International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health

Sexual violence as a factor contributing to adolescent pregnancy in lower middle-income countries: a systematic review

2025-11-01T03:52:01+00:00

Adolescent pregnancy, particularly unintended, is influenced by multiple factors at individual, community, and societal levels. According to the WHO, 95% of adolescent pregnancies occur in low- and middle-income countries, with a majority being unintended. Sexual violence is one of the keys, yet underexplored, contributors to such pregnancies. This systematic review aimed to explore the association between sexual violence and adolescent pregnancy in lower-middle-income countries, as classified by the World Bank. The literature search was conducted using the terms “Adolescent Pregnancy” AND “Sexual Violence” across PubMed and Google Scholar. Out of 1001 articles identified, five peer-reviewed studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Findings revealed that most first pregnancies among adolescents were unintended and often linked to sexual violence, including forced sex, coercion, or rape. The COVID-19 pandemic, with its related lockdowns and school closures, has further increased adolescent girls’ vulnerability by deepening poverty and limiting access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services. All studies emphasized the urgent need for poverty reduction strategies, improved access to SRH services, and comprehensive sexuality education. Empowering adolescent girls with knowledge and resources to protect themselves from sexual abuse and coercion is critical. Policymakers must prioritize interventions that address gender inequalities and strengthen protection mechanisms against sexual violence to prevent unintended adolescent pregnancies.

Digital mental health interventions for substance use prevention among youths in the Niger Delta: a systematic review

2025-11-01T03:50:19+00:00

Digital mental health interventions (DMHIs) offer a promising, accessible, and less stigmatizing approach to combating the global challenge of youth substance use, a critical issue amplified in the Niger Delta due to socio-economic factors and limited healthcare access. This review synthesized findings on DMHI effectiveness, technologies, strengths, and limitations, with implications for the Niger Delta. While DMHIs effectively address general youth mental health, direct evidence for primary substance use prevention is limited, often focusing on early intervention with an alcohol-centric bias. Web-based and mobile apps are preferred technologies, showing high youth acceptability. Key strengths include accessibility, reach, and engagement; however, challenges like low adherence, limited long-term data, and methodological quality persist. Crucially, interventions need cultural adaptation and sustainable funding, especially in regions like Sub-Saharan Africa where a significant gap in youth mental health DMHIs exists and digital access varies. Successful implementation in the Niger Delta requires context-specific, culturally appropriate DMHIs that address diverse substances, incorporate human support, and ensure rigorous evaluation.

The positive impact of electronic healthcare integration on quality and safety: a systematic review

2025-11-01T03:50:20+00:00

In the modern world, the vast and ever-growing volume of medical knowledge has become so large that clinicians may not be able to process it effectively, contributing to medical errors and suboptimal care worldwide. At this time, the most effective way to improve global health is to focus on the implementation of e-health globally. The rapid evolution of e-health technologies presents a transformative opportunity to enhance healthcare delivery. This literature review aims to synthesize evidence on the positive impact of integrating e-health solutions on the quality and safety of patient care. The goal of our research is to examine the benefits and challenges of e-healthcare and make global recommendations for both Georgia and the healthcare system in general. The research methodology is a literature review with narrative synthesis; A comprehensive narrative review of scholarly articles published in English over the last 10 years (2015-2025) was conducted. Key databases were systematically searched using terms such as "e-health," "digital health," "telemedicine," "health information technology," "quality of care," "patient safety," and "healthcare outcomes." Inclusion criteria focused on studies evaluating the direct or indirect positive effects of e-health interventions on quality and safety metrics. The review reveals consistent evidence demonstrating that e-health integration significantly contributes to improved healthcare quality and safety. Specific positive impacts include enhanced diagnostic accuracy through remote consultations, reduced medication errors via electronic prescribing systems, increased patient engagement and adherence through digital health platforms, and more efficient care coordination facilitated by shared electronic health records (EHRs). Furthermore, e-health has been shown to improve access to care, particularly in remote areas, and to bolster surveillance and response capabilities during public health crises, thereby indirectly safeguarding population health. This further proves that the best way to develop global healthcare is to integrate e-health and develop appropriate programs globally. The findings underscore the critical role of e-health in fostering a safer and higher-quality healthcare environment. Strategic integration of these technologies can lead to tangible improvements in patient outcomes, operational efficiency, and overall system resilience. Future research should focus on optimizing implementation strategies and addressing potential disparities to maximize the benefits of e-health across diverse healthcare settings.

Understanding the researcher roadblocks: a systematic review protocol on challenges to medical research in India

2025-11-01T03:50:25+00:00

Background: Conducting medical research is important for enhancing healthcare outcomes and informing policy decisions. In India, medical researchers face multiple barriers that may impact their ability to conduct research in an efficient manner. This systematic review intends to identify and synthesis the barriers faced by medical researchers in India.

Methods: This review will be conducted according to the PICo framework, considering population, phenomenon of interest, and context. The population will be medical researchers in India working across various institutions. The phenomenon of interest will be the challenges faced while conducting medical research. The context will include all individual, public and private research organisations in India. A comprehensive search strategy will be designed and carried out across various databases, including PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and grey literature sources. Two independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts and full text using Rayyan, and quality assessment using appropriate tools such as COREQ, JBI, RoB 2, or ROBINS-I, based on the study design. Data extraction will be carried out using a standardised form. Qualitative data will be meta-aggregated, and quantitative data will be meta-analysed where homogeneity is feasible; otherwise, it will be narratively synthesised.

