumps were the most commonly checked sign (86.8%), and 86.4% indicated they would consult a health professional if abnormalities were detected. Students with good knowledge were nearly five times more likely to practice effectively (AOR=4.88, 95% CI: 2.84-8.38, p<0.001).

Conclusions: The study revealed high knowledge but moderate practice of BSE among tertiary students. Enhancing structured health education within tertiary institutions could strengthen regular practice and improve early detection of breast cancer.

Socio-demographic factors influencing health information seeking behaviour among health professionals in selected public hospitals in Kirinyaga county, Kenya

2026-08-01T01:55:40+00:00

Background: Capability of health professionals to access, retrieve and utilize accurate health data is fundamental for evidence-based practice, patient safety, clinical efficacy, and optimal general health outcomes. Despite health information being cornerstone to achieving national healthcare objectives and supporting professional duties, research in developing nations has prioritized technological development over the behavioural patterns of the information users.

Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study in Kirinyaga County assessed how health professionals' sociodemographic factors influence their information-seeking behaviour. Quantitative data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires and analyzed using multinomial logistic regression (p<0.05). Qualitative data was collected using key informant interview guide.

Results: The study included 190 participants, most aged 21-30 years and having a diploma level of education 63.2%. majority 58.1% were male with a work experience of 3-5 years (37.5%) while 60.1% were nurses. younger professionals aged 21-30 years were 2.943 times likely to utilize print resources compared to those aged 41-50 years (p value=0.043; OR=2.943). Professionals with work experience of 3-5 years were 2.50 times likely to use print resources as compared to those with over 10 years working experience (p value=0.039; OR=2.50). However, work experience had no statistically significant influence on IT-based resources use as all the professions/ cadres had p values greater than 0.05.

Conclusion: work experience and age influenced information seeking behaviour of the health professionals. Information resources were not customized to address professionals’ specific information needs.

Spatiotemporal dynamics, hotspot identification and surveillance performance of rubella in Nigeria

2026-08-01T01:55:38+00:00

Background: Rubella remains endemic in Nigeria due to the absence of nationwide integration of rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) into routine immunization. Understanding spatial clustering, seasonal trends, and surveillance performance is critical for informing vaccination policy and outbreak preparedness.

Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted using national rubella surveillance data (2020–2024). Laboratory-confirmed IgM-positive cases were analyzed using geospatial and time-series methods. Spatial clustering was assessed with Moran’s I and Getis-Ord Gi statistics. Seasonal patterns were examined using seasonal-trend decomposition via loess (STL), and forecasting was performed with autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models. Surveillance performance was assessed using WHO timeliness indicators.

Results: Among 7,907 suspected cases, 4,001 (50.6%) were IgM-positive. The South East zone recorded the greatest burden (21.2%), with Ebonyi State identified as a significant hotspot (Gi=2.32, p=0.020). Moran’s I (0.143; p=0.054) indicated weak spatial autocorrelation. Rubella incidence peaked consistently in May, with 2022 recording the highest annual total (1,065 cases; 26.6%). ARIMA forecasting projected 176 cases for May 2025 (95% CI: 72–279). Although 92.4% of laboratory results were released within seven days, only 6.5% met complete surveillance timeliness criteria due to specimen transport delays.

Conclusions: These findings provide empirical evidence to support the introduction of rubella-containing vaccines, targeted catch-up immunization, and strengthening of surveillance logistics to improve outbreak preparedness.

Association between visceral leishmaniasis awareness and diagnostic and management capacity among healthcare workers in public health facilities in Isiolo County, Kenya

2026-08-01T01:53:38+00:00

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) remains a major neglected tropical disease in Kenya, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions such as Isiolo County. Delayed diagnosis, low clinical suspicion, and inadequate awareness among healthcare workers contribute to poor disease outcomes despite the availability of effective treatment. This study assessed the association between healthcare workers’ awareness of VL and their capacity to diagnose the disease in public health facilities in Isiolo County, Kenya.

Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional mixed-methods study was conducted among 243 healthcare workers recruited through a census approach from Sub-County and county health facilities in Isiolo County. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and key informant interviews. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s chi-square test, and binary logistic regression were used, with statistical significance set at p≤0.05.

Results: Moderate VL awareness was observed, with 73.3% demonstrating adequate awareness (mean score 6.03±1.678). More than half correctly identified cause (54.3%), vector (62.6%), transmission (61.7%), symptoms (59.3%), spleen involvement (67.1%), diagnosis and treatment (60.1%), and prevention (63.4%), although only 48.1% identified endemic regions. Diagnostic capacity was low, with only 37.9% of facilities demonstrating adequate capacity, while 71.2% reported poor management capacity. There was no significant association between awareness and diagnostic capacity (p>0.05), except organ awareness and management capacity (χ²=8.294, p=0.040), though regression showed reduced odds (OR=0.092).

Conclusions: Healthcare workers demonstrated moderate VL awareness, but diagnostic capacity and preparedness remained inadequate. Awareness of VL did not significantly influence diagnostic capacity, highlighting the need to strengthen training, diagnostic resources, and health system preparedness.

Association of internet addiction with sleep quality among university students

2026-08-01T01:54:34+00:00

Background: Initially an educational and entertainment tool, the internet has become additive, impairing time management, circadian rhythm and sleep quality. The objective of the study is to observe the frequency of internet addiction (IA) and poor sleep quality among university students of Karachi, Pakistan and to determine the association of IA with sleep quality.

Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted from 15th July 2025 to 21st January 2026 among 373 university students of Karachi. Students from public and private sector institutions were recruited through convenience sampling. Internet addiction test and pittsburgh sleep quality index assessed IA and sleep quality. The correlation between IA scores and sleep quality scores was accessed using Spearman's correlation test. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression identified predictors of poor sleep (vs. normal sleep) based on p<0.25 selection criterion. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 25.

Results: Of 373 participants (median age 21 years, 71.3% male), the prevalence of internet addiction was found to be 85.7% while 60.3% of our study participants reported poor sleep quality. A statistically significant, weak positive correlation was found between IA and sleep quality, rs=0.295, p<0.001. Univariate analysis showed female sex (OR=2.18), asthma, other illnesses and IA severity were significantly associated with poor sleep (p<0.05). Multivariable regression identified female sex (AOR=2.29), other illnesses (AOR=2.20) and moderate-to-severe IA (AOR=5.58) as independent predictors of poor sleep.

Conclusions: Internet addiction and poor sleep were highly prevalent, while moderate-to-severe internet addiction was the strongest independent predictor of poor sleep.

Experiences of fistula survivors, a case study of Bungoma, Kilifi and Kiambu Counties, Kenya

2026-08-01T02:01:38+00:00

Background: Female genital fistula (FGF) continues being a leading cause of maternal morbidity, especially in developing countries. Mothers living in rural and marginalized areas are the most affected, worst scenario, most unaware of the condition. This study explored the living experiences of fistula survivors both pre and post-surgery, guided by the transaction model of stress and coping.

Methods: A cross-sectional study design adopted. Qualitative data collected, thirteen In-depth interviews and four Focused Group Discussions in three counties, Bungoma, Kilifi and Kiambu Counties, Kenya. These counties were purposively selected, being beneficiaries of a program aimed at ending fistula implemented by AMREF Kenya and Safaricom Foundation. All the study participants were program beneficiaries. Data was coded and thematically analysed using Nvivo.

Results: The study established that FGF survivors had a difficult lifestyle pre-treatment due to incontinence and blistering. Some thought of fistula as a usual occurrence after childbirth hence never sought any medical service. Most of the FGF had been caused by childbirth complications, most mothers reported self-isolating themselves and being stigmatized. Post-treatment, mothers reported positive support from family and community members in reintegration process and successful childbearing. Mothers reported that their dignity had been restored after surgery.

Conclusions: FGF causes mental health conditions among patients and survivors if society members neglect the reintegration process. Mothers still suffer in silence from fistula effects, need to support the treatment and reintegration processes through funding and policies that will enable create a world free of fistula, a leading cause of maternal morbidities.

Awareness and practices on breast cancer and breast self-examination among women residing in an urban area, Manipur: a cross-sectional study

2026-07-07T01:31:33+00:00

Background: Breast cancer accounts for nearly 18% of all female cancers worldwide, with over one million new cases diagnosed annually. Despite the potential benefits of early detection, the practice of breast self-examination (BSE) remains low. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practice of breast cancer and BSE and their associated factors among women in an urban area of Manipur.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among women aged ≥20 years residing in Langol, Manipur, from May to June 2024. A total of 300 participants were selected using cluster sampling and interviewed using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 25. Chi-square test was applied to assess associations, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results: The mean age of participants was 36.6±10.97 years. Of the total, 81.3% had heard of breast cancer, but knowledge regarding symptoms and risk factors was poor. Only 32.7% had heard of BSE, and among them, 42% practiced it. However, regular practice was low. Factors significantly associated with awareness of breast cancer included age, education, and family history (p<0.05). Awareness of BSE was significantly associated with education, occupation, number of children, and prior awareness of breast cancer (p<0.05).

Conclusions: Although many had heard of breast cancer, there was inadequate awareness on breast cancer and BSE practice. Targeted health education interventions are essential to improve awareness and promote early detection practices.

Silent struggles in medical education: a cross-sectional study on anxiety and depression among medical interns

2026-07-11T01:16:04+00:00

Background: Medical internship is a demanding transition period characterized by heavy clinical responsibilities, prolonged working hours, emotional strain, and academic pressure, which may adversely affect mental health. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence and severity of anxiety and depression among medical interns and assess their association with workload characteristics and lifestyle disturbances during internship.

Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 113 medical interns at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Data were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire on socio-demographic details, workload parameters, and lifestyle impact. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) and patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scales. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.

Results: The prevalence of anxiety and depression was 13.3% and 17.7%, respectively. Mild anxiety and depression were observed in 27.4% and 23.0% of interns, while moderate-to-severe symptoms were present in 13.2% and 17.6%, respectively. Female gender was significantly associated with depression (p=0.014). Previous mental illness and current treatment status were significantly associated with both anxiety and depression. Mental and emotional workload showed significant association with anxiety (p=0.022), whereas working hours and night duties did not. Appetite disturbance was significantly associated with anxiety (p=0.041). Anxiety and depression demonstrated a strong positive correlation (r=0.639, p<0.001).

Conclusions: Anxiety and depression affect a considerable proportion of medical interns. Routine mental health screening and supportive interventions during internship are essential to promote psychological well-being and safe clinical practice.

Oral health status, dietary habits and parental perception among preschool children aged 3-5 years attending Anganwadi Centers in Vikarabad district: a cross-sectional study

2026-07-15T01:18:03+00:00

Background: Oral health in early childhood is influenced by dietary habits and parental perception. Dental caries remains a significant public health problem among preschool children, particularly in rural populations. Aim was to assess the oral health status, dietary habits, and parents’ perception regarding child’s oral health among 3-5-year-old children attending Anganwadi centers and to evaluate their association with dental caries.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 202 preschool children selected using cluster sampling from Anganwadi centers in Vikarabad district. Data regarding dietary habits and parents’ perception were collected using a structured questionnaire. Clinical examination was performed using World Health Organisation (WHO) oral health assessment criteria (2013). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, and the Chi-square test was applied to determine associations. The level of significance was set at p<0.05.

Results: The prevalence of dental caries was 14.9%, while gingival bleeding and dental trauma were observed in 2.5% and 0.5% of children, respectively. Most parents (88.1%) perceived their child’s oral health as good. A high frequency of consumption of cariogenic foods was observed, and a statistically significant association was found between certain dietary habits and dental caries (p<0.05). whereas other dietary factors showed no significant association.

Conclusions: Caries was significantly associated with the consumption of sugary foods and beverages. Parental perception often underestimated early oral health problems. Oral health education and dietary counselling, along with regular screening at Anganwadi centers, are essential for improving oral health outcomes.

Prevalence of poor sleep quality and its association with screen time among adults: a cross-sectional study in Nagpur city of Central India

2026-07-15T01:18:02+00:00

Background: Poor sleep quality is an emerging public health concern and has been linked to excessive screen use and psychological distress. With the increasing use of smartphones and other digital devices, understanding their impact on sleep quality has become increasingly important. The present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of poor sleep quality and assess its association with screen time and psychological factors among adults.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 350 adults aged 18-40 years attending an Urban Health Training Centre (UHTC) in Nagpur, Central India, from January to April 2026. Data were collected using a pre-designed semi-structured questionnaire. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), perceived stress using the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10), and anxiety and depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4). Chi-square test was used to assess associations, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results: The prevalence of poor sleep quality was 49.4% (173/350). Poor sleep quality was significantly associated with total daily screen time (x²=11.2, p=0.011) and bedtime screen use (x²=9.93, p=0.002). Significant associations were also observed between poor sleep quality and perceived stress (x²=9.44, p=0.009) and anxiety (x²=19.2, p<0.001). No statistically significant association was found between depression and sleep quality (x²=1.10, p=0.295).

Conclusions: Nearly half of the study participants had poor sleep quality. Longer daily screen time, prolonged bedtime screen use, higher perceived stress, and anxiety were significantly associated with poor sleep quality. Health education regarding responsible screen use, sleep hygiene, and stress management may help improve sleep quality among adults.

Assessment of global abdominal muscle strength and core muscle stability in yoga practitioners between 35-45 years of age: a cross-sectional study

2026-07-11T01:16:02+00:00

Background: The abdominal wall muscles can be broadly categorized into superficial (global) muscles and deep (local) muscles. Although both components work synergistically. Yoga is a widely practiced intervention that incorporates sustained postures (asanas), dynamic transitions, and isometric contractions. These elements engage both superficial and deep abdominal muscles. This study aims to assess and compare global abdominal muscle strength and core muscle stability in yoga practitioners to better understand their functional relationship.

Methods: We included 70 yoga practitioners from age 35-45 years in our observational cross-sectional study from various yoga centre and community settings. Outcome measures used for assessing core strength was manual muscle testing (MMT) through curl up performance whereas stability was check using pressure biofeedback.

Results: The sample comprised 70 yoga practitioners aged 35-45 years (mean age 40.2 years) with a female predominance (70%). The average BMI was 25.2 kg/m². Participants demonstrated higher global abdominal muscle strength (median grade 4), while core stability was moderate (median level 2).

Conclusions: Higher strength grades showing better stability performance. Therefore, assessment and training programs should include both global strengthening and specific deep core stabilization to achieve comprehensive trunk muscle function.

Evaluation of the efficacy of Saubhagyashunthi Paka and Dashamularishta in Sutika Paricharya (postnatal care): a prospective, single-arm clinical study

2026-08-01T02:01:41+00:00

Background: The postnatal period, also known as the puerperium, starts as soon as the placenta separates and lasts up to 6 weeks. In Ayurveda, the treatment provided at this time is known as sutika-paricharya (postnatal care) emphasizes restoration of balance within the body, particularly the restoration of Vata dosha, which is believed to be aggravated during childbirth and aims to rejuvenate and strengthen the body, promote lactation, and enhance overall maternal well-being. The Ayurvedic formulations, saubhagyashunthi paka and dashmularishta, have long been recognized for their therapeutic benefits in managing postnatal recovery. This clinical study aimed to assess the effect of selected Ayurveda formulations in the management of post-natal care.

Methods: A single-center, single-arm prospective clinical study was conducted during 30^th May 2020-30^th November 2021 to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of saubhagyashunthi paka and dashmularishta in sutika-paricharya. The study included 40 puerperal women, all of whom received the trial medications for a duration of eight weeks.

Results: The results of the study indicated significant improvements in various clinical measures. Lochial discharges were notably reduced; uterine involution was observed in all 37 patients (100%). Optimum lactation was reported in 32 cases (86.5%) and in all 37 cases (100%) by the 70^th day. Improvements were seen in urogenital symptoms. Safety parameters, including liver and kidney function tests, remained within normal limits throughout the study period. No adverse events were reported.

Conclusions: The study provides preliminary evidence supporting the efficacy of saubagyashunti paka and dasmoolaarista in managing sutika-paricharya and lays the foundation for designing a randomized controlled trial to further evaluate their efficacy.

Ergonomic hazards and musculoskeletal health in cotton garment units in and around Kolkata, India

2026-08-01T02:00:28+00:00

Background: In India the garment industry is a major source of employment, particularly in unorganized sectors where ergonomic standards are often inadequate. Prolonged working stress, repetitive movements, and non-neutral working postures increase the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), adversely affecting workers’ health and productivity. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among cotton garment weavers in and around Kolkata and to evaluate their working postures.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 122 cotton garment weavers from selected units in and around Kolkata. Participants selected based on their work experience. Musculoskeletal symptoms were assessed using the Modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, postural risk using RULA, and data were analysed in SPSS v19 using chi-square tests, odds ratios (95% CI), and multivariate logistic regression to identify factors associated with MSDs.