Conclusions: This review will be conducted according to the PICo framework, considering population, phenomenon of interest, and context. The population will be medical researchers in India working across various institutions. The phenomenon of interest will be the challenges faced while conducting medical research. The context will include all individual, public and private research organisations in India. A comprehensive search strategy will be designed and carried out across various databases, including PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and grey literature sources. Two independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts and full text using Rayyan, and quality assessment using appropriate tools such as COREQ, JBI, RoB 2, or ROBINS-I, based on the study design. Data extraction will be carried out using a standardised form. Qualitative data will be meta-aggregated, and quantitative data will be meta-analysed where homogeneity is feasible; otherwise, it will be narratively synthesised.

Trial registration: This systematic review has been registered prospectively with PROSPERO under CRD420251038583.

Close calls in obstetrics: lessons from maternal near miss cases at a tertiary hospital

2025-11-01T03:49:05+00:00

Maternal near-miss (MNM) events offer critical insight into the gaps and successes in obstetric care without the finality of mortality. Evaluating these cases helps identify missed opportunities, systemic weaknesses, and areas for improvement in clinical response. This case series includes nine MNM cases. Four cases had hypertensive disorders five had haemorrhagic complications. Two women in hypertensive group had Antepartum eclampsia around 32 weeks, both required emergency cesarean sections and intensive care. They are also screen positive for Preeclampsia and on aspirin prophylaxis. Another patient developed eclampsia on postpartum day 10 revealing posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Fourth patient, a twin gestation at 33 weeks, an IVF conception presented with breathlessness and was diagnosed with peripartum cardiomyopathy. Among the five with haemorrhage complications, two had massive placental abruption at 35 weeks. One with Takayasu arteritis and one with dilated cardiomyopathy had Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH), managed with B-Lynch sutures. Third one had atonic PPH and fourth patient had traumatic PPH which required uterine artery embolization. The final case had postoperative intramyometrial haemorrhage on 2nd postoperative day after cesarean myomectomy, requiring emergency laparotomy. All patients received Packed red blood cell [PRBC] transfusion and intense monitoring done. All nine patients recovered without severe morbidity and length of hospital stay being 5-7 days. Enhanced antenatal screening, postpartum vigilance, and robust emergency systems are essential to reduce maternal morbidity, Early detection and initiation of action through the 4 R’s: Readiness, Recognition, Response, and Reporting -is the mandate.

Community health initiatives improve diabetes and hypertension management in Wajir North Sub County

2025-10-10T01:26:15+00:00

Background: Diabetes and hypertension drive a heavy Non-Communicable Disease burden in Kenya’s arid and semi-arid lands. Community health initiatives, led by community health promoters, may close gaps in access, adherence, and self-management, yet their performance in pastoralist settings remains under-described.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of adults (n=378) living with both diabetes and hypertension in Wajir County, Kenya. Proportionate sampling covered seven wards. Structured questionnaires captured socio-demographics, Community Health Initiatives exposure, medication access and adherence, monitoring behaviors, and lifestyle practices, including diet, salt/sugar reduction, alcohol/tobacco, and physical activity. Analyses included descriptive statistics, χ² tests, and logistic regression for self-management outcomes.

Results: Respondents were predominantly middle-aged, married, and low-schooled, with pastoralist and unemployed groups prominent, profiles that complicate clinic-based follow-up. Community Health Initiatives' reach and awareness were high, with common services including education, screening/referral, and medication navigation. Participation was associated with better-reported medicine access, more consistent blood pressure/glucose monitoring, and higher uptake of lifestyle changes. Persistent barriers included distance to facilities, medicine stock-outs, and out-of-pocket costs.

Conclusion: In this underserved arid and semi-arid lands context, community health initiatives appear essential for translating knowledge into day-to-day diabetes and hypertension management. Strengthening low-literacy counseling, peer-supported activity, practical salt-reduction aids, alongside supply-chain reliability and mobile refills, could accelerate control. Findings support investment in integrated, culturally responsive community strategies to sustain primary health care for non-communicable diseases.

Effect of educational program on knowledge, attitude and practice towards the quality standards of peanut oils among the supervisors of peanut oil milling factories

2025-10-25T04:06:00+00:00

Background: Awareness of food safety is found to be linked with associated health risks. Edible oil is important in human daily diets but will affect negatively if not suitable for consumption. Vegetable oils may rancid and lose the nutrition components which are important for body mechanism. The rancidity depends on the improper oil extraction method, handling and storage. Peanut oil is the most preferred oils in Myanmar. Many studies revealed that the developed countries have greater awareness and strict regulation than developing countries. There were also limited research about the quality of edible oils and public health concerns in developing countries.

Method: The interventional study to evaluate the effectiveness of the educational program on the supervisors from 80 peanut oil milling factories at Yangon, Mandalay, Magway and Bago Regions during 2024. This study assessed the knowledge, attitude and practices of the supervisors of the peanut oil milling factories by using the pre-structured self-administered questionnaires at before the intervention, one month and six months after the intervention.

Result: The knowledge, attitude and practice scores were found the significant differences (p value <0.001) by ANOVA and post-hoc test (Bonferroni) revealed the significant differences between baseline, intermediate and end-line.

Conclusion: This study pointed out that the educational program was effective and it was essential to all oil milling factories for both quality and safety of the peanut oils. And also, refresher training needs to conduct repeatedly to maintain the knowledge, attitude and practice levels of the food business operators.

Effect of zinc on sputum conversion time of drug sensitive tuberculosis patients in Naypyitaw Union Territory: a quasi-experimental study

2025-10-14T01:16:45+00:00

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem, particularly in high-burden countries such as Myanmar. Malnutrition and zinc deficiency are common among TB patients and may impair immune response. Zinc supplementation has been proposed as an adjunct to standard anti-TB treatment to accelerate sputum conversion, but evidence remains inconsistent.

Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted from January 2024 to December 2025 in Naypyitaw territory, Myanmar, enrolling 310 newly diagnosed drug-sensitive tuberculosis patients. Participants in one district received standard anti-TB therapy plus zinc supplementation (20 mg daily), while those in another district received standard therapy alone. Data on socio-demographic, clinical, behavioral, and health belief variables were collected. Survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression with propensity score adjustment was used to compare sputum conversion times between groups.

Results: Zinc supplementation significantly improved sputum conversion time, with 72.9% reaching conversion earlier than 41.9% in the control group (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]=1.93; 95% CI: 1.31–2.85; p=0.001). Additional factor positively influencing early sputum conversion was initial sputum grading. The findings indicated that zinc supplementation accelerates sputum smear conversion, likely by enhancing host immune defense.

Conclusions: The findings underscored the critical roles of nutritional support in influencing treatment outcomes. Integrating zinc into TB treatment protocols, particularly among malnourished populations, represented a cost-effective and feasible strategy to enhance early microbiological response, improve clinical recovery, and potentially reduce TB transmission risk.

Oral health-seeking behaviour of persons living with diabetes mellitus attending a tertiary hospital in south west Nigeria

2025-11-01T03:51:54+00:00

Background: Diabetes mellitus is associated with a wide array of oral health complications with research revealing a high prevalence of oral health issues among diabetic individuals. This study evaluated the oral health-seeking behavior (OHSB) and awareness of oral complications associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among patients diagnosed with T2DM.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 158 T2DM patients. Using interviewer-administered questionnaires, information was collected on participants’ awareness of the relationship between T2DM and oral health, their perceived importance of seeking dental care, and their dental visit history since diagnosis.

Results: Only 30.4% of respondents were aware of a connection between T2DM and oral health, with 28.5% recognizing that poor glycemic control could exacerbate gum disease. Approximately half of the respondents (51.9%) understood the importance of regular dental check-ups for individuals with diabetes, while 41.1% were unaware of its significance. A large majority (82.9%) had never been informed by their physician about the need for regular dental check-ups. Dental visits were infrequent, with 43% having visited a dentist post-diagnosis and only 20.3% within the past year.

Conclusions: T2DM patients demonstrate inadequate awareness of oral health complications and poor OHSB. Enhanced collaboration between physicians and dentists is necessary to improve referrals and oral health education, potentially mitigating oral complications in this vulnerable population.

Health insurance uptake among green grocers in Roysambu constituency Nairobi City County, Kenya

2025-11-01T03:52:00+00:00

Background: According to WHO, approximately 1.3 billion people globally lack access to essential health services and medication. Barriers such as long wait times, high out-of-pocket costs, inadequate facilities, and staff shortages worsen the situation. In Kenya, only about 20% of the population has health insurance, with other reports suggesting as low as 11%, leaving a majority uninsured. This highlights the urgent need for inclusive health policies, particularly for low-income groups like green grocers (Mama Mboga).

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Roysambu Constituency, Nairobi County, targeting 168 green grocers. Pretested questionnaires gathered quantitative and qualitative data. SPSS was used for descriptive statistics (percentages, frequencies, averages) and inferential statistics (regression, Pearson correlation). Content analysis offered additional insights into participants’ responses. Multiple regression analysis identified factors influencing health insurance uptake.

Results: Among respondents, 55.35% had enrolled in health insurance, while 44.65% had not, indicating significant gaps in coverage. Additionally, 53.26% had experienced family hospital admissions, underscoring healthcare needs. Income levels varied: 43.45% earned over Ksh 20,000; 26.79% earned Ksh 11,000-20,000; 22.62% earned Ksh 6,000-10,000; and 7.14% earned below Ksh 5,000. These income disparities strongly relate to insurance decisions.

Conclusions: Economic factors, particularly income and premium affordability, play a critical role in health insurance uptake. Addressing these barriers is essential for promoting equitable healthcare access, especially among informal workers like green grocers.

Factors associated with the increase in cases of opportunistic infections among adults living with the human immunodeficiency virus under antiretroviral treatment in Kolwezi in 2023

2025-11-01T03:51:55+00:00

Background: Opportunistic infections (OIs) remain the leading cause of death among people living with human acquired immunodeficiency virus, with mortality in Africa estimated at 630,000 deaths by 2023. They present a challenge for healthcare workers and a heavy burden for those affected. From 2021 to 2023, in the city of Kolwezi, HIV-related mortality and morbidity continued to increase despite free treatment for people living with HIV (PLHIV). This increase prompted research to identify the contributing factors with this rise among adults living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Objective was to determine the factors associated with the increase in cases of opportunistic infections among adults living with HIV receiving ART.