Results: The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was high (70-85%), with experienced workers showing significantly higher neck (83.33%) and lower back pain (91.67%). RULA assessment indicated high risk (score 5) in 58.33% of participants, and musculoskeletal symptoms were significantly associated with prolonged working hours, work pressure, extended sitting, and higher RULA scores (p<0.05).

Conclusions: Due to poor ergonomic condition workers are experience a high burden of musculoskeletal disorders due to poor ergonomic conditions. Community-based ergonomic interventions, improved workstation design, regulated working hours, and adequate rest breaks are urgently needed to reduce MSD risk and enhance workers’ occupational health.

Perspectives and challenges of mothers in the care of newborns delivered in a non-profit tertiary care institution in South India: a qualitative study

2026-08-01T02:01:40+00:00

Background: Postnatal care is highly influenced by cultural and societal beliefs on maternal nutrition, breastfeeding and child rearing. This qualitative study was undertaken to explore the perspectives and challenges of mothers and caregivers of neonates, who presented to a hospital for an unscheduled postnatal visit, mothers who did not come for a scheduled neonatal visit, either for a special or routine visit after discharge and of mothers who came for a scheduled neonatal visit.

Methods: A hospital-based qualitative study was conducted in the obstetrics and gynecology department of a large tertiary centre, with in-depth telephonic interviews of purposively selected postnatal mothers who delivered in the last quarter of 2022. A structured questionnaire with open-ended questions on neonatal care, breastfeeding, knowledge, attitude, practices and challenges of mothers during the neonatal period was pretested using pilot interviews. A total of 27 interviews were conducted to cover all the specified groups till the saturation of the content of the interviews was reached. There was representation of mothers who came for unscheduled visits, scheduled visits and those who did not come for postnatal care.

Results: The major themes that emerged from the data were related to feeding of the newborn, handling illness in the baby, health and recovery of the mother during the postpartum period, support system, financial challenges, and health education at discharge.

Conclusions: Implementing exclusive breastfeeding needs non-judgmental support from the mother's family and health care professionals. Healthcare teams should plan culturally sensitive communication to ensure holistic, family-centred newborn care.

Development and validation of a structured questionnaire to assess screen exposure, influence of food advertisement and parental nutrition knowledge in early childhood

2026-08-01T02:00:25+00:00

Background: Early childhood is a critical period for the establishment of food preferences and eating behaviour. The growing penetration of digital media and targeted food advertising has increased children’s exposure to energy-dense, nutrient-poor products, while parental nutrition knowledge mediates the impact of these exposures on child dietary behaviour.

Methods: This cross-sectional, questionnaire-based instrument development and validation study was conducted among parent-child dyads recruited from Anganwadi centres and private preschools in Mysuru and Hosur taluks between March 2024 and October 2025. A structured questionnaire covering four domains food advertising exposure, screen-time patterns, parental nutrition knowledge, and preschoolers’ eating habits- was developed through item generation, expert content/face validation (content validity ratio using Lawshe’s method), pilot testing (n=25), and reliability testing, before administration to the final study sample of 1200 parent-child dyads (600 each from Mysuru and Hosur).

Results: The questionnaire demonstrated good overall internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=0.78), with domain-wise values of 0.83 (food advertising exposure), 0.76 (screen time patterns), 0.72 (parental nutrition knowledge), and 0.81 (preschoolers’ eating habits). Among the 1200 children (mean age distributed across 3-5 years; 54.3% boys in Mysuru and 50.8% girls in Hosur), average daily screen time was 1.39±0.74 hours, with 23.3% of children in the high (>2 hours/day) screen-time category. Socio-economic classification using the Modified Kuppuswamy Scale (2025) showed the largest proportion of families (40.0%) in the lower-middle class, and 37.3% of parents demonstrated low nutrition knowledge at baseline.

Conclusions: The developed questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for the integrated assessment of food advertising exposure, screen-time behaviour, parental nutrition knowledge, and dietary habits among preschool-aged children, and offers a practical, replicable tool for researchers and public health practitioners.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding gym-related anxiety among gym members in urban area of Indore district

2026-08-01T02:00:25+00:00

Background: Gym-related anxiety, including social physique anxiety and performance-related concerns, can act as a barrier to participation in physical activity despite its well-documented benefits. Limited evidence exists from Indore, India, regarding members’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to gym anxiety. Objective was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to gym-related anxiety and determine its prevalence among gym members in urban Indore.

Methods: A cross-sectional KAP study was conducted among adult gym members (≥18 years) from four randomly selected gyms in Indore between August and October 2025. A total of 384 participants were included, based on an assumed prevalence of 50%, 95% confidence interval, and 5% margin of error. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and the social physique anxiety scale (SPAS-12). Analysis included descriptive statistics and regression methods.

Results: Among participants, 52% were male and 48% female, with a mean age of 28.4±6.5 years. Awareness of gym-related anxiety was low (31.6%). However, 52.6% identified body image concerns and 63.2% fear of judgment as contributing factors. Over half (52.6%) reported that anxiety affects exercise participation. Supportive attitudes were observed, with 88.9% favoring trainer support and 72.2% beginner-friendly hours. Avoidance behaviors were reported by 27.8%, while 94.4% preferred less crowded hours. The prevalence of high gym-related anxiety was approximately 36%.

Conclusions: Gym-related anxiety is a common yet under-recognized issue. Improving awareness and supportive gym environments may enhance participation.

Temporal trends in mortality from 1999 to 2020 in patients aged over 25 years with heart failure and cardiogenic shock

2026-08-01T02:00:23+00:00

Background: Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of mortality and its association with cardiogenic shock (CS) remains underexplored. Understanding this relationship is essential to identify high-risk populations and develop targeted public health interventions. Aim was to evaluate mortality trends in HF, where CS is a contributing cause of death by using the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) multiple causes of death by (MCD) database.

Methods: A retrospective original research study was conducted using the CDC MCD database to assess mortality trends between 1999 and 2020 in individuals >25 years in the United States. Deaths from congestive HF (ICD-10, I50.0), left ventricular failure (i50.1) and HF, unspecified (ICD-10, I50.9) as underlying cause and CS (ICD-10, R57.0) as contributor cause were selected. Data were stratified by gender, race, geographic region and place of death. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) and annual percentage change (APC) were calculated.

Results: A total of 14901 deaths were recorded. The AAMR for HF with CS showed a decline from 1999 to 2009 (APC- -4.84%), an increase, 2009 - 2012 (APC +3.92%) and decline, 2012 to 2020 (APC: 2.68%) with the highest mortality observed in males (56.6%), white individuals (76.7%), and metropolitan areas (81.50%). Trends showed an increase in AAMR in females (APC: +15.48 %) after 2012, black individuals with APC +22.10% after 2010 demonstrating disparities.

Conclusions: Mortality trends in HF have changed with rising disparities in gender and race, indicating need for cardiac interventions and improved health care access.

Patterns of oral habits in patients with oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders: a cross-sectional study

2026-08-01T02:01:37+00:00

Background: While evaluating the various etiologic factors, most of the studies had attributed the development of oral cancer (OC) and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) to oral habits like smoking, drinking alcohol, chewing of smokeless tobacco, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The aim of this study was to investigate the patterns of oral habits in patients with OC and OPMDs.

Methods: This is a hospital‑based cross‑sectional study. The patients attending the outpatient department of this tertiary care hospital were selected after thorough clinical screening with a view to detect the presence OPMDs and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). After obtaining written informed consent, all the details including habit history were recorded in a specially prepared clinical record sheet through active interrogation and proper clinical examination. This data was tabulated in the excel sheet to facilitate further statistical analysis.

Results: While analyzing the oral habits among male subjects, significant number (65.5%) had tobacco-chewing habit, 52.2% had tobacco smoking habit while 35.4% had the habit of alcohol consumption. On the other hand, 66% of 53 female subjects had only tobacco chewing habit. There was an increasing trend of Gutkha use among both sexes. The tobacco chewing habits were more prevalent in the third, fourth and fifth decades of life among the study population. Frequency of habit‑associated OC or OPMDs was also statistically significant.

Conclusions: The study proves a definite association between smokeless tobacco habit and OC and OPMDs and necessitates appropriate interventions.

Impact of psychosocial problems on scholastic and co-scholastic performance among the school-going adolescents of Aligarh, India

2026-08-01T02:01:37+00:00

Background: Adolescence is a critical developmental period during which psychosocial factors significantly impact academic functioning. Scholastic performance is not only an indicator of educational achievement but also reflects adolescents' psychosocial well-being. Objective of the study was to assess scholastic and co-scholastic performance and its relation with psychosocial problems among school-going adolescents.

Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among school going adolescents using a structured demographic proforma, school based scholastic and co-scholastic performance grades assigned by teachers, and a standardized psychosocial problem assessment scale (Y-PSC scale). Descriptive and analytical statistics were used to examine associations.

Results: Psychosocial problems were significantly associated with poorer scholastic performance. Adolescents with greater psychosocial problems demonstrated reduced academic functioning. Co-scholastic factors, including regularity and discipline also showed a significant relationship with adolescent psychosocial problems and their academic performance.

Conclusions: Psychosocial problems are closely related to both scholastic and co-scholastic performance among school-going adolescents. Researchers usually understand Academic difficulties within a broader psychosocial framework rather than as isolated educational issues.

Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices regarding iron deficiency anemia among adolescent girls in urban Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh: a cross-sectional study

2026-08-01T02:00:21+00:00

Background: Iron deficiency anemia remains a major public health problem among adolescent girls, particularly in developing countries. Adequate knowledge, positive attitudes, and healthy dietary practices are necessary for the prevention and control of anemia among adolescent girls. Objective was to assess the 0es (KAP) regarding iron deficiency anemia among adolescent girls and to determine the association between KAP scores and selected demographic variables.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 adolescent girls aged 10-19 years using a structured pre-tested questionnaire. Data was collected to assess knowledge, attitude, and practices related to iron deficiency anemia. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, and the chi-square test was then applied to determine the association between variables. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant association.

Results: The findings revealed that the majority of respondents had good knowledge regarding anemia, while attitude and practices varied among participants. Demographic variables such as age, education level, and family type showed varying levels of association with KAP scores. A significant association was found between knowledge and attitude (χ²=23.15, p<0.001) and between attitude and practice (χ²=16.56, p=0.002). However, no significant association was found between knowledge and practice (χ²=0.55, p=0.968).

Conclusions: Although awareness regarding anemia was quite high among adolescent girls, several gaps were observed in practice measures. Health education programs focused on nutrition, iron-rich diets, and regular health screening are recommended to improve preventive practices and reduce the burden of anemia among adolescent girls.

Unseen struggles in the white coat: predictors of stress among postgraduate medical students in India

2026-08-01T02:01:36+00:00

Background: Postgraduate medical training is highly demanding and often accompanied by psychosocial, academic, and workplace stressors. Understanding the predictors of stress in this group is essential to safeguard both trainee well-being and patient care. Objective was to assess the prevalence of perceived stress and its associated risk factors among postgraduate medical students in Lucknow, India.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2019 to March 2020 among 205 postgraduate students (MD/MS) selected using multistage random sampling from government and private medical colleges. Perceived Stress was measured using the perceived stress scale-10 (PSS-10). Associated factors were assessed through structured questionnaires. Logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of stress.

Results: Overall, 91.2% of postgraduate students reported high perceived stress. Female students had significantly higher odds of stress (AOR 14.5). Residing in hostels (AOR 8.0), consuming alcohol (AOR 55.0), sleeping <8 hours/day (AOR 0.09), and perceiving the course curriculum as exhaustive (AOR 0.06) were significant predictors. Key stressors included excessive duty hours, lack of leisure time, academic pressure, harassment by faculty, and poor work environment.

Conclusions: Stress is alarmingly prevalent among postgraduate medical students in India, with female gender, hostel residence, alcohol consumption, inadequate sleep, and academic overload emerging as major predictors. Regular stress screening, enforcement of duty-hour limits, provision of mental health support, and promotion of positive coping strategies are urgently needed to protect trainee well-being and ensure safe medical practice.

Intersecting gender and migrant status disadvantages in the experiences of women construction workers: consequences for health and healthcare

2026-08-01T02:00:19+00:00

Background: Temporary migrants are the backbone of India’s urban construction industry. This form of migration is driven by a range of socio-economic factors. In cities, such migrants live and work in challenging conditions for low wages, with few social and legal protections, and with limited access to social welfare programmes. Little is known about temporary migrant women, whose numbers and economic contributions are likely underestimated. Evidence suggests that disadvantages associated with temporary migrant status and gender impose significant barriers on health and healthcare seeking, but few studies have focused on this marginalized population.

Methods: Ethnographic fieldwork was conducted over a period of 8 months in two temporary migrant settlements on the outskirts of Bengaluru, India, and in-depth interviews were conducted with 18 women construction workers. Intersectional and Social Determinants of Health frameworks were utilized to better understand the influence of temporary migrant status and gender.

Results: Analysis showed links between social determinants of health (labour, income, living conditions) and health and healthcare seeking. Disadvantaging factors associated with both temporary migrant status and gender - lower wages, repetitive labour, lack of protection, precarious employment, and impermanent housing - contributed independently and interactively to poor health; however, temporary migrant women construction workers perceived limited options to address their health concerns. Their concerns extended beyond poor physical health to encompass emotional and psychological dimensions.

Conclusions: The challenges and needs of temporary migrant populations will increase as their numbers grow, suggesting that migration and gender concerns need to be integrated into broader health systems and policies.

Assessment of knowledge towards nutrition and nutrition-related health problems among medical and dental students of a medical college in Manipur: a cross-sectional study

2026-08-01T02:00:18+00:00

Background: Nutrition plays a critical role in maintaining health and preventing disease. In India, the dual burden of malnutrition (undernutrition and overnutrition) poses a significant public health challenge. Future healthcare professionals must possess adequate nutrition knowledge to effectively counsel patients and promote healthy behaviours. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of medical and dental students regarding nutrition and its related health problems, as well as determine the association between knowledge of nutrition and selected variables.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September to November 2024 among undergraduate medical and dental students of a tertiary care medical college in Imphal East, Manipur, using a pre-tested, self-administered, validated questionnaire (GNKQ). Descriptive and analytical statistics (chi-square test) were applied. A p value of <0.05 was taken as statistically significant.

Results: A total of 405 participants were included. Only 29.1% of MBBS students and 18.8% of dental students demonstrated good knowledge of nutrition and nutrition-related health problems. Overall, general awareness was 26.7%. Participants >22 years and MBBS students were found to have significantly higher knowledge levels with 32% and 22.2% respectively.

Conclusions: Only about 1 in 3 MBBS students (29.1%) and 1 in 5 dental students (18.8%) demonstrated good knowledge of nutrition and nutrition-related health problems. Overall, general awareness of nutrition was inadequate, with only 26.7% of participants displaying adequate knowledge. Conducting hands-on training like workshops and symposiums on dietary assessment can help mend the knowledge gap.

Influence of upper extremity motor task and cognitive task on gait velocity and stride length in normal children aged between 7-13 years - a descriptive observational study

2026-08-01T02:00:17+00:00

Background: Walking is the basic functional activity of daily living. Most of the functional activities involve dual or multi task constraints, performing more than one activity at a time. While performing two or more activities simultaneously a person may not perform well, as one has to distribute his/her attention in both the activities. Such activities are considered to be difficult and challenging which in turn increase the safety risk. Children often need to perform cognitive and motor task simultaneously while walking. Therefore, the study was aimed to observe the influence of upper extremity motor task and cognitive task on gait velocity and stride length in normal children 7-13 years of age.

Methods: As per the selection criteria, 84 normal children aged between 7-13 years were included. They were asked to walk on Hi-Tech 3D motion and gait analyzer to perform the walking tasks - simple walking task; walking with upper extremity motor task (carrying a tray consisting of seven tennis balls) and walking with cognitive task (walking while backward counting from 100). Gait velocity and stride length were recorded and compared between all the three tasks.

Results: Gait velocity and stride length were found reduced while walking with motor task and cognitive task as compared to simple walking task. While walking with motor task, both the gait parameters were found reduced as compared to walking with cognitive task.

Conclusions: The study noticed extra concentration of children while walking with tray in hands as compared to the walking while backward counting.

Trends and determinants of cesarean deliveries in Tamil Nadu: a comparative analysis of NFHS-4 and NFHS-5

2026-08-01T02:00:15+00:00

Background: Global evidence shows rising cesarean deliveries, with India also experiencing a notable rise. Tamil Nadu’s cesarean rates rose from NFHS-4 to NFHS-5, despite strong maternal services; this study analyses trends and determinants using NFHS-4 and NFHS-5 data.

Methods: Cesarean rates between NFHS 4 and NFHS 5 were compared for Tamil Nadu and its districts. District wise trends and AARI changes were analysed, and survey weighted logistic regression using NFHS-5 data was applied to identify factors influencing cesarean delivery.