Methods: A cross-sectional, hospital-based analytical study was conducted between January 1, 2023, and December 31, 2023, by interviewing HIV patients and reviewing their records. Bivariate logistic regression was used to determine associations.

Results: The prevalence of OIs among people with HIV was 58% (95% CI, 53.2-62.8). The main OIs identified were oral candidiasis (27.6%) and herpes zoster (21.6%). In bivariate logistic regression, living with a pet [AOR=3.95 (95% CI, 2.15-7.26), p value <0.0001], not taking isoniazid/rifapentine (300 mg/300 mg) prophylaxis [AOR=7.84 (95% CI, 2.58-23.79), p value <0.0001], and having a chronic illness [AOR=3.70 (95% CI, 1.87-7.26), p value <0.0001] were associated with OIs.

Conclusions: The prevalence of OIs in Kolwezi is the highest in Africa, and factors such as not taking isoniazid/rifapentine prophylaxis, having a chronic illness, and living with a pet were associated with a rise of OIs among PLHIV.

Knowledge and prevention of child sexual abuse among mothers in Akuku-Toru local government area, Rivers State, Nigeria: a descriptive cross-sectional study

2025-11-01T03:51:51+00:00

Background: Child sexual abuse (CSA) remains a pervasive public health challenge globally and in Nigeria. Mothers, as primary caregivers, play a crucial role in CSA prevention. This study assessed knowledge and preventive practices regarding CSA among mothers in Akuku-Toru local government area, Rivers State, and examined their associations with selected demographic variables.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 364 mothers selected using multi-stage sampling. Data were collected using structured interviewer-administered questionnaires. Chi-square tests were performed to examine associations between demographic variables (age, education level, and employment status), knowledge of CSA, and preventive practices. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.

Results: Awareness of CSA was high (98.6%), but only 63.4% could identify signs of abuse. Mothers with tertiary education were significantly more likely to identify CSA indicators (χ²=21.62, df=6, p=0.0014). Age was significantly associated with having educated their child about CSA (χ²=36.18, df=3, p<0.001). Notably, mothers who recognized signs of CSA were more likely to have educated their children (χ²=34.09, df=2, p<0.001). However, 86.6% of respondents had not received formal training on CSA prevention.

Conclusions: While general awareness of CSA is high, practical knowledge and preventive behavior remain suboptimal. Maternal education and age influence CSA-related knowledge and actions. Strengthening formal CSA education for mothers and integrating it into community and health education programs are critical for effective prevention.

Environmental and individual correlates of leisure-time physical activity in Ghana: a cross-sectional study

2025-11-01T03:51:50+00:00

Background: Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) offers significant health benefits yet remains the least engaged domain of overall physical activity in sub-Saharan Africa. Limited evidence exists regarding how environmental and individual factors impact LTPA, particularly among healthcare professionals. This study explored the correlates of LTPA among Physician Assistants in Ghana, with a major focus on natural environmental conditions.

Methods: Data from a cross-sectional survey conducted among 439 Physician Assistants in Ghana between October and December 2024 was used. Participants reported their levels of LTPA using a revised Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Climate data, including temperature, wind direction, rainfall, and humidity, from the Ghana Meteorological Agency were matched to participants’ practice regions. An adjusted linear regression was used to examine the relationship between LTPA and individual/environmental correlates.

Results: The mean weekly moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity was 179.3±18.3 minutes. Overall, 69% of respondents did not meet the recommended 150 minutes per week of activity levels by the World Health Organization. In adjusted models, each one-percentage-point increase in relative humidity was associated with an additional 10 minutes of LTPA per week (β =10.4, 95% CI: 1.9 to 18.9). Conversely, wind direction (β =-35.4, 95% CI: -57.3 to -13.5) and male gender (β =-112.9, 95% CI: -190.8 to -35.0) were associated with lower LTPA.

Conclusions: Climatic factors significantly influence LTPA in the Ghanaian setting. The findings underscore the need for context-specific interventions that consider climate variability and gender disparities in promoting active lifestyles.

Risk-taking behaviours among out-of-school female adolescents in Ibadan North local government area, Nigeria

2025-11-01T03:51:49+00:00

Background: Adolescents participate in risky behaviors that put their health at risk. The study aims at identifying risky behaviors and to determine the characteristics that influence risky behaviors among out-of-school adolescents and young females in Ibadan North Local Government Area, Nigeria.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, involving 305 young females aged 10 to 24 chosen using a multistage random sampling technique. A self-administered questionnaire was utilized to gather quantitative data. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20, while chi-square test was used to analyze the data.

Results: Respondents' average age was 18.5±3.3 years. The majority (61.6%) have had sex, and 103 people (54.8%) did not wear a condom during their most recent sexual experience. The average age at sexual debut was 17.5±2.4 years. Of those sexually active, 76 (40.4%) had more than two sexual partners, while 123 (12.2%) have had transactional sex. Also, 54 (45.4%) consume alcohol, and 26 people (8.5%) had ever smoked. Heroin 9 (3.0%), cannabis 8 (2.6%), and cocaine 3(1.0%) were the substances commonly abused. It was shown that the respondents' living arrangements and alcohol consumption were highly correlated (p=0.00 and 0.00). Substance abuse and engaging in sexual activity or sex for profit were significantly correlated (p=0.00 and 0.01).

Conclusions: Using a multi-domain interventional approach can help to improve adolescents understanding on the harmful effect of risky behaviors and also reduce risk behaviors to avoid future health problems.

The descriptive study of imposter syndrome in medical students of Nishtar Medical University, Multan

2025-11-01T03:50:20+00:00

Background: Imposter syndrome (IS) is characterized by chronic self-doubt and a fear of being exposed as an intellectual fraud despite evident competence and success. Individuals experiencing this phenomenon often feel they are not as capable as others perceive them to be. In medical education, IS can significantly impact students' learning experiences and mental well-being. This study aims to assess the prevalence and severity of IS among medical students to inform curriculum improvements and support strategies.

Methods: A cross-sectional psycho-social analysis was conducted at Nishtar Medical College, Multan, between September and October 2024. After obtaining informed consent, medical students were selected through a random sampling technique. The Clance imposter phenomenon scale (CIPS) was used to assess the incidence and severity of IS. Data were entered and analysed using SPSS v.20.

Results: A total of 174 medical students participated, with a 100% response rate. The majority were male (53.4%). Based on CIPS scoring, the severity of IS was categorized as mild (6.3%), moderate (47.1%), severe (39.1%), and very severe (7.5%). The highest prevalence of severe IS was observed among fourth-year students.

Conclusions: IS is prevalent among medical students, with a significant proportion experiencing severe symptoms, particularly in their fourth year. The findings suggest that both male and female students are equally susceptible. Given its association with mental health challenges, interventions to support affected students should be considered in medical education.

Determining the relationship between obesity and its comorbidities among adult diabetic patients attending the general outpatient clinic at a tertiary health institution in South-Eastern Nigeria

2025-11-01T03:50:16+00:00

Background: Today, more than 1.1 billion adults worldwide are overweight and 312 million of them are obese. This growing prevalence of overweight and obesity had led to a propelling upsurge in cases of diabetes especially type 2. However, diabetes is a major predisposing factor of cardiovascular diseases which accounts for about 18 million death every year. This study was aimed at determining the relationship between obesity and its comorbidities among adult diabetic patients attending the GOPC at a tertiary health institution in Nigeria.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive, and hospital-based study carried out at Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, within a four months period. Data was collected using a structured interviewer administered questionnaire and was analyzed using social package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 17 computer software, with all p values considered significant at values <0.05.

Results: A total of 216 diabetics (subjects) and 216 age, and sex matched non-diabetics (control) were studied over a period of four months. In both the study and control group their mean age was 54.70±10.59 years with females accounting for 66.9% (123) and males 43.1% (93) resulting to a male; female ratio of 1:1.3. Ninety-four (43.5%) of the diabetics were overweight, 70 (32.4%) were obese while 52 (24.1%) had normal weight. There was a statistically significant relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and body mass index (BMI) (p=0.000) wherein diabetics subjects tend to have higher than normal BMI.

Conclusion: This study demonstrated a significant association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), BMI, physical inactivity and hypertension while dyslipidaemia did not.

Changing views on education, marriage, and reproductive health among rural youth in Bangladesh: implications for preconception health promotion

2025-11-01T03:48:58+00:00

Background: Child marriage remains a critical reproductive health and social concern in Bangladesh, particularly in rural communities where traditional expectations and economic constraints shape young people’s life choices. The COVID-19 pandemic further increased the risk of child marriage through school closures and socioeconomic shocks. From a preconception health perspective, adolescence is a critical period for shaping reproductive attitudes and life decisions. This study explored the evolving perceptions of education, marriage, and reproductive health among rural youth in Bangladesh.

Methods: An exploratory qualitative study was conducted in two rural villages in Madaripur District in December 2021. Two workshops were facilitated by a female NGO facilitator experienced in adolescent development. Sessions were conducted in Bangla and audio-recorded. The facilitator prepared English verbatim transcripts, which the researcher reviewed alongside the original recordings to ensure contextual accuracy. An interpretive reading approach was employed to identify recurring themes and representative narratives.

Results: Four themes emerged: (1) education as dignity and empowerment; (2) negotiating parental expectations and personal will; (3) awareness of child-marriage consequences; and (4) envisioning partnership and mutual respect. Youth narratives revealed incremental yet meaningful shifts toward self-determination and reproductive awareness.

Conclusions: Education and community dialogue contribute to delaying child marriage and strengthening preconception health awareness. For nurses and midwives, supporting culturally sensitive, community-based reproductive literacy and intergenerational communication before marriage or pregnancy represents a practical pathway to sustainable preconception health promotion in rural settings.

Prevalence and attitude towards cigarette smoking among young adults in rural and urban communities in Kano State, North-Western Nigeria

2025-11-01T03:50:16+00:00

Background: Cigarette smoking is a primary cause of preventable death worldwide, killing more than 7 million people annually. It poses a major public health challenge, as over half of 1.2 billion smokers are young adults. The prevalence and attitudes toward cigarette smoking among young adults in Kano State’s rural and urban areas are poorly understood. This study aimed to assess and compare the prevalence and attitudes toward cigarette smoking among young adults in these communities.

Methods: A comparative cross-sectional descriptive study design was employed. Structured, interviewer-administered questionnaires adapted from the modified WHO global youth tobacco survey were administered to 894 young adults (urban; 447 and rural; 477) selected using a multistage sampling method. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS statistics v20.