Results: The study examined cesarean trends in Tamil Nadu using NFHS-4 and NFHS-5 data. Cesarean rates increased faster in Tamil Nadu (4.7%) than at the national level (3.8%). District-level analysis showed rates above 20% in three districts, 10-20% in eleven districts, 5-10% in twelve districts, and below 5% in six districts, with slight decrease rates observed in a few districts. Cesarean deliveries increased by 9.6% in government hospitals and by 12.7% in private facilities. The likelihood of cesarean delivery was nearly three times higher in private facilities (OR=2.79). First births occurring later in life also increased the likelihood of cesarean delivery (30+: OR=3.02); additionally, certain health conditions, such as thyroid disorders (OR=1.45) and diabetes (OR=3.16), also increased this likelihood.

Conclusions: Cesarean deliveries are continuously increasing in Tamil Nadu, with notable district-level variations. The state’s cesarean rate exceeds the national average, highlighting the need for state-specific strategies. Regression analysis identifies place of delivery, maternal age at first birth, and maternal health conditions as key factors, emphasizing the need to monitor trends and strengthen local policy interventions.

Profile and pattern of care among palliative home care patients under a tertiary care hospital in central Kerala, south India

2026-08-01T01:58:23+00:00

Background: Increase in aging population and epidemiological shift in disease profile to non-communicable diseases have led to an increase in need for palliative care. But the high demand has not been met adequately with increase in palliative care service providers. The aim of this study was to describe the profile and pattern of care among palliative home care patients registered under a tertiary care private hospital in south India.

Methods: Data was extracted from the palliative home care case sheets regarding patient profile, analgesic usage, performance status (for oncology patients) and visit from other home care services. The patient case sheets were reviewed after 3 months to reassess the variables.

Results: Data was collected from 60 case sheets of patients registered under palliative home care department. After 3 months follow up 12 patients expired. Out of the total patients 75% of them (45) were geriatric patients with age more than 60 years. About half the patients were onco palliative patients (48.3%). The primary caretaker in most cases were children, as most persons were in the geriatric age group (41.6%). About half of the patients were not on any analgesics (55%). More than half of the palliative patients were utilizing services from government palliative care unit regularly (55%).

Conclusions: The study throws light into the profile of patients needing palliative care attached to a tertiary care private hospital and may be used as a basis for creating a sustainable model for providing palliative care services from other hospitals.

Demographic characteristics and health-seeking behaviour among Scheduled Tribes in West Tripura, Tripura: a cross-sectional study

2026-08-01T01:59:15+00:00

Background: Health-seeking behaviour (HSB) refers to the actions undertaken by individuals who perceive a health problem or illness and seek appropriate healthcare services or treatment. Understanding HSB and risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among tribal populations is essential for planning effective public health interventions. This study assessed the demographic profile, socio-economic characteristics, lifestyle practices, healthcare-seeking behaviour, and prevalence of NCD risk factors among the Scheduled Tribe (ST) population of West Tripura district, Tripura.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2021 to March 2022 after Institutional Ethics Committee approval. Six ST-dominated villages in West Tripura district were selected. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, education, living conditions, dietary habits, lifestyle factors, addiction, and healthcare-seeking behaviour were collected through house-to-house surveys using a pretested structured questionnaire.

Results: A total of 5,829 individuals were surveyed, including 2,930 males and 2,899 females. The population included 1,461 children (771 males and 690 females). Poor living conditions, inadequate sanitation, unhealthy lifestyle practices, and low socio-economic status were identified as major determinants of disease burden. Although Tripura's literacy rate (87.22%) exceeded the national average (72.98%), 42.40% of participants reported gutkha or pan masala consumption, indicating a major behavioural risk factor for NCDs. Improved healthcare utilization and health status were observed, likely reflecting the positive impact of tribal welfare schemes.

Conclusions: Socio-economic conditions, lifestyle behaviours, and healthcare accessibility significantly influence health-seeking behaviour and NCD risk among the tribal population of West Tripura. Strengthening health education, tobacco-control strategies, and tribal welfare programmes may further improve health outcomes and reduce the burden of NCDs.

Demographic influences on service quality perceptions in rural public healthcare: a pilot cross-sectional study from Mizoram, Northeast India

2026-08-01T01:59:15+00:00

Background: Patient satisfaction in rural public healthcare is shaped by service quality dimensions and patient demographic characteristics. Evidence from rural northeast India remains sparse. This pilot study examined how SERVPERF-based service quality dimensions predict patient satisfaction and whether demographic variables moderate dimension scores in rural Mizoram.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 400 patients from 14 public healthcare facilities (Primary Health Centres and District Hospitals) across seven districts of rural Mizoram between October 2023 and May 2024. A 22-item SERVPERF instrument measuring tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy was administered face-to-face. Multiple regression analysis examined service quality dimension predictors of satisfaction; Kruskal-Wallis tests and one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc analysis examined demographic variation in dimension scores.

Results: The instrument demonstrated strong reliability (α=0.851; KMO=0.841). Multiple regression explained 41.8% of variance in patient satisfaction (R²=0.418, F(5, 394)=56.60, p<0.001), with reliability (β=0.864) and Assurance (β=0.634) as strongest predictors. Age was the only demographic variable to show significant differences across all five SERVPERF dimensions (p<0.01), with patients aged 60 years and above reporting consistently higher satisfaction. Gender, education, employment, visit frequency, and purpose showed no significant differences.

Conclusions: Service reliability and staff assurance are the primary determinants of patient satisfaction in rural Mizoram’s public healthcare facilities. Age-specific expectations represent the dominant demographic moderator. These pilot findings informed subsequent larger-scale instrument development for the main study.

Patterns of health information in later life: a study of health literacy among elderly persons

2026-08-01T01:58:21+00:00

Background: Health literacy refers to an individual’s capacity to obtain, read, understand, and apply health-related information for making appropriate health decisions. The present study examined health literacy among the elderly persons by focusing on their patterns of accessing and using formal and informal sources of health information within the context of their socio-economic profile.

Methods: This study was conduct in suburb of Meerut city, Uttar Pradesh, using purposive sampling. A total of 200 elderly respondents aged 60 years and above were interviewed using a pre-designed, structured schedule. Data were analysed through basic statistical technique including coding, grouping, classification, and tabulation.

Results: Findings indicate that the majority of respondents belong to the 60-65 age group, were from upper-caste, Hindu religion, moderately educated, and self-employed with a monthly income of ₹20,000-30,000. Most of the participants reported reading newspapers and watching television weekly, while reading health magazines less frequently. They regularly consulted family members for health-related matters but showed limited engagement with traditional formal health channels such as local health centres, district health centres, community medical camps, and hospitals. Instead, respondents demonstrated a strong preference for modern informal sources of health information, especially social media platforms such as Facebook, YouTube, and WhatsApp groups.

Conclusions: This growing reliance on informal and often unregulated sources increases the likelihood of misinterpretation of health information, potentially aggravating health vulnerabilities. Consequently, low health literacy among the elderly may contribute to poorer health outcomes and increased burden on healthcare institutions, families, and society at large.

Occupational outcomes of reconstructive surgery among individuals with leprosy-related deformities in Telangana

2026-08-01T01:58:20+00:00

Background: Leprosy related deformities can severely impact an individual’s ability to work, leading to social and economic challenges. Reconstructive surgery (RCS) helps restore mobility and functionality, improving quality of life. However, its overall impact on daily functioning and livelihood remains less explored. This study assesses how RCS influences work and living conditions for individuals with leprosy-related deformities.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at a non-governmental organization in Hyderabad, from January to April 2024. A total of 120 adults who underwent RCS for leprosy related deformities in the past 10 years were included. Data were collected through direct interviews using a structured questionnaire. Occupational impact was assessed using a Likert scale adapted from the Swedish self-reported satisfaction questionnaire.

Results: RCS positively impacted daily activities for 77% of participants, while 16% were neutral and 7% reported a negative effect. For occupation, 53% saw improvement, 31% remained neutral, and 16% experienced a negative impact. However, 41% remained unemployed post-surgery, with many still facing challenges in securing or retaining jobs. A comparison of occupations before and after surgery showed a shift from agriculture, daily wage work, and self-employment to higher unemployment rates.

Conclusions: RCS improves functional abilities and independence in leprosy patients, enhancing their ability to perform daily activities. However, high post-surgery unemployment highlights the need for vocational rehabilitation and social support. Comprehensive rehabilitation programs are essential to facilitate occupational reintegration and long-term well-being.

Sociocultural and economic determinants of adolescent fatherhood among Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups in Eastern India: a qualitative study from Jharkhand

2026-08-01T01:58:20+00:00

Background: Adolescent fatherhood among Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) is an underexplored public health issue in India. Existing research has focused predominantly on adolescent mothers, leaving pathways to early fatherhood among tribal boys largely unexamined. This study explores the socio-cultural and economic determinants of adolescent fatherhood among PVTGs in Jharkhand.

Methods: A qualitative study was conducted from December 2025 to February 2026 in Patamda block, East Singhbhum, Jharkhand. Thirty-four males (aged 14-34 years) from Sabar, Birhor, and Pahariya PVTG communities were enrolled using purposive and snowball sampling. Semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations were conducted; thematic analysis continued until saturation.

Results: Early marriage was identified as the primary and socially normalised pathway to adolescent fatherhood, with 51.6% of participants having married before the age of 18 years (mean age at marriage: 18.0±3.5 years). All 34 participants (100%) reported no awareness of family planning methods prior to becoming fathers. Tobacco use was reported in 91.2% and alcohol use in 82.4% of households. Educational discontinuation was near-universal (97.1%), with financial constraints and early entry into wage labour as predominant reasons. A substantial proportion reported peer (64.7%) and sibling (61.8%) exposure to adolescent parenthood. All participants (100%) expressed a desire that the next generation should not become adolescent parents.

Conclusions: Adolescent fatherhood in this context is shaped by structural poverty, early marriage norms, educational discontinuation, and absence of reproductive health services. Gender-inclusive, community-embedded interventions engaging adolescent boys, and improvements in education, livelihood, and health systems are urgently needed.

Road safety awareness and practices among university students

2026-08-01T01:58:17+00:00

Background: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) remain a major cause of preventable death and disability worldwide particularly among young adults aged 15 to 29 years. University students are especially vulnerable because of frequent vehicle use and greater engagement in risk taking behaviours. This study assessed road safety-reported practices among university students in Lucknow, India, and examined differences by gender and year of study.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 308 students at the University of Lucknow between January and May 2026 using a pre tested, self- administered questionnaire. Participation was voluntary, and informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection. Awareness and practice scores were analysed using independent samples t tests and one way ANOVA, with statistical significance set at p<0.05.

Results: The study included 200 males (65%) and 108 females (35%), with mean ages of 21.05 and 22.21 years, respectively. Most participants correctly identified zebra crossings, Knowledge of helmet regulations was poor and less than half of the participants possessed a valid driving license, and a notable proportion reported driving after consuming alcohol. No significant differences in awareness or practice scores were observed by gender or year of study (p>0.05).

Conclusions: University students demonstrated moderate road safety awareness, but substantial gaps remained between knowledge and safe practices, particularly regarding helmet use, licensing, and drink driving, Curriculum integrated road safety education, stricter enforcement, and licensing initiatives are needed to promote safe driving behaviours.

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Malayalam version of the Oldenburg burnout inventory among secondary school teachers

2026-08-01T01:58:17+00:00

Background: The Oldenburg burnout inventory (OLBI) is a widely used instrument for measuring burnout. It consists of 16 items grouped into two dimensions: exhaustion and disengagement. This study aimed to translate and validate the English version of the OLBI into Malayalam among secondary school teachers in Kerala.

Methods: After obtaining permission from the author, we translated the OLBI into Malayalam and validated it following standard guidelines, including forward translation, back translation, and content validation with cultural adaptation. Test-retest reliability was assessed among 40 teachers using SPSS version 28. The internal consistency, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed in STATA/SE 17.0 software, using data from 255 teachers.

Results: The OLBI-Malayalam version retained 16 items, all of which demonstrated excellent item-content validity indices (0.83-1.00) and a scale-content validity index of 0.97. The scale demonstrated good internal consistency, with Cronbach’s α values of 0.84 for the total scale, 0.80 for exhaustion, and 0.61 for disengagement. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) suggested a one-factor model that explained 31.2% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated no significant difference between the one-factor and two-factor models, with moderately acceptable fit indices.

Conclusions: The translated version of the OLBI offers a validated and culturally adapted tool for assessing burnout among Malayalam-speaking populations. The tool demonstrated a near-stable one-factor structure over the originally conceptualized two-factor model. It holds potential for use in other occupational groups, though further validation is recommended to account for differing job demands and work environments.

Adolescent hypertension: a growing public health concern in western Maharashtra

2026-08-01T01:58:14+00:00

Background: As change in lifestyle and food habits in recent years, increased prevalence of high blood pressure among adolescents is observed. Multiple studies have demonstrated that elevated blood pressure in childhood often persist into adulthood. Therefore, early screening is essential to identify adolescents at increased risk of developing hypertension later in life. The study was conducted with objective to estimate proportion of high blood pressure and to identify factors influencing blood pressure.

Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 254 adolescents from 5^th to 10^th grade at secondary schools at Malakapur, Karad, using systematic sampling technique. Data collection was done using a structured questionnaire, a digital sphygmomanometer, an inelastic tape to measure height, an elastic tape to measure waist circumference and weighing machine. Data entry was performed by using Microsoft Excel for Microsoft 365 for windows. Descriptive statistics (percentage/proportion) and Analytical statistics (chi square test) were applied using SPSS Version 27.0.

Results: Among 254 adolescents aged 10-17 years, 13% had elevated blood pressure, 7.1% had stage 1 hypertension (HTN), and 5.9% had stage 2 hypertension. Hypertension was significantly more common among male adolescents (17.9% elevated BP and 16.9% HTN) compared with females (9.2% elevated BP and 9.8% HTN) (p=0.017). Overweight and obese adolescents had a significantly higher proportion of HTN compared with those with normal BMI (p<0.001).

Conclusions: School based evaluation offers a practical platform to detect influencing lifestyle and behavioral factors. Early identification enables targeted health education and preventive interventions.

Sociodemographic, lifestyle and oral health profile of oral cancer patients attending a cancer treatment facility

2026-08-01T01:58:14+00:00

Background: Oral cancer remains a significant public health concern, particularly in low and middle-income countries. Behavioural risk factors like tobacco use, poor oral hygiene, and delayed diagnosis contribute to disease burden. This study described the sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle behaviors, and oral hygiene practices of diagnosed oral cancer patients attending a cancer treatment facility.

Methods: A retrospective-prospective descriptive study design was adopted. Sample consists of 91 adult oral cancer patients attending the treatment facility during the two-month study period. Data was collected from existing medical records and supplemented through direct assessment of newly attending and follow-up patients. Study excludes unwilling, critically ill and deceased patients with incomplete records.

Results: Participants were middle-aged to elderly, largest proportion (40.7%) being 51-60 years, and majorly males (74.7%). High proportion were tobacco smokers (67.0%). 67.2% smoked more than 10 times/day, indicating heavy smoking behavior. Smokeless tobacco use was even more common, reported by 70.3% of participants. Alcohol consumption was low (9.9%). Most common site for cancer was buccal mucosa and buccal vestibule (41.7%). Oral hygiene practices were suboptimal, 3.3% followed the recommended twice-daily brushing. Regular dental visits were low (29.7%), all participants were examined with poor oral hygiene status. Awareness level about oral cancer and its risk factors is high (98.9%) but preventive practices remain low.

Conclusions: Our study highlights a high burden of behavioural risk factors along with poor oral hygiene practices. Although awareness levels of oral cancer were high, preventive practices and behavioural modifications remain inadequate.

Pediatrician’s knowledge, perception and awareness regarding sedation in pediatric dentistry: a questionnaire-based survey

2026-08-01T01:59:11+00:00

Background: Sedation is an important behavior management technique in pediatric dentistry that helps provide safe and effective dental treatment in anxious and uncooperative children. Pediatricians often influence parental decisions regarding dental sedation. This study aimed to assess pediatrician’s knowledge, perception and awareness regarding sedation in pediatric dentistry.

Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted among 123 pediatricians using a structured Google Forms questionnaire consisting of 16 multiple-choice questions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test.

Results: Most participants (85.4%) were aware of pediatric dental sedation, with nitrous oxide sedation being the most recognized modality (74.0%). Majority of pediatricians considered sedation safe when appropriately administered (74.0%). Parental fear, insufficient professional training and limited access to sedation facilities were identified as major barriers. Most participants (82.9%) expressed the need for additional training and awareness programs. Significant associations were observed between years of experience and awareness-related variables (p<0.05).

Conclusions: Pediatricians demonstrated satisfactory awareness and positive perception regarding pediatric dental sedation; however, further training and interdisciplinary collaboration are required to improve safe sedation practices.

Psychiatric comorbidity among elderly inpatients admitted to a regional geriatric center in Northeast India: a cross-sectional study

2026-08-01T01:58:13+00:00

Background: Psychiatric disorders frequently coexist with medical illnesses in elderly patients and often remain under-recognized, adversely affecting treatment outcomes and recovery. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and pattern of psychiatric morbidity among elderly inpatients admitted to a Regional Geriatric Centre and to examine the relationship with socio-demographic characteristics and cognitive status.

Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted over one year (August 2016-July 2017) among 85 consecutive inpatients aged ≥60 years admitted to a tertiary care geriatric center in Northeast India. Diagnoses were made using ICD-10 criteria, supported by mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS). Data were summarized using descriptive statistics.

Results: Psychiatric morbidity was present in 40 (47.1%) participants. Depression was the most common disorder (40%), followed by dementia (20%) and substance use disorders (20%). Cognitive impairment was observed in a substantial proportion of patients with psychiatric morbidity. Psychotic symptoms were present in 10 (11.76%) participants.

Conclusions: Nearly half of elderly inpatients had psychiatric co-morbidity, with depression and cognitive disorders being predominant. Routine screening and early psychiatric intervention may improve outcomes in geriatric inpatient care.

Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in an urban field practice area of a Government Medical College, Nagpur: a cross-sectional study

2026-08-01T01:58:12+00:00

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common but frequently undiagnosed sleep disorder characterized by recurrent upper airway obstruction during sleep. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at increased risk of OSA because of shared risk factors such as obesity and metabolic abnormalities. This study assessed the prevalence of OSA risk among patients with T2DM using a validated screening tool.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 110 patients with T2DM attending the urban health training centre of Government Medical College, Nagpur. OSA risk was assessed using the STOP-Bang questionnaire. Demographic and clinical data, including body mass index (BMI) and comorbidities, were collected. Participants were categorized as having low, intermediate, or high risk of OSA based on STOP-Bang scores. Descriptive statistics and univariate analysis were used for data analysis.

Results: Of the 110 participants, 59.1% were male and 60.9% were aged ≥60 years. Based on STOP-Bang scores, 29% were at low risk, 36% at intermediate risk, and 35% at high risk of OSA. High OSA risk was significantly associated with age ≥60 years (p<0.001) and hypertension (p<0.0001).

Conclusions: More than one-third of patients with T2DM were at high risk of OSA. Increasing age and hypertension were significantly associated with higher OSA risk. Routine OSA screening among patients with T2DM may facilitate early identification and timely management of this potentially underdiagnosed condition.

Maternal nutritional knowledge and nutritional status of children in Tirupati Urban, Andhra Pradesh

2026-08-01T01:57:22+00:00

Background: Mothers’ knowledge regarding child nutrition plays a significant role in determining pediatric health, dietary quality, and long-term development. This study observed the association between maternal nutritional knowledge and the nutritional status of children aged 2-6 years in Tirupati Urban, Andhra Pradesh.

Methods: A systematic stratified random sampling technique was employed to select 321 pairs of mothers and children from ten Anganwadi centers. Anthropometric data (height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference, and head circumference) were collected from the children, and a structured 42-item questionnaire evaluated mothers’ nutritional knowledge across growth, nutrition, and hygiene domains. Data were evaluated using Z-scores and Chi-square analyses.

Results: A high prevalence of underweight (55.7%) and stunting (16.2%) was observed among the children. The overall mother’s nutritional knowledge mean score was 17.25±2.60, representing a moderate baseline. Chi-square tests revealed that the statistically significant association between lower mothers’ nutritional knowledge and poor child nutritional indicators, including height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference, and head circumference (p≤0.001).

Conclusions: Lower mothers’ nutritional awareness strongly associates with adversative child’s nutritional outcomes. Integrating targeted nutrition education programs into early childhood care services is crucial to improve regional child health indicators.

A cross-sectional study on knowledge and health seeking behaviour of adults with diabetes mellitus

2026-08-01T01:56:38+00:00

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease, involving elevated blood glucose levels. The main subtypes of DM are Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which result from defective insulin secretion and/or action. T1DM presents in children or adolescents, while T2DM is thought to affect middle-aged and older adults.¹An estimated 589 million adults (20-79 years) are living with diabetes 1 in 9. This number is predicted to rise to 853 million by 2050. This study aimed to determine the knowledge regarding diabetes mellitus among adults, to determine the health-seeking behaviour of adults with diabetes mellitus, to find association between level of knowledge and health-seeking behaviours of adults with selected demographic variables.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was adopted in the. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 100 sample. The variables of the study were the knowledge level and health-seeking behaviours. Data collection tool included a structured knowledge questionnaire and a checklist on health-seeking behaviours.

Results: The result on level of knowledge on diabetes mellitus revealed that 27% of the adults had a poor level of knowledge, 35 % of the adults had average knowledge and 38% of the adults had good knowledge regarding diabetes Mellitus. Walking was the most common wellness behaviour.

Conclusions: The level of knowledge on diabetes Mellitus among the adult participants was average. Walking was the most common wellness behaviour.

Determinants of life expectancy in India: an empirical analysis

2026-08-01T01:56:37+00:00

Background: The study examined the socioeconomic determinants of life expectancy in India through trend analysis and econometric investigation using time series data derived from the world development indicators (WDI) database of the World Bank. It focused on key variables such as life expectancy at birth, GDP per capita, current health expenditure, infant mortality rates and population growth during the period (1990-2025).

Methods: The study employed trend analysis to examine the changes in the selected variables over time and utilizes the autoregressive distributed lag-error correction model (ARDL-ECM) framework to investigate the long run and short run relationship between life expectancy and its socio-economic determinants.

Results: The findings uncover substantial improvement in life expectancy alongside significant decline in infant mortality rates and steady growth in GDP per capita, thereby reflecting gradual progress in public health and socioeconomic development. The econometric analysis using the ARDL-ECM framework confirmed the existence of long run relationship between life expectancy, GDP per capita, and current health expenditure. The results further indicated that economic growth significantly contributes towards enhancing life expectancy, suggesting that public spending without efficient governance, equitable healthcare accessibility, and institutional effectiveness may not sufficiently improve the health outcomes.

Conclusions: The study concluded that sustainable developments in life expectancy in India require integrated developmental policies, necessitating the need for economic growth, strengthened healthcare systems, reduced infant mortality, and equitable public health infrastructure.

KAP study of sexually transmitted infections and diseases among under graduate and post graduate students of Rajanna Sircilla District, Telangana

2026-08-01T01:57:08+00:00

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain a major public health concern among adolescents and young adults in India. Limited awareness, misconceptions, and unsafe sexual practices may increase the risk of transmission and associated health complications. However, the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding STIs/STDs among college students in Rajanna Sircilla district, Telangana, have not been explored adequately. Hence, this study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding STIs/STDs among undergraduate and postgraduate students in Rajanna Sircilla district, Telangana.

Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 210 undergraduate and postgraduate students from selected colleges in Rajanna Sircilla district. Data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic information and KAP-related aspects of STIs/STDs. Qualitative insights were obtained through in-depth interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative responses were thematically analysed.

Results: The majority of participants were female (72.9%) and pursuing graduate studies (83.3%). HIV was the most recognized STI (86.1%), while awareness of infections such as genital herpes, syphilis, and trichomoniasis was limited. Most identified sexual contact and blood transfusion as key transmission routes, and 81.4% acknowledged that multiple partners increase risk. However, discomfort discussing sexual health and limited access to preventive resources persisted. Stigma and misconceptions were evident, and participation in testing or awareness programmes was low.

Conclusions: Despite generally positive attitudes, substantial gaps in knowledge and preventive behaviour remain. Persistent stigma, misinformation, and limited sexual health education call for targeted awareness campaigns, curriculum-based interventions, and de-stigmatisation efforts among young adults.

Impact of unintentional injuries in 5-19-year-olds in Andhra Pradesh: addressing out-of-pocket expenses and catastrophic health expenditure

2026-08-01T01:55:43+00:00

Background: Children are considered the greatest asset in a married couple’s life. If premature death/deformity occurs in those children, it is not only traumatic for the family but also results in the loss of productive man-years, which in turn influences the economic development of the country. In the present context, this study was intended to examine the impact of unintentional injuries (UIIs) in 5-19-year-olds in Andhra Pradesh (AP) and to address out-of-pocket expenses (OOPE) and catastrophic health expenditure (CHE).

Methods: Applied self-designed, pre-tested formats and collected data regarding the causes and consequences of UIIs in 5-19-year-olds from 2017 to 2021 under the Right to Information Act 2005, from government hospitals and the police department across the state. Furthermore, NCRB reports were used to collect deaths due to UII via the internet.

Results: Between 2017 and 2021, among 5-19-year-olds admitted to government hospitals (16,304) due to UIIs, an average of 290 disabilities and 1,100 fatalities (police records) occurred. According to the study, UIIs cost the injured children and their families INR 142,97,79,280 annually, as well as many students’ school days and their families’ working days. The study projected that the annual premium for students who are enrolled in government and aided schools in 1^st-12^th classes (37,45,208) across the AP state is INR 11,23,56,240.

Conclusions: If UIIs resulted in the children’s injuries, disabilities, or deaths, the family’s grief is immeasurable. Therefore, governments should be held accountable for protecting children from these injuries and ensuring the fiscal growth of their families and the country.

Assessment of skill performance in non-communicable disease services and job satisfaction among community health officers at Ayushman Arogya Mandirs in Raipur district: a cross-sectional study

2026-08-01T01:57:07+00:00

Background: The Community Health Officers (CHOs) have a crucial position in the delivery of comprehensive primary health care services, especially for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Their skill performance and job satisfaction are directly linked with the quality of service delivery and the success of the health system. This study aimed to assess the level of skill performance in selected NCD services like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and oral cancer, and assess the job satisfaction among CHOs in Raipur district.

Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out from April to November 2024 in 70 CHOs from Ayushman Arogya Mandirs in Raipur district, selected by simple random sampling. A pretested semi-structured proforma based on the training module and McCloskey/Mueller Satisfaction Scale (MMSS) was used for collecting the data. Skill performance in NCD services like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and oral cancer was measured by a binary scoring system in four domains: history taking, examination, diagnosis, and management.

Results: The study found that the mean age of the participants was 28.86±3.4 years, with 85.7% being females. The Majority (60%) of study participants showed an average level of skill performance. Most participants (>95%) performed well in the diagnosis and management of hypertension and diabetes. In terms of job satisfaction, 68.6% reported a moderate level of job satisfaction among Community Health Officers.

Conclusions: The study found that the majority of Community Health Officers performed at an average level of skill performance with a moderate level of job satisfaction. Induction training was found to have a significant effect on the performance of Community Health Officers.

An assessment of water quality and handling technique among residents of a selected urban slum in the Doiwala block of district Dehradun

2026-08-01T01:56:36+00:00

Background: Urban slum communities in developing countries face significant water quality challenges, with inadequate supply and contamination posing major public health risks. This study assessed water quality parameters and their association with waterborne disease burden in Keshavpuri Basti, an urban slum in Doiwala block, Dehradun, located near the polluted Song River.

Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 180 systematically sampled households. A total of 87 water samples were collected using stratified spatial gridding from household taps, storage containers, public handpumps, five Song River sites, and commercial water tankers. Physical and chemical parameters were assessed using EPA-compliant methods. A semi-structured questionnaire collected socio-demographic information and residents' two-week disease history.

Results: Water quality analysis showed that pH (6.3), hardness (216.67 ppm), mercury (0.0024 ppm), sulphate (256.57 ppm), and alkalinity (200.64 ppm) exceeded permissible limits. Lead and nitrate levels approached safety thresholds. Among 180 households, diarrhoea was reported by 34.44% of respondents, skin problems by 28.34%, and ear infections by 11.11% during the preceding two weeks. Under-5 mortality was 11.11%. Notably, 96.11% of residents used no recognized water purification method.

Conclusions: The findings indicate substantial water quality degradation and a considerable disease burden in Keshavpuri Basti. Urgent interventions are needed to improve water infrastructure, promote household water treatment, and strengthen public health policies targeting vulnerable urban slum populations.

Autism spectrum disorder risk among toddlers in selected villages of Ambala, Haryana: a community-based cross-sectional study using the M-CHAT-R/F

2026-08-01T01:55:42+00:00

Background: Rabies is an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by deficits in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors. Early identification is essential, as timely intervention in toddlers can significantly improve long-term outcomes. The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised with Follow-Up (M-CHAT-R/F) is a widely used screening tool for early detection.

Methods: This study assessed ASD risk among toddlers aged 1-3 years in selected villages of Ambala, Haryana, and examined associations with sociodemographic and perinatal factors. A cross-sectional descriptive design was used, with 135 toddlers selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected via structured caregiver interviews and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test and chi-square test) at a significance level of p≤0.05.

Results: Among participants, 33.3% were aged 1 year, 45.9% aged 2 years, and 20.7% aged 3 years, with nearly equal gender distribution. Most were born at term (85.9%), delivered vaginally (64.4%), and in private facilities (60.7%). Exclusive breastfeeding (83.7%) and complete immunization (92.6%) were common. The mean M-CHAT-R/F score was 4.14±3.64, with 40.0% classified as low risk, 33.3% medium risk, and 26.7% high risk for ASD.

Conclusions: A significant association was found only between child age and ASD risk (χ² = 81.02, p<0.001). The findings highlight a considerable proportion of toddlers at elevated risk, emphasizing the importance of routine, culturally appropriate early screening and the need for larger, representative studies.

Prevalence of Jumper’s knee among recreational badminton players: a cross-sectional study

2026-08-01T01:56:36+00:00

Background: Badminton involves rapid directional changes, jumping, and lunges that increase the risk of overuse injuries, particularly patellar tendinopathy (jumper’s knee). Although injury prevalence varies among different player populations, data on recreational badminton players in India remain limited. This study assessed the prevalence among recreational badminton players aged 18-30 years.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2025 to October 2025 among 75 recreational badminton players selected through convenient sampling method. Participants scoring <80 on the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Patella (VISA-P) questionnaire were assessed using the Royal London Hospital Test (RLHT) for patellar tendinopathy. Pearson correlation analysis determined the relationship between symptom severity and clinical findings.

Results: Of 75 participants (30 males, 45 females; mean age 22.5±2.8 years), 22 (29.33%) tested positive for jumper’s knee. Prevalence increased with age: 4.76% (age 18-20), 36.84% (age 21-25), and 43.75% (age 26-30). A moderate negative correlation (r=-0.474, p=0.001) was found between VISA-P scores and RLHT results.

Conclusions: This study demonstrated a significant prevalence of jumper’s knee (29.33%) among recreational badminton players, particularly in the older age groups. The findings highlight the need for injury prevention strategies and proper training protocols in this population.

Age-specific determinants of child growth among under-five children in Southern West Bengal, India

2026-08-01T01:55:39+00:00

Background: Child growth is a key indicator of health and nutritional status, influenced by socio-demographic and feeding-related factors. Undernutrition is a consistent public health concern among under-five children in India. Objectives of the study were to assess age-specific variations in nutritional status and examine the role of socio-demographic and feeding-related indicator amid children aged 12–59 months.

Methods: An observation based study was conducted among 662 children of age 12 to 59 months in Southern West Bengal. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, feeding practices, and feeding behaviours were collected using a predesigned questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements were used to assess nutritional status. Chi-square tests were applied to examine associations.

Results: Wasting showed significant variation across age groups (χ²=18.618, p<0.005), with higher prevalence observed among older children. Socio-demographic factors such as father’s occupation (χ²=98.712, p<0.01) and family structure (χ²=41.609, p<0.01) varied significantly across age groups. Feeding practices indicated that feeding site (χ²=223.52, p<0.01), feeding problems (χ²=296.309, p<0.01), and self-feeding behaviour (χ²=8.623, p<0.03) differed significantly with age. Feeding in front of television or mobile devices was the most common practice, and a high proportion of children exhibited feeding problems such as limited appetite.

Conclusions: Child growth is influenced by age-specific socio-demographic and feeding-related factors. Improving feeding environments and addressing feeding behaviours may play an important role in enhancing nutritional outcomes among under-five children.

From awareness to action: understanding self-breast examination practices among rural women in Mysuru

2026-08-01T01:55:36+00:00

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide and a major public health concern in India, where delayed diagnosis and poor awareness contribute to high mortality. Self-breast examination (SBE) is a simple, low-cost method that can promote early detection, particularly in resource-limited settings. However, awareness and practice of SBE remain inadequate among women in rural communities. To assess the awareness and practice of self-breast examination and to determine their association with socio-demographic factors among women attending a rural healthcare setting in Mysuru district, Karnataka.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 525 women aged 18 years and above attending a rural healthcare facility. Participants were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic details, awareness of breast cancer, knowledge and practice of SBE, and perceived barriers. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 28, and associations were assessed using the Chi-square test.

Results: The mean age of participants was 39.60±12.74 years. Awareness of SBE was low, with only 29.7% of women reporting awareness. Among those aware, 75% knew the procedure, but only 10.9% correctly identified the appropriate timing, and regular monthly practice was reported by a limited proportion. Practice of SBE was significantly associated with educational status and family history of breast cancer (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Awareness and regular practice of SBE among rural women were suboptimal. Targeted community-based educational interventions are needed to improve knowledge, correct technique, and regular practice of SBE for early detection of breast cancer.