Results: The overall prevalence of ever smoking among young adults was 24.8% (95% CI: 22.1-28.1), significantly higher in rural (30.3%, 95% CI: 26.0-35.0) than urban communities (19.4%, 95% CI: 15.8-23.3) (p<0.001). The overall prevalence of current smoking was 14.5% (95% CI: 12.2-17.0), higher in rural (16.7%, 95% CI: 13.3-20.4) than urban communities (12.2%, 95% CI: 9.1-15.3), although not statistically significant (p=0.065). Over half of the respondents had a positive attitude toward cigarette smoking, with a higher proportion in urban compared to rural communities (p<0.05).

Conclusions: The prevalence of cigarette smoking was higher in rural than urban communities. Urban communities showed positive attitudes toward smoking. Maintaining positive attitude towards smoking affects quitting.

Prevalence of mpox in Yenagoa local government area, Bayelsa state, Nigeria

2025-11-01T03:49:11+00:00

Background: A retrospective descriptive epidemiological study analyzed the occurrence of monkeypox (mpox) in Yenagoa local government area (LGA) of Bayelsa state, Nigeria, from 2017 to 2023.

Methods: Data on all suspected and confirmed cases were obtained from the disease surveillance office and analyzed using descriptive statistics, with results presented in tables, frequencies, and percentages.

Results: Yenagoa was identified as a persistent mpox hotspot, with 82 confirmed cases among a population of 798,000, representing a low but continuous prevalence rate of 0.0103%. Annual fluctuations with occasional peaks, particularly in 2022, suggest ongoing localized outbreaks rather than widespread endemicity. Most cases occurred among males (63.8%) and young adults aged 21-40 years, indicating specific demographic vulnerability. The case fatality rate of 1.25% corresponds with the less virulent West African clade. Prevalence varied across wards, with Epie and Atissa showing the highest rates, indicating regional transmission foci. Close human contact emerged as the predominant risk factor, followed by zoonotic exposure.

Conclusions: Seasonal patterns, with peaks between September and October, and uneven spatial distribution highlight the need for enhanced local interventions. Public health recommendations include strengthening routine surveillance, prioritizing high-prevalence wards, improving public awareness and risk communication, implementing targeted vaccination campaigns where feasible, and improving case management and outbreak preparedness for seasonal peaks. The findings underscore the importance of sustained surveillance and community engagement to interrupt transmission and prevent future mpox outbreaks in Yenagoa LGA.

Prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection among school aged children in Ohaukwu local government area, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

2025-11-01T03:49:10+00:00

Background: Urinary schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium, remains a significant health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa particularly Nigeria. The study investigated the prevalence of the infection among school-age children in Ohaukwu Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria.

Methods: A total of 570 pupils (308 males, 262 females) from 10 primary schools were examined using microscopy technique. A well-structured questionnaire was administered to collect demographic information, asses the level of knowledge and risk factors of schistosomiasis among the pupils.

Results: The overall prevalence was 15.1% (86/570), with males more infected (17.9%) than females (11.8%). The difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Children in the age 11-15 had the highest infection rate 20.5% (62/302) than other age groups. Chi-square test showed that the differences in prevalence among the age groups were statistically significant (p=0.001). Among the component schools, infection was highest in State Primary School Ekwashi Ngbo 36.7% (18/49). The overall mean intensity was 11.35 eggs/10 ml of urine with females having a higher mean intensity (13.26 egg/10 ml of urine) than males (10.27 eggs/10 ml of urine). Most pupils (89.5%) had light infection. Pupils of age group 6-10 years mean egg intensity (17.72 eggs/10 ml of urine) was highest. Mean intensity of S. haematobium infection was found to decrease with advancement in age. Knowledge of the infection was poor, with 95.79% of participants having no knowledge.

Conclusions: Extensive campaign on the awareness of the disease and scale-up of mass drug administration of praziquantel to help in the control of the disease is highly recommended.

Pattern of internet use and its association with academic performance among undergraduate medical students of Silchar Medical College, Assam

2025-10-10T01:26:16+00:00

Background: The internet has emerged as an essential tool in medical education, providing widespread access to academic resources. While it offers numerous benefits, excessive or unregulated use may adversely affect students’ academic performance. This study aimed to assess the patterns of internet usage, levels of internet addiction, and their association with academic performance among undergraduate medical students at Silchar Medical College, Assam.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among MBBS students across all academic years. Data were collected using a pre-designed, pretested, self-administered questionnaire comprising socio-demographic details, internet usage behavior, and the internet addiction test (IAT). Academic performance was measured using internal assessment and university examination scores. Statistical analysis included chi-square tests and logistic regression to determine associations between variables.

Results: A total of 188 students participated in the study. The majority (56.4%) demonstrated mild internet addiction, 20.2% moderate, and 23.4% normal usage. A statistically significant association was observed between daily internet usage and year of study (p=0.005), with senior students spending more time online. Demographic factors such as gender, place of residence, and guardian’s occupation were significantly associated with internet addiction levels.

Conclusion: Internet use among medical students is widespread and generally perceived as academically beneficial. However, the presence of mild to moderate levels of addiction in a substantial proportion of students calls for timely interventions. Promoting balanced internet use and digital literacy could help optimize academic outcomes and safeguard students' well-being.