Assessment of self-directed learning abilities among medical undergraduates in a government medical college of Nagpur: a cross-sectional study

2026-08-01T01:56:35+00:00

Background: Self-directed learning (SDL) is an essential component of competency-based medical education (CBME) and plays a vital role in promoting lifelong learning among medical students. The National Medical Commission has emphasized SDL as a key strategy to develop independent learning, critical thinking, and professional competence among undergraduate medical students. The present study was conducted to assess self-directed learning abilities among medical undergraduates at a Government Medical College in Nagpur.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among second professional undergraduate medical students of Government Medical College, Nagpur from October to December 2025. A universal sampling technique was adopted, and participation was voluntary. Data were collected using the pre-validated self-directed learning instrument (SDLI) developed by Shen et al consisting of 20 items across four domains: learning motivation, planning and implementation, self-monitoring, and interpersonal communication. participants’ responses were obtained using a 5-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in Jamovi software version 2.6.44.

Results: Out of 250 students approached, 174 completed the questionnaire, yielding a response rate of 69.6%. The overall SDL score was 72.1%, indicating a moderate level of self-directed learning ability among the participants. Among the four domains, the highest percentage score was observed in learning motivation (75.7%), followed by interpersonal communication (72.4%), self-monitoring (71.4%), and planning and implementation (68.6%).

Conclusions: The study demonstrated that medical undergraduates possessed moderate level of self-directed learning abilities, with strong learning motivation but comparatively lower scores in planning and implementation.

Assessment of dependency in activities of daily living among the elderly attending a rural health training centre-a cross-sectional study

2026-08-01T01:56:34+00:00

Background: With the increase in life expectancy, the proportion of elderly individuals in India is rising, leading to a greater burden of chronic diseases and functional disabilities. Activities of daily living (ADL) reflect well-being. Assessing ADL dependency helps identify elderly requiring supportive care. This study assessed ADL dependency among elderly attending a Rural Health Training Centre and examined socio-demographic and morbidity-related factors.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 elderly individuals aged ≥60 years attending the RHTC. Data were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Functional ability was assessed using the barthel index. Descriptive statistics summarized dependency levels, while the Chi-square test assessed associations.

Results: The mean age was 69.3±8.1 years, and 52% were females. The mean Barthel Index score was 90.7±17.4. Overall, 57% were independent, 11% mildly dependent, 23% moderately dependent, 6% severely dependent, and 2% totally dependent. Dependency was more common among participants aged ≥70 years, females, illiterate individuals, and those with chronic morbidities, family stress, or financial dependence.

Conclusion: Nearly half of the elderly demonstrated ADL dependency, with mild-to-moderate dependency predominating. Advanced age, poor education, chronic diseases, and family stress were significant predictors. Integrating geriatric assessment, rehabilitation, and supportive services into rural health training centres could promote healthy ageing, preserve functional independence, and improve quality of life among rural elderly.

Incidence and determinants of falls among tertiary care hospital inpatients in Western India

2026-08-01T01:55:35+00:00

Background: Inpatient falls are a common and preventable cause of morbidity, prolonged hospital stay, and increased healthcare costs worldwide. However, data on incidence and context-specific risk factors in Indian hospital settings remain limited. Aim was to estimate the incidence of falls among inpatients in a tertiary care hospital in Western India and identify associated risk factors.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey and matched case-control study was conducted in a 560-bedded tertiary care hospital in Western India over 24 months. Among adult inpatients, 97 fall cases were identified and matched (1:2) with controls by gender, admission date, and length of stay. Fall incidence per 1000 person-days and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression.

Results: Among 4,179 inpatients, 97 falls occurred over 31,732 person-days (fall rate 2.32%; incidence 3.1 per 1000 person-days). Falls were most common in patients aged >60 years. Independent risk factors included hospital stay >7 days (aOR 5.56), composite vulnerability (aOR 8.82), prior fall within 6 months (aOR 7.21), visual impairment (aOR 75.2), and multiple comorbidities (aOR 5.31). Medication class was not significant on multivariate analysis. Use of sequential compression devices was associated with reduced fall risk (aOR 0.001).

Conclusions: Inpatient falls were associated primarily with patient vulnerability, sensory impairment, clinical complexity, and prolonged hospitalization. We recommend routine surveillance of inpatients to assess composite vulnerability, visual impairment, and other fall-related risk factors, with particular emphasis on patients aged over 60 years, alongside prioritised monitoring based on identified risk indicators.

Epidemiological and clinical profile of leprosy patients at a tertiary care center in Moradabad: a retrospective study

2026-08-01T01:53:42+00:00

Background: Leprosy remains an important public health challenge in India despite achieving elimination status at the national level. Delayed diagnosis contributes to disability, deformity and continued transmission. This study assessed the epidemiological and clinical profile of leprosy patients attending a tertiary care center in Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh.

Methods: A retrospective record-based study was conducted among 186 clinically diagnosed leprosy patients attending the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology of a tertiary care teaching hospital over a two-year period. Data regarding demographic characteristics, clinical features, nerve involvement, disease classification, bacteriological status, lepra reactions, disability grading, treatment status and outcomes were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0.

Results: Most patients belonged to the 21–40 years age group (43.6%) and were from lower socioeconomic and educational backgrounds. The mean duration of symptoms was 11.8±7.4 months. Peripheral nerve involvement was observed in 78.5% of patients and sensory loss in 90.3%. Multibacillary disease accounted for 59.1% of cases and slit-skin smear positivity was observed in 59.1%. Lepra reactions occurred in 29.0% of patients, predominantly Type I reactions. Grade 0 disability was present in 58.1% of patients, while visible deformities were identified in 17.2%, with claw hand being the most common deformity. Most patients were receiving multidrug therapy and 69.9% demonstrated clinical improvement.

Conclusions: The predominance of multibacillary disease, extensive nerve involvement and disability suggests delayed diagnosis and ongoing transmission. Strengthening early case detection, public awareness, surveillance and treatment adherence may reduce disability and improve leprosy control outcomes.

Perspective of women health care workers of a medical institute on care of their under-five child during COVID-19 pandemic

2026-08-01T01:54:37+00:00

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly increased the burden on healthcare practitioners (HCPs), particularly women with young children, affecting their ability to balance professional responsibilities and childcare. Evidence on coping strategies among women HCPs with under-five children in the Indian context remains limited.

Methods: A qualitative study using a Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenological approach was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital in South India. Twenty women HCPs with children under five years were recruited using purposive and snowball sampling. Data were collected through in-depth telephonic interviews and analyzed using a combination of inductive and theoretical thematic analysis.

Results: Two overarching themes emerged: Challenges in providing nurturing care and enabling environment for caregiving. Participants reported difficulties in accessing healthcare services, maintaining breastfeeding, ensuring adequate nutrition, supporting early childhood development, and providing responsive caregiving. Structural challenges included closure of childcare services, lack of domestic support, long working hours, and limited workplace flexibility. Psychological stress, emotional trauma, and spillover effects on family life were prominent. Coping strategies included problem-focused approaches such as seeking social support, adhering to infection control practices, and creating home-based learning environments, as well as emotion-focused strategies like positive reappraisal and emotional support.

Conclusions: Women HCPs faced multifaceted challenges in balancing childcare and professional duties during the pandemic. Strengthening workplace policies, childcare support, and mental health interventions is essential to support their well-being and sustain healthcare delivery during crises.

A descriptive comparative study to assess the quality of sleep and factors affecting quality of sleep in hospitalized patients admitted in wards and ICUs of tertiary care hospital, New Delhi

2026-08-01T01:54:27+00:00

Background: A patient’s quality of sleep is significantly affected by various factors within hospital environment. Sleep quality in intensive care units (ICUs) often differs drastically from that in general wards, as the highly technical and fast-paced ICU environment present unique challenges to restful sleep.

Methods: This descriptive comparative study design used for inmates of selected wards and ICUs at Tertiary care hospital New Delhi. A convenience sample of 300 patients, 198 from general wards and 102 from intensive care units were selected. A questionnaire consists of a demographic data sheet, modified Pittsburgh sleep quality index for analysing the quality of sleep and a check list for identifying the factors affecting quality of sleep. Data were analysed using SPSS with level of significance set at p<0.05.

Results: 51% of patients (53.54 % in general wards and 46.08 % of ICUs) had good quality of sleep. “Staying away from home” (60.61% in general wards and 60.78% in ICUs) was the most reported problem that affects quality of sleep in both the groups of patients. All together 51% of patients had good sleep. The study also compared the quality of sleep of general wards and ICUs, but no significant difference was observed.

Conclusions: many patients have poor quality of sleep in the hospital environment. Both general wards and ICUs contains many factors that affects quality of sleep which should be controlled for a sleep friendly environment.

Prevalence of text neck syndrome among junior college students in Sangli, India: a cross-sectional study

2026-08-01T01:53:42+00:00

Background: Prolonged smartphone usage and sustained forward head posture can lead to text neck syndrome (TNS), a repetitive stress condition associated with neck pain and functional disability. Adolescents and students are particularly vulnerable because of increased screen exposure for educational and recreational purposes. This study determines the prevalence of text neck syndrome among junior college students and identifies the association with neck disability.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 260 junior college students aged 16-19 years in Sangli, Maharashtra, India. Participants were selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, the Text Neck Questionnaire (TNQ), and the Neck Disability Index (NDI). Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and correlation analysis.

Results: Among the participants, 153 (59.1%) were females and 107 (40.9%) were males. Based on NDI scores, 72 (27.7%) had no disability, 80 (30.8%) had mild disability, 58 (22.3%) had moderate disability, 34 (13.1%) had severe disability, and 16 (6.1%) had complete disability. The prevalence of text neck syndrome based on the Neck Disability Index (NDI ≥5) was 72.3% (188/260; 95% CI: 66.6%-77.4%). A statistically significant association was observed between prolonged smartphone usage duration and neck disability (p<0.001). Higher TNQ scores were significantly associated with worsening neck disability (p<0.001).

Conclusions: The text neck syndrome is highly prevalent among junior college students. Poor posture, prolonged smartphone usage, and lack of ergonomic awareness contributed significantly to neck disability. Awareness programs and ergonomic interventions are recommended to reduce long-term musculoskeletal complications.

Time spent on social media, type of content reviewed, and body image issues among medical undergraduate students in a tertiary care hospital in Navi Mumbai

2026-08-01T01:54:36+00:00

Background: Body image concerns are an escalating public health issue among medical undergraduate students, a cohort facing intense academic pressure and heightened social scrutiny. Social media exposes this vulnerable group to idealized appearance standards, contributing to body dissatisfaction and detrimental social comparisons.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 352 medical students. Data was analysed using Jamovi 2.6. One-way ANOVA, Chi-square tests, and binomial logistic regression was applied.

Results: 60.2% of students reported requiring a break from social media due to mental health impact. ANOVA found that mere usage duration was not a significant predictor of body image perception (p=0.361). Chi-square confirmed strong behavioural links between following influencers and the intention to modify appearance (χ²(2)=47.6, p<0.001). Regression identified photo-editing (aOR=2.90, p<0.001), following influencers (aOR=2.34, p=0.001), and higher BMI (aOR=1.67, p=0.043) as significant positive predictors of body image dissatisfaction. Conversely, following influencers (aOR= 0.50, p=0.015; SCS: aOR=0.40, p=0.003) and photo-editing (aOR=0.39, p=0.001) acted as significant negative predictors of social comparison and body shape concerns, suggesting a complex, paradoxical effect in these domains.

Conclusions: Content quality and active engagement are the primary influences, not duration. High distress prevalence and an observed Gen Z digital literacy paradox highlight the urgent need for colleges to implement targeted digital health literacy and de-stigmatized student wellness programs to foster healthier self-perception.

Sleep quality and sleep hygiene practices among the undergraduate and post graduate medical students in a medical college and tertiary hospital, Navi Mumbai: a cross-sectional study

2026-08-01T01:54:50+00:00

Background: Sleep is vital for physical and mental health, yet medical students are prone to poor sleep due to academic stress and irregular schedules. Poor sleep quality and hygiene negatively impact learning, mood, and well-being.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 382 medical students at a tertiary medical college in Navi Mumbai, India. Data were collected using a self-administered Google form containing the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), sleep hygiene index (SHI), and questions on sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Statistical analysis was performed using Jamovi version 2.6, applying the Chi-square test and binomial logistic regression to determine associations and predictors.

Results: Poor sleep quality was reported by 56.5% of participants, while 53.9% exhibited poor sleep hygiene. Satisfaction with academic performance, family history of sleep disorders, headaches, self-medication, comorbidities, strained relationships, physical activity and number of rooms at the place of stay were significantly associated with poor sleep quality (p<0.05). Factors significantly associated with poor sleep hygiene were accommodation, academic satisfaction, family history of sleep disorders, headaches, self-medication, strained relationships, and weekend screen time (p<0.05). Logistic regression showed students with poor sleep hygiene were nearly twice as likely to have poor sleep quality (OR 1.5-2.5, p<0.05).

Conclusions: Poor sleep quality and hygiene are highly prevalent among medical students. Interventions targeting stress management, time regulation, and healthy sleep habits are essential.

Age of menopause and its correlation with gait parameters in 45-50 year old postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study

2026-08-01T01:53:40+00:00

Background: Menopause marks the permanent end of menstruation and is accompanied by declining estrogen levels, leading to changes in bone density, muscle strength, metabolism, and overall health. These changes may influence mobility. Gait, a key indicator of physical function, reflects balance, neuromuscular control, and musculoskeletal performance. While gait alterations have been reported in postmenopausal women, limited evidence exists on how the age of menopause impacts gait. Understanding this relationship may help detect early functional decline and guide physiotherapy strategies.

Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 30 postmenopausal women aged 45–50 years using purposive sampling. Anthropometric variables and spatiotemporal gait parameters (step length, stride length, step/stride time, and walking speed) were assessed using Kinovea software and analysed using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) v25.

Results: Among 30 postmenopausal women (mean age 48.6±1.8 years; menopause age 45.3±2.6 years), 13.3% were overweight and 56.6% obese. Mean gait values included walking speed 61.37±7.59 cm/s, step length 77–78 cm, and stride length 148–151 cm, with slightly shorter step/stride times than normative data. Age of menopause and body mass index (BMI) showed weak or negligible, but statistically insignificant, correlations with gait parameters (p>0.05).

Conclusions: Age of menopause and BMI were not associated with gait parameters, and functional mobility was largely preserved despite high overweight/obesity prevalence.

Geospatial mapping of food outlets and assessment of students' dietary behaviours around a medical college in Hyderabad: a cross-sectional study

2026-08-01T01:54:35+00:00

Background: Food options in the vicinity of college can affect students’ eating behaviours and nutritional status. However, there is a dearth of data on campus food environments in India. This study assessed the food environment surrounding a medical college using geospatial methods and examined its association with students' dietary behaviours and body mass index (BMI).

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 undergraduate medical students of Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, India. The participants were selected using simple random sampling. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, food-purchasing patterns, dietary behaviours and perceptions of the food environment were collected. The geographic coordinates of the food outlets within a 500-meter radius of the college were mapped and analysed using QGIS software. Data was analysed using SPSS version 25.

Results: The mean BMI was 23.2±3.4 kg/m²; 43% overweight and 4% obese. Geospatial mapping identified the most common stalls as fast-food (32%), juice/tea (24%), restaurants/tiffin centres (21%) and fruit and vegetable vendors (20%). Packaged snacks (57%) and fried foods (48%) were the most frequently bought items. Almost 44% bought food from local outlets 2 -3 times a week. Most students perceived unhealthy foods to be widely available (71%). No significant association was observed between the frequency of food consumption from outside and BMI category (p=0.744).

Conclusions: The food environment on campus was characterised by a high density of unhealthy food outlets, with students frequently purchasing energy-dense foods. Improving campus nutrition policies and environmental interventions may help promote healthy food choices among students.

Development and preliminary psychometric evaluation of a questionnaire assessing reproductive and pregnancy related risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Indian parous women

2026-08-01T01:53:37+00:00

Background: Reproductive and pregnancy related factors that contribute to cardiovascular risk in women are gaining traction. Structured documentation of these factors remains limited in Indian parous women. This study aimed to develop a questionnaire assessing reproductive and pregnancy related risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), examine its preliminary psychometric properties, and explore associations between questionnaire derived factors and physical activity levels.

Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in gynecology units over 18 months after ethics approval and informed consent. A literature informed questionnaire was drafted, reviewed by experts for clarity and relevance, revised, pilot tested, and then administered along with the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ) to 377 parous women aged 20 to 40 years. The final instrument comprised 55 items.

Results: The questionnaire showed high internal consistency (Cronbach alpha=0.982). Structural assessment showed factor loadings of 0.31 to 0.54. Mean age, body mass index, and waist-hip ratio were 29.44±3.85 years, 25.02±2.69 kg/m², and 0.89±0.05, respectively. Based on physical activity classification, 151 (40.1%) women were sedentary, 122 (32.4%) were minimally active, and 104 (27.6%) were active. Physical activity categories showed significant associations with several reproductive and pregnancy related factors, including hypertension, hyperthyroidism, dysmenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), gestational diabetes (GD), eclampsia, type of delivery, and postpartum depression.

Conclusions: The questionnaire demonstrated encouraging preliminary psychometric properties and was feasible for documenting reproductive and pregnancy related factors relevant to CVD risk in Indian parous women. Further validation is required before broader screening use.

Food choices of the young minds: a study among adolescents in urban slum area of Ludhiana

2026-08-01T01:54:34+00:00

Background: Adolescence is a critical period of growth during which dietary habits strongly influence health and nutritional status. Unhealthy eating practices contribute to both undernutrition and overweight/obesity among adolescents. This study assessed the dietary habits and nutritional status of adolescents in an urban slum area of Ludhiana.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescents in an urban slum area of Ludhiana. Data on dietary habits were collected using a pretested questionnaire and anthropometric measurements were recorded to assess their nutritional status.

Results: Among 202 adolescents, 51.5% were girls and the mean age was 14.99±1.09 years. Overall, 50.0% had normal BMI, 37.6% were thin and 12.4% were overweight/obese. Thinness was significantly higher among boys (48.0%) than girls (27.9%), while girls had a higher prevalence of normal BMI (61.5%) (p=0.003). More than half (52.0%) of the adolescents skipped breakfast, with significantly higher prevalence among girls (p=0.001). Junk food consumption was reported by 84.2% and carbonated drink intake by 68.3% of participants. Fruit and vegetable intake was higher among younger adolescents (p=0.043), while carbonated drink consumption increased with age (p=0.016).

Conclusions: Unhealthy dietary habits, particularly junk food consumption and breakfast skipping, were common among adolescents. These behaviors may contribute to malnutrition and future health risks. School-based nutrition education and healthy food policies are needed to encourage healthier dietary practices.

Multi-cadre human resource gaps and their association with service delivery and NCD screening in urban health and wellness centres, Ahmedabad: a cross-sectional study

2026-08-01T01:54:33+00:00

Background: Urban health and wellness centres (HWCs) under India’s Ayushman Bharat programme provide comprehensive primary health care, including universal screening for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Achieving screening targets depends heavily on multi-cadre workforce availability. To assess multi-cadre human resource gaps in Urban HWCs across Ahmedabad and analyse their association with service delivery and universal NCD screening.

Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted from January 2022 to December 2022 in 14 Urban HWCs selected purposively. Staffing availability across clinical and outreach cadres was benchmarked against Indian public health standards (IPHS) 2022 guidelines. A composite human resource gap index (HRGI) was formulated and analysed against different health outcomes. Predictive models were evaluated using bivariate linear and logistic regression.

Results: Facility-based clinical cadres demonstrated robust baseline adequacy in comparison to community outreach cadres, which showed severe deficits. Multi-Purpose Workers faced 83.1% vacancy rate and Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) placement was highly erratic (10%–100%). The composite HRGI revealed significant inverse linear relationships with population-level CBAC coverage (β=-0.420, p<0.001, R2=0.710) and monthly average OPD attendance (β=-18.600, p<0.001, R2=0.640). Facilities operating with low overall staffing gaps (HRGI<30%) had significantly higher odds of achieving adequate universal NCD screening outputs (COR=3.812, 95% CI: 2.104–6.908; p<0.001).

Conclusions: Physical expansion of urban HWCs failed to achieve preventive primary health targets especially NCD screening due to depleted community-level outreach workforces. Bridging frontline staffing deficits is a critical prerequisite to optimizing universal NCD risk identification.

A hospital-based cross-sectional study on animal bite wound cases in the rural block of Khurda district

2026-08-01T01:53:36+00:00

Background: Rabies remains a major public health concern in India, accounting for 36% of global rabies deaths. This study evaluates animal bite wound management practices at Community Health Center (CHC) Mendhasal, Khurda district. Objective of the study was to describe the socio-clinical profile of animal bite wound cases, assess anti-rabies prophylaxis modalities, and recommend improvements.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 120 randomly selected animal bite cases registered at CHC Mendhasal from December 2023 to March 2024. Data were collected via telephonic interviews using a validated questionnaire.

Results: Most victims were male (78%) and adults (>18 years: 64.2%). Dog bites (91%) and unprovoked attacks (68%) were predominant. All category III cases received RIG. However, 17% used plant products on wounds, and 33% of bleeding wounds were misclassified as category II.

Conclusions: While vaccination coverage was high, gaps in wound classification and harmful first aid practices persist. Training and community awareness are essential to achieve zero rabies deaths by 2030.

Beyond childbirth: hidden determinants of postpartum depression among mothers attending an immunization clinic at a tertiary healthcare center in Nagpur city

2026-08-01T01:53:35+00:00

Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common mental health disorder affecting women during the postnatal period and has adverse consequences for both maternal and child health. Despite its public health importance, routine screening remains limited in many healthcare settings. Immunization clinics provide an opportunity for early identification of mothers at risk. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of postpartum depression and identify its associated determinants among postnatal mothers attending an immunization clinic in a tertiary healthcare centre in Central India.

Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 143 postnatal mothers attending the immunization clinic of a government medical college in Nagpur, Central India, from January to March 2026. Participants were selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a pretested structured questionnaire covering sociodemographic, obstetric, psychosocial and environmental factors. Postpartum depression was assessed using the edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS), with a score of ≥10 indicating probable depression. Data were analysed using Epi Info software. Associations were assessed using the Chi-square test, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results: The prevalence of postpartum depression was 12.59% (18/143). Maternal age, education, occupation, family type, socioeconomic status, previous history of depression, family history of psychiatric disorders, domestic violence and husband’s support for childcare were not significantly associated with PPD (p>0.05). Significant associations were observed with chronic illness (p=0.025), lack of support from other family members for childcare (p=0.009), stressful family events such as death or serious illness (p=0.001), financial crisis (p=0.049) and breastfeeding challenges (p<0.001), the latter showing the strongest association with postpartum depression.

Conclusions: Approximately one in eight postnatal mothers experienced postpartum depression. Routine screening using the EPDS at immunization clinics, along with targeted psychosocial support and breastfeeding counselling, may facilitate early identification and management of mothers at risk, thereby improving maternal and child health outcomes.

Assessment of lifestyle among e-rickshaw drivers in Delhi using the simple lifestyle indicator questionnaire: a community-based cross-sectional study

2026-08-01T01:53:34+00:00

Background: E-rickshaw drivers are an important component of the urban informal workforce and are exposed to several occupational and lifestyle-related risk factors. This study was conducted to assess the lifestyle of e-rickshaw drivers in Delhi and its association with selected socio-demographic characteristics.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 254 e-rickshaw drivers operating in selected municipal zones of Delhi. Lifestyle was assessed using the simple lifestyle indicator questionnaire (SLIQ). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, and associations between lifestyle and selected socio-demographic characteristics were assessed using the Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test, with statistical significance set at p<0.05.

Results: Overall, 50.8% of the participants had an unhealthy lifestyle, while 49.2% had a healthy lifestyle according to the simple lifestyle indicator questionnaire (SLIQ). Good/poor lifestyle was significantly associated with (younger/advanced) age (p=0.001), (higher/lower) educational status (p=0.010), and number of family members (how many) (p=0.011), whereas no statistically significant association was observed with socioeconomic status (p=0.271).

Conclusions: The findings highlight the pressing need for targeted public health interventions aimed at promoting healthier lifestyles among e-rickshaw drivers (by doing what?). Future longitudinal studies are warranted to better understand causal relationships and to better inform evidence-based public health strategies.

Emotional and behavioural problems in school children and parental monitoring in relation to smartphone use: a community-based observation study

2026-08-01T01:54:26+00:00

Background: In this technology-driven world, smartphones have become a significant part of our lives, with the COVID-19 pandemic further increasing their usage in children. This surge has raised concerns regarding problematic smartphone use and its impact on mental health, particularly emotional and behavioural problems in school-aged children. Aim of the study was to assess emotional and behavioural problems in school children and parental monitoring in relation to smartphone use

Methods: The study was conducted among students of Jorhat District, Assam. Multistage random sampling was applied to obtain the sample size parental monitoring of children’s digital activity (PARMON- CDA) scale. Both rural and urban schools were included. Emotional and behavioural problems were assessed using the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ). Problematic smartphone use (PSU) was assessed using the smartphone addiction scale–short version (SAS-SV). Parental monitoring over smartphone use was assessed using the PARMON-CDA questionnaire. Data analysed using appropriate statistical methods to determine associations between variables.

Results: Prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems was found to be 16.9%. The prevalence of smartphone addiction was found to be 25.28% in boys and 21.47% in girls. Statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation between problematic smartphone use and emotional and behavioural problems, while parental monitoring of smartphone use was negatively correlated with emotional and behavioural problems

Conclusions: The study highlights a positive correlation between excessive smartphone use and emotional and behavioural problems in children, emphasizing the need for effective parental monitoring and school-based interventions.

A comparative assessment of quality of life and leprosy related knowledge and attitude in two urban communities

2026-08-01T01:53:32+00:00

Background: In India, health care providers thought they had vanquished leprosy in 2005. But it lived on, cloaked in stigma and medical mystery. Leprosy causes well-defined deformities and imposes a massive social stigma which in turn, makes the disease harder to detect and banish. To assess and compare the quality of life, knowledge, attitude, regarding leprosy among adults residing in selected leprosy colony and urban slum.

Methods: Quantitative research approach was used with descriptive comparative design. Tool used were Wisconsin quality of life client questionnaire, structured interview schedule on knowledge and 5-point Likert scale on attitude. The study was conducted in leprosy colony and urban slum. Total of 200 samples were selected 100 from leprosy colony and 100 from the urban slum through convenient sampling technique.

Results: The results showed that the adults residing in leprosy colony have a better quality of life than the adults residing in the urban slum. Adults in leprosy colony were having average knowledge whereas in urban slum were having poor knowledge. In leprosy colony there is favorable attitude whereas in urban slum were having neutral attitude. A significant weak negative correlation between quality of life and knowledge in leprosy colony and a strong negative correlation between quality of life and attitude in urban slum.

Conclusions: To achieve the eradication of the disease it is necessary to provide regular health awareness programs in the local community and slums as inadequate knowledge and unfavorable attitude towards the disease condition give rise to its incidence.

Improving access to PM-JAY through a corporate social responsibility supported community intervention: a program evaluation from Western India

2026-08-01T02:00:20+00:00

Project Sangaath is a corporate social responsibility (CSR)-supported initiative aimed at improving accessibility and utilization of government welfare schemes in underserved regions of Gujarat and Maharashtra, India. It acts as a bridge between communities and government systems by enhancing awareness, reducing barriers, and facilitating beneficiary linkage. Despite wide coverage of schemes such as Ayushman Bharat (PM-JAY), utilization requires further strengthening. This study evaluates the effectiveness of Project Sangaath in improving access and utilization. The intervention included baseline household assessments, awareness campaigns, and facilitation support through trained local youth and village-level camps. A digital system was used for tracking applications and benefits. Data from program records were analyzed using descriptive statistics. A total of 40,641 households were successfully linked with PM-JAY through the intervention. The project facilitated a substantial cumulative sum assured exceeding ₹3000 crore, reflecting significant potential for financial protection. However, comprehensive tracking of utilization remains limited. Project Sangaath demonstrates the effectiveness of CSR-supported community-based interventions in significantly improving access and enrollment in government health schemes. While the intervention has created substantial potential for financial protection, further strengthening of awareness, beneficiary support, and health system responsiveness is needed to enhance utilization. The model offers a scalable approach for bridging gaps between communities and government services and advancing progress toward universal health coverage

Verbal autopsy of probable leptospirosis deaths in a tertiary care centre in North Kerala

2026-08-01T01:58:11+00:00

Leptospirosis is a significant zoonosis in India, especially in southern regions, where it causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Verbal autopsy is a structured interview used to determine probable cause of death from caregivers or next of kin. Objectives were to identify factors associated with fatality among probable leptospirosis patients admitted to a tertiary centre in North Kerala. A hospital-based descriptive study was conducted at Government Medical College Kannur. Twelve probable leptospirosis deaths reported between January and December 2024 were included. Case records and telephonic interviews with relatives were used to collect data on disease course. Mean age of the deceased was 49.88±11.6 years, with male predominance (75%) and most being agricultural workers (58.3%). Chronic alcoholism was present in 50%, while 91.7% had no prior comorbidities. Common features were fever (100%), myalgia (58.3%), and reduced urine output (41.7%). Liver derangement occurred in all cases and renal impairment in 66.7%. Mean patient delay was 2.1 days; diagnostic and treatment delays were 0.9 days each. Although doxycycline prophylaxis was issued to 50%, none had taken it. Sepsis/ multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) (58.3%) and cardiac complications (41.7%) were leading causes of death. Most fatalities occurred in the economically productive age group (40-60 years). Deaths happened despite early diagnosis, treatment, and few pre-existing comorbidities, suggesting rapid progression to multi-organ failure. High occupational exposure among agricultural workers, chronic alcoholism, and poor prophylaxis adherence were present. These findings suggest the need for improved public health awareness and preventive strategies for high-risk populations.

Modified Kuppuswamy scale 2026: methodological comparison of approaches for updating income classification

2026-08-01T01:55:44+00:00

The modified Kuppuswamy scale is an extensively utilized tool for assessment of socioeconomic status (SES) in urban India. The scale requires updates periodically due to inflation. This article revises the income component of this scale for the year 2026 using the most recent CPI-IW value (148.6). Application of three methods of revisions have been depicted: direct CPI conversion method, multiplication factor method, and proportional scaling method. All these methods established an upward shift in the income thresholds in all socioeconomic classes. Among the three, direct CPI conversion method provided the highest estimates, while the proportional scaling method overstated values. The multiplication factor method provided practical, well- balanced and at the same time, reproducible results, making it most feasible and apt for regular updates. This review sustains the original scale structure and also ensures relevance that is contemporary for both qualitative and quantitative public health research.

Mental health care at the margins: bridging persistent access gaps in rural and underserved U. S. communities

2026-08-01T01:59:14+00:00

Mental health is a key component of public health, and access to behavioral health services remains uneven across the United States. Rural populations have higher rates of depression, anxiety, substance use disorders, and suicide, while they face limited access to mental health providers and services. These inequities are affected by structural, socioeconomic, and geographic factors, including economic instability, transportation barriers, and limited access to care, rather than differences in clinical need. Rural communities face ongoing difficulties due to provider shortages, inadequate mental health infrastructure, broadband inequities, and social stigma, which can hinder care-seeking behavior and exacerbate mental health outcomes. These barriers contribute to fragmented service delivery and diminished continuity of care for underserved populations.

Preventing growth faltering in India: a policy perspective for strengthening prevention within POSHAN 2.0 and CMAM

2026-08-01T01:53:38+00:00

Growth faltering during early childhood remains a major public health challenge in India despite substantial reductions in stunting over the past two decades. Persistent levels of wasting indicate important gaps in early-life nutrition, growth monitoring, and preventive interventions. This perspective examines the current policy landscape and proposes strategies to strengthen prevention within existing national nutrition programmes. This is a policy perspective synthesized evidences from national survey data, government policy documents, programme evaluations, and published literature on child undernutrition and growth faltering in India, used to identify gaps and propose strategies for strengthening prevention within POSHAN 2.0 and Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM). Existing national nutrition programmes provide platforms for identification and management of malnutrition. Preventive nutrition services could be strengthened through earlier detection of growth faltering, particularly among infants younger than six months, alongside consistent growth monitoring, enhanced frontline worker capacity, stronger convergence across health and nutrition programmes, and improved use of routine surveillance data. Integrating trajectory-based growth monitoring and preventive counselling within community-based platforms offers an opportunity to support earlier identification and timely intervention while strengthening programme delivery systems. Integrating growth faltering as a preventive trigger within POSHAN 2.0 and CMAM can shift India's response to malnutrition from reactive management to proactive prevention. Strengthening programme convergence, frontline capacity, community engagement, and growth surveillance can improve child nutrition outcomes and long-term human capital development.

Growing up well: a holistic approach to puberty education for preadolescents

2026-08-01T01:58:21+00:00

During puberty, adolescents may face challenges such as anxiety, low self-esteem, irritability, and fear of rejection. Factors such as family environment, peer relationships, academic pressure, and social media exposure can influence emotional health. Understanding puberty helps reduce fear and confusion, enabling children to accept these changes as a normal part of growth. The objective was to promote healthy development, to provide accurate and age-appropriate information and to adopt healthy lifestyle. Opinion box system for emotional expressions, holistic adolescent support framework, a “guru–student” model, yoga into daily school assembly, short mindfulness before start of every class, prayers or value-based readings such as Thirukkural can enhance moral development. Integrated puberty education and protection model, community-based child safety display model contributes to broader goals of national development and child protection. Studies on Innovative technology using Artificial Intelligence, Role-play-based research helps to create awareness and build confidence in real-life situations. Collaboration between the health and education sectors can facilitate the development of school health programs, adolescent-friendly services, and community awareness initiatives. Puberty education is highly relevant in the Indian context, where cultural values, family systems and social expectations strongly influence a child’s development.

Autopsy findings and clinical course of severe anorexia nervosa complicated by spontaneous pneumothorax and bullous pulmonary emphysema: a case report

2026-08-01T01:58:16+00:00

Anorexia nervosa is a severe psychiatric disorder with systemic effects, such as life-threatening pulmonary complications. This case report investigates the pathological anatomy and clinical course of advanced anorexia nervosa complicated by bullous emphysema, spontaneous pneumothorax, and multiorgan failure. A retrospective clinical and autopsy analysis was conducted on a patient with severe anorexia nervosa (BMI 11.8) admitted for the following pulmonary complications: spontaneous pneumothorax and bullous emphysema. Clinical course, surgical interventions, laboratory data, and autopsy findings were reviewed to elaborate on the mechanisms and complications connected to this advanced malnutrition. The patient subsequently developed extensive pulmonary destruction, persistent air leaks, and infections secondary to this condition leading to respiratory failure and sepsis. Multiorgan involvement included myocardial dystrophy, polyfactorial anemia, thrombocytopenia, secondary immunodeficiency, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Surgical management was complicated by failure of lung reinflation after collapse and progressive respiratory failure regardless of the segmentectomy performed. The progressive course and combined systemic risks illustrated the severity of complications in advanced anorexia nervosa. This case elucidates the multiorgan impact of anorexia nervosa and the challenges encountered in managing complex pulmonary complications and surgical risks. Clinicians should focus on early detection, aggressive primary care with attentive nutritional and infection control, and careful clinical judgment for surgery, when conservative therapy fails.

Uncontrolled diabetes leading to pneumonia, diabetic ketoacidosis and refractory shock: a vicious cycle

2026-08-01T02:02:20+00:00

Diabetes mellitus (DM) puts people at risk of infections and metabolic crises diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Another common precipitant is pneumonia, it has the power to aggravate hemodynamic instability by causing systemic inflammation, and acidosis. A 52-year-old male who has had a history of poorly controlled type 2 DM presented with fever, cough, breathlessness, and altered sensorium in the last three days. Patient was febrile (38.6^o C), tachycardic (124 beats/min), hypotensive (84/56 mmHg), tachypneic (32 breaths/min), and hypoxic (SpO₂ 86% on room air) at the time of admission. Auscultation of the chest showed signs of crepitation in the lower right lung fields. Incidents revealed random blood glucose 486 mg/dl, arterial pH 7.05, HCO₃-8 mmol/L, PaCO₂ 18 mmHg and presence of serum ketones, which is typical of DKA. The X-ray of the chest showed right-lower-lobe consolidation. Despite the fluid resuscitation, insulin infusion, and inotropic support, hypotension prevailed until the restoration of acidosis. Optimization of antibiotics was by testing of external procalcitonin. Upon stabilization of the pH, the patient was discharged on day 9 with strict glycemic control recommendations. The combination of infection, DKA, and shock is highly pathophysiological interactive as evidenced in this case. Metabolic acidosis needs to be corrected to reinstate the vascular responsiveness. The ability to adjust to changing circumstances and make clinical decisions is crucial to the provision of the best care in resource-restricted settings.

Generalized bullous fixed drug eruption mimicking Stevens-Johnson syndrome: a case report

2026-08-01T01:58:15+00:00

Bullous fixed drug eruption (BFDE) is a rare but severe cutaneous adverse drug reaction that may mimic Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN). A 58-year-old male with diabetes, hypertension, and coronary artery disease developed multiple erythematous and bullous lesions within 24 hours of initiating levofloxacin and ornidazole for a nail bed infection. He had a prior history of similar reaction. Clinical diagnosis of generalized BFDE was made based on history and presentation. Naranjo score indicated a possible adverse drug reaction. The suspected drugs were discontinued. The patient was managed conservatively with topical steroids, antihistamines, and supportive care. The patient improved with residual hyperpigmentation. Early recognition and differentiation from SJS/TEN are crucial to avoid unnecessary aggressive treatment and prevent recurrence.

Recurrent tubercular lymphadenitis in an HIV-positive hospital sanitation worker: a clinicosocial case report

2026-08-01T01:55:45+00:00

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading opportunistic infections among people living with HIV, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), especially tubercular lymphadenitis, is more common among immunocompromised individuals and may present with recurrent disease, diagnostic difficulties, and prolonged treatment requirements. We report the case of a 26-year-old HIV-positive male hospital sanitation worker who developed recurrent bilateral infraclavicular tubercular lymphadenitis with cold abscess formation despite regular antiretroviral therapy (ART) and anti-tubercular treatment (ATT). The patient belonged to a socioeconomically vulnerable background with undernutrition, overcrowded housing, and probable occupational exposure to infectious material. Investigations including FNAC, ultrasonography, and CBNAAT confirmed drug-sensitive tubercular lymphadenitis. The patient demonstrated good adherence to both ART and ATT but experienced recurrent episodes requiring prolonged management under the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP). This case highlights the complex interaction between HIV infection, occupational vulnerability, undernutrition, and adverse social determinants contributing to recurrent extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Strengthening occupational safety measures, nutritional support, and integrated HIV-TB care is essential for vulnerable healthcare-associated workers.

A simplified approach to mandibular tooth-borne overlay denture: a case report

2026-08-01T01:55:39+00:00

Tooth supported overdentures are considered as a viable treatment option for patients with very few retained teeth. The presence of 2 to 4 remaining natural teeth bilaterally spread, are considered ideal option for a tooth supported overdenture. Tooth supported overdentures have varied advantages such as minimally invasive, cost effective and better proprioception compared to implant supported over-dentures. This case study elaborates the clinical steps in the fabrication of a tooth supported mandibular overlay denture for a 71-year-old patient with a completely edentulous upper arch and only the premolars remaining in the lower arch. In spite of the varied modes of retention such as mechanical and magnetic, a frictional mode of retention is chosen in this case.

Community trust and culturally sensitive mobilisation enabling cataract surgery uptake among tribals in rural West Bengal: a case report

2026-08-01T01:53:39+00:00

Cataract remains the leading cause of avoidable blindness in India, particularly among elderly populations residing in rural and underserved settings. Despite availability of free surgical services, uptake of cataract surgery is often limited by fear, misinformation, and lack of trust in healthcare systems. This case report describes how culturally sensitive community engagement facilitated cataract surgery acceptance among a tribal older adult in rural West Bengal. An elderly Oraon tribal man from a tea garden community in Alipurduar district of West Bengal was identified with visually disabling cataract during outreach activities under the Netra Vasant Rural Eye Health Programme. Despite repeated counselling and multiple home visits by programme workers, he consistently refused surgery due to fear and hesitation. Conventional awareness approaches including posters, interpersonal communication, and repeated counselling failed to convince him. Subsequently, a respected local community leader from the same tribal background who spoke the Oraon dialect was engaged for counselling. Through culturally familiar communication and trust-based interaction, the patient agreed to undergo cataract surgery. The patient successfully underwent free cataract surgery at a partner hospital and received follow-up care through the programme. Following surgery, he experienced substantial improvement in vision and resumed independent mobility and daily activities. His positive experience also influenced community perceptions regarding cataract surgery. This case highlights the importance of culturally responsive community engagement and local trust networks in improving uptake of eye health services among underserved tribal populations. Integrating community champions into public health programmes may strengthen healthcare utilisation and reduce avoidable blindness in rural settings.

Nutritional modulation of inflammation in knee osteoarthritis: integrating dietary bioactives into precision disease modification

2026-08-01T01:55:42+00:00

Traditionally thought of as a degenerative joint condition, knee osteoarthritis (OA) is now more widely understood as a chronic low-grade inflammatory and metabolic disease, with systemic factors like food having a major impact on the disease's start, progression, and severity of symptoms. The growing notion of "metabolic OA " underscores how dietary inflammation affects joint health.

Punicalagin from pomegranate: a polyphenolic modulator of inflammation and cartilage homeostasis in knee and joint pain

2026-08-01T01:55:41+00:00

Knee osteoarthritis is increasingly recognized as a multifactorial disorder rather than simple “wear and tear.” Pain and cartilage degradation are caused by oxidative stress, metabolic imbalance, and chronic low-grade inflammation. NF κB is a significant therapeutic target because it is a key regulator of inflammation which promotes the production of cytokines and matrix breakdown.

Epidemiology of major limb amputation in India: a systematic review of regional and demographic trends

2026-08-01T01:55:37+00:00

Major limb amputation remains an important cause of disability worldwide and is associated with substantial physical, psychological, social, and economic consequences. This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology, etiology, and regional variation of major limb amputations in India. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched from January 1980 to March 2026. Of 150 records identified, 14 studies met inclusion criteria. A total of 7,272 patients were analyzed. Trauma accounted for 5,316 cases (73.1%) and non-traumatic causes for 1,956 cases (26.9%). Males represented 81.3% of reported patients and lower-limb amputations accounted for 90.8% of all reported amputations. Major limb amputation remains a significant public health challenge in India. Strengthening injury-prevention initiatives, improving management of diabetes and vascular disease, and expanding access to rehabilitation and prosthetic services may help reduce the burden of limb loss in India.

Diabetic neuropathy: risk factors, prevalence and impact on quality of life: a systematic review

2026-08-01T02:00:16+00:00

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is among the most common and disabling complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is associated with substantial morbidity, impaired quality of life, and increased mortality. Early diagnosis remains challenging, and many patients are identified only after irreversible nerve damage has occurred. The objectives of the study were: to determine the global prevalence of diabetic neuropathy, identify major risk factors associated with its development, and evaluate its impact on quality of life. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library was conducted from inception through March 2026. Studies reporting prevalence, risk factors, or quality-of-life outcomes of diabetic neuropathy were included. Two independent reviewers performed study selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled prevalence, odds ratios (ORs), and standardized mean differences (SMDs). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic. Thirty-three studies involving over 150,000 individuals with diabetes were included. The pooled global prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy was 38.5% (95% CI: 35.1–42.0%), with higher rates in developing countries. Significant risk factors included increasing age (OR: 1.04 per year; 95% CI: 1.03–1.05), poor glycemic control (HbA1c >7.0%; OR: 2.15; 95% CI: 1.89–2.45), and dyslipidemia (OR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.37–1.91). Patients with diabetic neuropathy had significantly poorer quality of life, particularly in physical functioning domains (SMD: −0.78; 95% CI: −0.92 to −0.64). DN affects over one-third of individuals with diabetes and is strongly associated with modifiable risk factors and reduced quality of life.

Hypertension burden in Northwest India: a systematic review of prevalence, risk factors and care cascade in Punjab and Haryana (2021-2026)

2026-08-01T01:59:09+00:00

Hypertension is the leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and premature mortality globally. Punjab and Haryana, two high-income agricultural states of northwestern India, have consistently reported hypertension prevalence rates substantially exceeding the national average, driven by distinctive socio-cultural, dietary, and occupational risk profiles. A systematic review was conducted using PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed studies published from January 2021 to May 2026 reporting hypertension prevalence and/or risk factors among adults (age ≥18 years) in Punjab or Haryana. PRISMA guidelines were followed. Of 400 records identified, 46 studies were included after rigorous screening. In Punjab, hypertension prevalence ranged from 24.3% to 40.1% in state-wide surveys, and reached 62% in Ludhiana. In Haryana, prevalence ranged from 17.26% to 59% across community and facility-based studies. A prospective cohort study documented a significant rise from 34.4% to 40.4% over eight years in rural Haryana. Hypertension awareness was 48.3%, treatment 30.9%, and control 18.3% in Punjab; in Haryana, awareness was 33.4%, treatment 26.3%, and control was only 12%. Major risk factors included increasing age, male sex, obesity, high dietary salt intake, physical inactivity, tobacco and alcohol use, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, and psychological stress. A novel finding was global DNA hypomethylation as an epigenetic correlate of hypertension in rural Punjab. The hypertension burden in Punjab and Haryana continues to rise with suboptimal awareness, treatment, and control (ATC) rates. Expansion of the India Hypertension Control Initiative, targeted dietary and occupational health programmes, and district-representative longitudinal studies are urgently required.

Scope of Ayurvedic interventions for insomnia: a systematic review protocol

2026-08-01T01:55:35+00:00

Background: Anidra (Insomnia), corresponding to the ICD-11 TM2 code SK02 and ICD-10/ICD-11 codes G47.00, F51.01, and 7A00, is a highly prevalent global disorder affecting 10–30% of the population, with significant impacts on mental health and quality of life. Current pharmacological treatments are limited by side effects and tolerance, and although Ayurveda offers a comprehensive range of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies for insomnia, the existing evidence remains scattered and inadequately synthesized.

Methods: This systematic review will evaluate and synthesize the methodological quality, safety, and effectiveness of Ayurvedic interventions for insomnia. Randomized controlled trials, comparative clinical trials, non-randomized controlled trials, and quasi-experimental studies involving adolescents and adults with insomnia (Anidra/Nidranasha), assessed using validated scales (ISI, PSQI) or objective sleep parameters (SOL, TST, SE%), will be included. Comparators will include standard care (hypnotics, CBT-I), placebo, or other conventional approaches. Searches will be conducted in trial registries and databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, PubMed Central, AYUSH Research Portal, Ayushdhara, Shodhganga, and Google Scholar. Two independent reviewers will screen studies and extract data as per PRISMA guidelines, and risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool. Findings will be synthesized narratively (SWiM), and the certainty of evidence will be assessed using GRADE.

Conclusions: This review will consolidate the existing evidence on Ayurvedic interventions for insomnia, identify critical research gaps, and provide a scientific foundation for future high-quality clinical trials and evidence-based Ayurvedic practice.

Trial Registration: Trial registration isCRD420251180334 (PROSPERO).

The 4D virtual patient in digital dentistry: can multimodal data integration and specialty-specific applications pave the road toward dental digital twins?

2026-07-11T01:16:00+00:00

The virtual patient in dentistry represents an integrated digital model rather than a single imaging modality or isolated digital workflow. This structured narrative review examined the principal components, clinical applications, and translational limitations of virtual-patient approaches in dentistry, including intraoral scanning, cone-beam computed tomography, facial scanning, digital photography, jaw-motion tracking, virtual articulation, occlusal analysis, and emerging digital-twin concepts. A literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted, and the evidence was analyzed comparatively according to data source, integration method, specialty-specific application, clinical purpose, and current evidence maturity across periodontics, implant dentistry, prosthodontics, orthodontics, endodontics, pediatric dentistry, and oral and maxillofacial surgery. Overall, the findings suggest that the virtual patient does not represent a uniform level of clinical maturity across dental disciplines. Prosthodontics, implant dentistry, orthodontics, and oral and maxillofacial surgery currently show the strongest clinically anchored applications, particularly for facially driven treatment planning, prosthetically guided implant placement, digital setups, orthognathic simulation, and surgical transfer. By contrast, applications in periodontics, endodontics, and pediatric dentistry remain more focused on diagnosis, monitoring, guided precision, and longitudinal documentation rather than fully predictive digital modelling. Current limitations include registration error, scanner-dependent accuracy, soft-tissue distortion, CBCT artifacts, incomplete dynamic occlusal simulation, software interoperability barriers, and limited evidence linking virtual-patient workflows to long-term clinical outcomes. Future progress will depend on standardized validation studies that assess accuracy, transfer reliability, clinical efficiency, patient communication, and patient-relevant outcomes, while clearly distinguishing virtual-patient modelling from the more ambitious concept of a true dental digital twin.

Review of clinical guidelines for the management of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care setting

2026-07-11T01:15:57+00:00

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic condition affecting the respiratory system leading to dyspnea, cough and sputum, and also impacting the quality of life significantly as the condition progresses. It affects more than 400 million people globally and anticipated that the prevalence will continue to increase. The condition is marred by exacerbations intermittently, worsening the symptoms and requiring use of bronchodilators, corticosteroids and where needed the antibiotics. There are many international clinical guidelines available on management of acute exacerbations in COPD and their recommendations. We compared the available international guidelines on their advice on the management of acute exacerbation of COPD. We selected Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) report 2026, COPD-X plan: Australian and New Zealand guidelines for the management of COPD 2025, National Institue for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) COPD 2018 guideline and management of COPD exacerbations: European Respiratory Society and Americal Thorasic Society (ERS/ATS) guideline 2017. The 4 guidelines recommendations on use of bronchodilators, corticosteroids and antibiotics during acute exacerbation of COPD are mutually similar and agree on use of these, except ERS/ATS guideline which has not commented on antibiotic use. The dosage of steroids is similar from the guidelines and the choice of antibiotic also. We concluded that bronchodilators, corticosteroids and antibiotics during acute exacerbation of COPD is recommended by major international clinical guidelines.

Nutritional deficiencies associated with anti-obesity pharmacotherapy

2026-07-15T01:18:00+00:00

Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial disease associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden worldwide. The increasing prevalence of obesity has led to expanded use of anti-obesity pharmacotherapy as an adjunct to lifestyle modification for achieving sustained weight reduction and improving obesity-related comorbidities. Recent advances in pharmacological treatment, particularly with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide GLP-1 receptor agonists, have significantly improved weight-loss outcomes compared with earlier therapies. Despite these therapeutic benefits, growing evidence suggests that anti-obesity medications may influence nutritional status through mechanisms including reduced energy intake, appetite suppression, delayed gastric emptying, gastrointestinal adverse effects, and impaired nutrient absorption. These physiological changes may increase the risk of deficiencies involving both macronutrients and micronutrients, particularly during prolonged treatment or rapid weight loss. Orlistat has been consistently associated with reduced absorption of fat-soluble vitamins due to inhibition of intestinal fat absorption, whereas appetite-suppressing agents may contribute to inadequate intake of protein, iron, calcium, vitamin B12, folate, zinc, magnesium, and other essential nutrients by limiting overall food consumption. Individuals with obesity often present with pre-existing nutritional inadequacies, making them more susceptible to clinically significant deficiencies during pharmacological therapy. Preservation of lean body mass, maintenance of adequate protein intake, and ensuring sufficient dietary quality have become increasingly important considerations in modern obesity management. Nutritional assessment should therefore extend beyond body weight to include dietary evaluation, body composition, biochemical monitoring when indicated, and individualized nutrition support. Clinical management requires recognition of the distinct nutritional profiles associated with different classes of anti-obesity medications to facilitate appropriate dietary counseling, targeted supplementation, and regular follow-up. Integrating pharmacological therapy with comprehensive nutritional care may enhance treatment effectiveness while reducing the likelihood of adverse nutritional consequences. As the use of highly effective anti-obesity medications continues to expand, greater emphasis on nutritional monitoring and individualized patient management will be essential for maximizing long-term health outcomes and ensuring safe, sustainable weight management.

The role of pharmacists in antimicrobial stewardship: a scoping review

2026-08-01T01:58:18+00:00

Antimicrobial stewardship programs optimize antimicrobial use and combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This scoping review examines the roles of pharmacists in antimicrobial stewardship, pharmacist-led interventions, barriers to participation, and recognition mechanisms to enhance pharmacist engagement. The study followed PRISMA methodology, searching databases for literature published between 2010 and 2023. Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. The review reveals that pharmacists undertake a range of functions, including administering pharmacotherapy, monitoring therapeutic drugs, and assessing patients for optimal treatment. Effective pharmacist-led interventions include audit and feedback systems, prior authorization protocols with educational components, real-time alert technologies, and the implementation of evidence-based guidelines. However, key barriers to participation include limited access to resources, ineffective inter-professional communication, and organizational constraints. The review further reveals that recognition mechanisms identified to enhance pharmacist engagement include administrative support, increased involvement in decision-making, enhanced education, and streamlined processes. The review emphasizes the importance of individualizing antimicrobial strategies through interprofessional collaboration, expanding education, implementing clinical decision support systems, fostering an antimicrobial stewardship culture, and supporting research innovations. Addressing the identified barriers and enhancing support mechanisms will maximize pharmacists' contributions to antimicrobial stewardship, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Artificial intelligence and technology in paediatric dentistry: a review

2026-08-01T01:53:31+00:00

The field of pediatric dentistry is undergoing a paradigm shift, moving from a reactive model to one that embraces precision, prevention and the power of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Digital Technologies (DT). These innovations offer exciting opportunities to transform diagnosis, management and treatment of paediatric oral health conditions. This study evaluates the role of AI and DT in pediatric dentistry, with emphasis on diagnostics, behavioral management, prevention and orthodontic planning. A thorough evaluation of the literature was carried out using Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and the Cochrane Library. A comprehensive review was conducted of peer-reviewed publications, clinical trials and meta-analyses published between 2015 and 2026 and included 38 studies. Four areas of evidence were combined: computer-aided orthodontic planning, digital behavioral therapies, smart preventative tracking and automated diagnostics. Deep learning (DL) models, including convolutional neural network (CNN), you only look once version 8 (YOLOv8) and inception residual network version 2 (Inception-ResNet-v2), demonstrated specialist-level accuracy in early caries detection, pathology mapping and cervical vertebral maturation staging. Virtual reality (VR) reduced procedural anxiety, while social robotics improved patient cooperation. Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled smart toothbrushes and machine learning models (ML) supported remote monitoring and personalized prevention; whereas intraoral scanning combined with three-dimensional (3D) printing enabled rapid fabrication of high-precision pediatric dental appliances. AI and DT are transforming pediatric dentistry by improving diagnostic accuracy, patient engagement, preventive care and treatment efficiency. However, their wider adoption requires robust datasets, standardized validation and multicenter clinical studies to ensure safe and effective implementation.

Gestational diabetes mellitus management among obese women in primary health care settings in Qatar: a comprehensive review

2026-08-01T01:53:36+00:00

Gestational diabetes mellitus is a major public health concern because of its association with adverse maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes. The clinical burden is particularly high among women with obesity, who commonly enter pregnancy with pre-existing insulin resistance and an elevated risk of excessive gestational weight gain, hypertensive disorders, operative delivery, and future type 2 diabetes. Qatar has a high prevalence of obesity and diabetes, and recent national data indicate that gestational diabetes affects a substantial proportion of pregnancies. Primary health care services are therefore central to early risk assessment, screening, nutrition therapy, glucose monitoring, pharmacological treatment, referral, and postpartum prevention. This narrative review examines the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, screening, diagnosis, and evidence-based management of gestational diabetes among women with obesity in Qatar. It emphasizes individualized medical nutrition therapy, safe physical activity, appropriate gestational weight-gain targets, self-monitoring of blood glucose, timely initiation of pharmacological therapy, multidisciplinary care, and structured postpartum follow-up. The review also addresses culturally relevant dietary practices, language and health-literacy barriers, digital-health opportunities, and the need for stronger continuity between antenatal and long-term primary care.

High-protein albumin-based nutritional support in severe hypoalbuminemia: a narrative review of ALBUCURE efficacy, tolerability and clinical outcomes

2026-07-19T03:46:37+00:00

Hypoalbuminemia is a common clinical condition among hospitalized patients and is linked with increased morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, impaired wound healing, infections, and mortality. Nutritional interventions aimed at improving protein intake may enhance endogenous albumin synthesis and improve clinical outcomes. A narrative review of published literature was conducted using studies evaluating high protein nutritional supplement, particularly egg white derived albumin formulations, in patients with hypoalbuminemia. Relevant clinical studies, reviews, and nutritional guidelines published in peer-reviewed journals were examined. Available evidence suggests that high-protein albumin formulations significantly improve dietary protein intake, nutritional status, and serum albumin concentrations in hospitalized patients. Egg-white-derived proteins possess high biological value, complete essential amino acid composition, and excellent digestibility. Clinical studies evaluating formulations such as Albuwise showed improvements in serum albumin levels, and gastrointestinal tolerance. Oral nutritional supplementation appears to offer advantages over intravenous albumin administration by addressing underlying nutritional deficits while remaining cost-effective and sustainable. High protein albumin formulations such as ALBUCURE may represent a promising nutritional strategy for managing severe hypoalbuminemia in hospitalized patients. Current evidence supports their efficacy and tolerability; however, large randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive clinical recommendations.

Human placentophagy: an appraisal of benefits, risks and beliefs

2026-08-01T02:00:19+00:00

Placentophagy is the practice of consuming placenta by mothers following childbirth, is a common among nearly all non-human mammals but remains rare and controversial in humans. Recently, it has gained popularity in Western societies as a natural approach to postpartum recovery, though supporting evidence is limited. This review explores the historical, cultural, physiological, and contemporary perspectives of human placentophagy, focusing on its practices, perceived benefits, risks, ethical issues, and public perceptions. Media influence of consumption of placenta in encapsulated form with claimed benefits for mother have shaped public acceptance more than clinical findings. However, scientific evidences are scanty. Human placentophagy is better understood as a modern cultural trend than an evidence-based practice. While perceived as empowering by some mothers, its benefits remain unproven and risks underrecognized. Healthcare providers should offer balanced, evidence-based counseling, and further clinical based research is vital in this area.

Bridging human genetics and community medicine: emerging applications for precision public health

2026-08-01T01:58:22+00:00

Historically, human genetics and community medicine have evolved as separate disciplines. The domain of genetics has been on molecular mechanisms of disease and community medicine has traditionally been on prevention at the population level and health systems. Over the last two decades, advances in genomic technologies, falling sequencing costs and the expansion of large-scale biobanks have made it possible to integrate genetic insights into public health. This convergence has led to the development of precision public health, which seeks to improve disease prevention, risk stratification and health interventions at the population level. Moreover, in countries such as India, the distinct genetic diversity resulting from endogamy and founder effects points to the necessity of population-specific genomic approaches within public health frameworks. This review summarizes the existing evidence for the incorporation of human genetics into community medicine in the following areas: genetic epidemiology, population risk prediction, genetic screening across the life course, infectious disease genomics, pharmacogenomics, and genetic determinants of non-communicable diseases. It shows the potential of tools such as polygenic risk scores, pathogen genome sequencing and pharmacogenomic testing to enhance early detection, targeted prevention and rational therapeutics. The review also discusses the Indian context, with examples of national initiatives such as the Genome, India Project and the National Sickle Cell Elimination Mission as examples of translating genomic science to public health practice. Crucially, it addresses implementation challenges such as ancestry bias, ethical considerations, health system readiness, and the need for culturally sensitive community engagement.

Handling manuscript submission, revision and acceptance: a young author’s guide

2026-08-01T01:59:13+00:00

Publishing research in reputable journals is a challenging yet rewarding process that demands patience, persistence, and continuous learning. Manuscript rejection is a common experience in academic publishing, with rejection rates in many indexed journals ranging from 80% to 95%. Despite this, rejection should not be viewed as failure. This paper explores the common reasons for manuscript rejection and provides practical guidance for young researchers to improve their chances of publication success. Key areas discussed include selecting an appropriate journal, assessing journal quality, understanding journal scope, and carefully following author guidelines. The article also highlights the importance of strong scientific writing, clear titles, effective abstracts, structured introductions, and rigorous methodology. Main focus is placed on constructive handling of reviewer feedback and maintaining professionalism after rejection. Finally, successful scientific publishing depends on careful preparation, clarity, resilience, and dedication to producing high-quality research that contributes meaningfully to the scientific community.

Data-driven decision making in malaria control: the role of AI in the public health policy

2026-08-01T01:55:41+00:00

Malaria endures a significant part in public health concern, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Traditional malaria control methods often face limitations with surveillance, diagnosis and efficient resource allocation. This review explores the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in augmenting data-driven decision-making for malaria control and elimination efforts, focusing on surveillance systems, enhancing the effectiveness of intervention strategies and optimizing the resource allocations. AI technologies, mainly machine learning algorithms and computer vision systems, demonstrate significant potential in improving malaria control outcomes. Key findings include increased accuracy in outbreak prediction, improved diagnostic precision through automated microscopy and optimized resource allocation reducing response times. Additionally, deep learning models are emerging as promising tools in identifying drug resistance patterns and personalizing treatment protocols. AI integration in malaria control programs offers substantial benefits for public health decision-making. In this article, we conducted a comprehensive review of peer-reviewed literature, analyzing AI applications in malaria control across key domains such as surveillance, diagnosis, treatment and resource management. However, effective implementation requires robust data infrastructure, ethical frameworks addressing algorithmic bias and sustained international collaboration. Future directions prioritize equitable access, capacity building and development of standardized evaluation metrics for evaluating AI-driven interventions.

Nafithromycin: a pharmacological and microbiological overview of a new-generation lactone-ketolide for combating antimicrobial resistance

2026-08-01T01:55:34+00:00

There has been a rapid increase in antimicrobial resistance, particularly among respiratory pathogens, which poses a serious global challenge to the effective treatment of infectious diseases. Nafithromycin is a next-generation macrolide antibiotic and India’s first indigenously developed drug in this class, representing a major therapeutic breakthrough after more than three decades. Based on its chemical structure, nafithromycin is categorized as a lactone-ketolide. This agent demonstrates favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties along with enhanced hepatic safety when compared to earlier ketolides. Nafithromycin also exhibits improved ribosomal binding and excellent lung tissue penetration. This review focuses on the pharmacological and microbiological aspects of nafithromycin, including its antimicrobial spectrum, safety profile, clinical trial data, and overall tolerability.

Stature estimation from anthropometric head measurements in adults: South Indian populations

2026-08-01T01:53:41+00:00

Anthropometric evaluation of head and craniofacial dimensions is a cornerstone of human biological research with important applications in forensic science, clinical medicine, ergonomics and anthropology. South Indian populations exhibit substantial biological and sociocultural diversity making population-specific cranial reference standards. This review critically synthesizes existing literature on head anthropometry in South Indian adults focusing on biological determinants, regional variability and practical applications. The evidence indicates that adult head dimensions demonstrate relative post-maturity stability with limited age-related remodeling. The review highlights the relevance of head anthropometry in forensic identification, including sex determination, population affinity assessment and disaster victim identification. Emerging directions such as multicentric studies, three-dimensional imaging, artificial intelligence based morphometric analysis.

Global hantavirus outbreak and the lessons to be learnt for India: epidemiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, surveillance and way forward

2026-08-01T01:54:36+00:00

Hantaviruses are emerging zoonotic pathogens of the family Hantaviridae that are present in rodent and insectivore reservoirs. They are transmitted primarily through inhalation of contaminated aerosols. Globally, it causes two major clinical syndromes: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), predominantly in Asia and Europe and Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCS), primarily seen in the Americas. The 2026 multinational Andes virus Outbreak linked to the expedition cruise ship MV Hondius demonstrated the potential for rapid international dissemination of Hantavirus through global travel, resulting in multiple cases, deaths, and large-scale cross-border public health responses. The outbreak highlighted the importance of genomic surveillance, international collaboration, contact tracing, and preparedness for emerging zoonotic threats. India possesses ecological conditions favorable for hantavirus circulation and has documented evidence of hantavirus-related viruses. The apparent absence of major hantavirus outbreaks in India may reflect surveillance and diagnostic gaps rather than the true absence of disease. Strengthening one health surveillance, laboratory capacity, rodent monitoring, genomic sequencing, and clinician awareness is essential to enhance preparedness against emerging hantavirus threats.

OriPro 2.0: a low-glycemic, high-protein peptide-based nutritional supplement for clinical nutrition support – current evidence and future perspectives

2026-08-01T01:53:33+00:00

Disease related malnutrition remains a major problem in hospitalized and critical patients, contributing significantly to prolonged hospitalization; prone to susceptibility to infections, delayed wound healing, muscle wasting, and increased mortality. Optimizing nutritional therapy has therefore become an important component of multidisciplinary clinical care. High-protein, peptide based nutritional supplements have gained an attention because they are designed to improve nutrient absorption rate, preserve lean body mass, support gastrointestinal tolerance, and enhance metabolic recovery. Among these specialized formula supplementation, OriPro 2.0 is a high calorie, high protein, peptide based oral and enteral supplement formulated with whey protein hydrolysate, concentrated whey protein, medium-chain triglycerides, dietary fiber, prebiotics, vitamins and minerals. This review summarizes current scientific evidence regarding the nutritional composition, physiological function, glycemic characteristics, and potential clinical applications of OriPro 2.0. Particular importance is placed on the role of peptide based nutrition in critically ill patients, individuals with gastrointestinal dysfunction, postoperative patients, geriatrics with sarcopenia, and patients experiencing disease-related malnutrition. Available evidence indicates that peptide-based formulations improve protein digestion, amino acid absorption, nitrogen balance, and gastrointestinal tolerance compared with conventional polymeric formulas in particular patient populations. Furthermore, the glycemic index study of OriPro 2.0 showed a low GI value (36±5), suggesting that the formulation may contribute to improved postprandial glucose control while maintaining adequate caloric and protein intake. The combination of derived peptides from whey, complex carbohydrates, medium chain triglycerides, soluble fiber, and micronutrients provides strong physiological functions for its use in medical nutrition therapy. However, despite promising nutritional characteristics, direct clinical evidence evaluating OriPro 2.0 remains limited. Most available data supporting peptide-based nutrition originate from studies evaluating similar formulations rather than OriPro 2.0 itself. Large multicenter randomized controlled trials are therefore required to establish its efficacy, safety, cost effectiveness, and prolong clinical outcomes across varieties of patients. Overall, OriPro 2.0 represents a promising specialized nutritional supplement with potential applications in metabolic support and clinical nutrition. Future evidence-based investigations should determine its effectiveness in improving nutritional status, glycemic control, gastrointestinal tolerance, inflammatory responses, and functional recovery.