Knowledge, attitude and practices towards climate change and global warming among medical students of Trivandrum district: a cross-sectional study

2025-11-01T03:50:24+00:00

Background: Climate change is the biggest global health threat. Temperatures in India have risen by 0.7°C between 1901 and 2018, indicating a shift in climate. Global warming, leads to various consequences like rising temperatures, melting of ice caps, changes in precipitation patterns, ocean acidification. To achieve SDG‑13 “to take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts”, the role of public health functionaries will be of paramount importance who are actively guide people to adopt healthy, environment friendly practices.

Methods: Cross sectional study was done on 389 MBBS students from four medical colleges of Trivandrum from April to December 2024 using simple random sampling. A semi structured questionnaire containing sociodemographic and knowledge, attitude and practice questionnaire prepared in Kobo toolbox were used to collect data and analysed using SPPS software 29.

Results: 70% (271) were having good knowledge, 52% (203) were having good attitude and 61% (238) were having good practice on climate change and global warming. The 18% (72) of students from final year had good knowledge on UN federation and climate change (UNFCC) and 16% (61) intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC). 96% (375) were having good awareness on the impact of climate change on health. Diseases related to air quality was the most common consequence addressed by medical students. The students of fourth year had maximum knowledge on UNFCC 18% (72) and IPCC 16% (61).

Conclusions: Integrating climate change and global warming to medical curriculum can help in achieving a climate resilient ecosystem.

Assessment of cardiovascular risk factors among transgender population at Bhubaneswar, Odisha

2025-11-01T03:52:01+00:00

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, as reported by the WHO. In India, CVDs account for 28.1% of total deaths and 14.1% of all disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). However, existing evidence predominantly focuses on cisgender populations, overlooking sexual and gender minorities such as transgender women, who face unique health vulnerabilities due to social exclusion, stigma, and limited healthcare access. This study aims to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among transgender women in Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using simple random sampling among transgender individuals aged 18 years and above. A sample size of 196 was calculated using OpenEpi. Data were collected through structured interviews and analyzed using SPSS software.

Results: Results revealed that 50.3% of the participants abstained from alcohol, while the rest reported regular consumption. Poor dietary patterns were observed, with 45.2% reporting no fruit intake and 1.7% reporting no vegetable intake in the previous week. Physical inactivity was high, with 35.6% not engaging in moderate-intensity activity and 81.4% in vigorous activity. Over half of the participants were in the high CVD risk category, with 19.8% overweight, 29.4% classified as obesity class I, and 7.9% as obesity class II. Hypertension was present in 22.6% of the population, and notably, 40% of those aged 18-28 years were hypertensive. Other reported conditions included diabetes (6.8%), high cholesterol (2.3%), HIV/AIDS (5.6%), and neurological disorders (1.1%).

Conclusions: The mean age of participants was 28.3 years (SD=7.7), indicating early emergence of CVD risk factors in this marginalized group.

Awareness of adolescent friendly health clinics among youth in Western Rajasthan: a pilot study

2025-11-01T03:51:59+00:00

Background: Adolescent Friendly Health Clinics (AFHCs) were established to address the unique health needs of adolescents, offering services related to physical, mental, and reproductive health. However, limited awareness among youth may hinder their utilization. The objective was to assess the level of awareness regarding AFHCs among adolescents and to sources of information among adolescents regarding AFHCs.

Methods: A cross-sectional pilot study was conducted among 50 adolescents from a school in Barmer district, Rajasthan, using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to evaluate awareness and its sources.

Results: Only 28% of participants were aware of AFHCs. Teachers were the most common source of information (18%), followed by healthcare workers (6%) and family members (2%). The majority of adolescents had no knowledge of AFHCs (72%), despite having educated parents and access to schools.

Conclusions: Awareness about AFHCs among adolescents remains critically low. Targeted interventions involving schools, healthcare providers, and families are essential to bridge this gap.

Assessment of psychological distress and coping strategies among empty nesters in a selected urban community, Coimbatore

2025-11-01T03:51:59+00:00

Background: Empty nesters are parents whose all children are grown up and left home. Depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances are major concerns that empty nest elderly people face. The aim of the study was to assess the psychological distress and coping strategies among empty nesters.

Methods: Descriptive research design and purposive sampling technique was used in the study. 60 samples participated in the study. SRQ and Brief COPE tool was used for data collection.

Results: 44 (73.3%) of empty nesters had no psychological distress and 16 (26.7%) had psychological distress. Religion 57 (95%) was the most frequently used whereas humour 47 (78.7%), was least used adaptive coping strategy by empty nesters. Self-distraction 53 (88.3%) was highly used whereas substance use 49 (81.7%) was least used maladaptive coping strategy by empty nesters. 51 (85%) had medium, 8 (13.33%) had high and 1 (1.66%) had low usage of adaptive coping strategies. 33 (55%) had low, 27 (45%) had medium usage of maladaptive coping strategies. A weak positive correlation (r=0.12) was found between psychological distress and maladaptive coping strategies. The socio demographic variables such as health problem (χ²=10.25, p≤0.05) and occupation (χ²=11.67, p≤0.05) had significant association with adaptive coping strategies of empty nesters. The socio demographic variables such as income (χ²=23.46, p≤0.05), education (χ²=18.24, p≤0.05), occupation (χ²=16.22, p≤0.05) had significant association with psychological distress.

Conclusions: Humour, acceptance and active coping were the main adaptive coping strategies and self-distraction was the maladaptive coping strategy commonly used by the empty nesters.

Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding vitamin D supplementation among medical students and resident doctors at a tertiary centre: a cross-sectional study

2025-11-01T03:51:58+00:00

Background: Vitamin D is a vital micronutrient for proper bone formation. Knowledge about vitamin D is often insufficient among individuals, including healthcare professionals. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of vitamin D supplementation among medical students and resident doctors in a tertiary care hospital.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out using a structured, well tested, validated questionnaire, focussing on knowledge, attitude and practice on self-medication of vitamin D on 222 undergraduate (UG) medical students from first to fourth year, interns and resident doctors of different specialities at a tertiary care teaching centre in India. The data was analysed using Graph Pad Prism 8.4.2 software.

Results: There was no significant difference among pre-MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) and post-MBBS students’ attitude and practice related to vitamin D. However, the knowledge about vitamin D supplementation differed significantly among post and pre-MBBS students (p<0.05).

Conclusions: In conclusion, it can be said that although medical students had a fair knowledge on some important aspects of vitamin D, their knowledge regarding symptoms of vitamin D toxicity and associated complications was moderate. Self-medication was very high (43%) among participants, a matter of grave concern. Practice related to vitamin D supplementation among participants was also not satisfactory. Knowledge of participants significantly increased upon completion of MBBS degree. However, there were gaps in the attitude and practice of vitamin D which did not seem to improve even in the post-MBBS students.

Preoperative anxiety among patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a cross-sectional study from a tertiary care hospital in rural Tamil Nadu

2025-11-01T03:51:57+00:00

Background: Preoperative anxiety is a common yet under-recognized concern among patients undergoing cardiac surgery. It can adversely affect hemodynamic stability, postoperative recovery, and patient satisfaction. Despite its clinical relevance, limited data exist from semi-urban tertiary care centers in South India. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and predictors of preoperative anxiety among patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery using the Amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information scale (APAIS) and the visual analog scale for anxiety (VAS-A).

Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 250 adult patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery at a tertiary care hospital in Tamil Nadu. Data on sociodemographic and clinical variables were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Anxiety was assessed using APAIS and VAS-A. APAIS≥11 was used to define clinically significant anxiety.

Results: The mean age of participants was 56.2±11.3 years; 60.8% were male. The prevalence of clinically significant anxiety (APAIS≥11) was 56.4%. The mean APAIS and VAS-A scores were 11.9±3.8 and 5.8±2.3, respectively. Female gender (AOR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.15-3.12), absence of prior surgical experience (AOR: 2.21; 95% CI: 1.29-3.81), hypertension (AOR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.05-3.03), and education below graduation (AOR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.01-2.72) were significant predictors of high anxiety. A significant positive correlation was observed between APAIS and VAS-A scores (r=0.61, p<0.001).

Conclusions: Preoperative anxiety is highly prevalent among cardiac surgery patients and is influenced by gender, age group, family type and prior surgical experience. Routine screening using simple validated tools like APAIS and VAS-A can enable timely psychological support and preoperative counselling, potentially improving surgical outcomes.

Prevalence of low back ache and disability among the elderly patients attending tertiary care hospital in Andhra Pradesh: a cross-sectional analytical study

2025-11-01T03:51:56+00:00

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is seen in about 600 million people worldwide. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of LBP and disability among elderly patients.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at AIIMS, Mangalagiri. A semi-structured interview schedule including sociodemographic details, and the Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive variables were described as mean±standard deviation, Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used to assess associations between variables.

Results: A total of 358 patients participated in the study, and the prevalence of LBP was found to be 61.5% which was higher among females than males. There was moderate disability in 46.4%, and severe disability in 34.5% of our study population.

Conclusions: This study adds to the epidemiological evidence that reveals a high prevalence of LBP and disability among elderly patients. Identified risk factors in this study may also reinforce the importance of setting different interventions and preventive measures to reduce lower back pain risk.

Assessment of job satisfaction and contributing factors among community health officers in Chhattisgarh, India

2025-11-01T03:51:55+00:00

Background: Job satisfaction plays a crucial role in the performance, motivation, and retention of healthcare professionals. Community health officers (CHOs), introduced under the Ayushman Bharat initiative, are pivotal in delivering primary healthcare services at health and wellness centers (HWCs). This study assesses the job satisfaction of CHOs working in the HWCs-sub-health centers (HWC-SHCs) of Chhattisgarh, exploring the key factors affecting their motivation and retention.

Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed. The quantitative component included 100 CHOs from Raipur (non-tribal) and Bijapur (tribal) districts, using a five-point Likert scale for job satisfaction assessment. For the qualitative component, 16 in-depth interviews were conducted to explore personal experiences, challenges, and motivating factors. Data were analyzed using SPSS v.22 and thematic analysis.

Results: A total of 61% of CHOs reported dissatisfaction with their jobs, with the most dissatisfaction in monetary benefits (89%). Factors like workload, lack of safety, and management challenges contributed to dissatisfaction. However, CHOs were most satisfied with self-appraisal (80%) and their relationships with coworkers (74%). Bijapur district reported higher satisfaction (56.5%) compared to Raipur (33.8%).

Conclusions: The study highlights the need for improved salaries, better safety measures, and workload reduction to enhance CHO job satisfaction. Policy changes addressing these issues are essential for sustainable healthcare delivery in both tribal and non-tribal areas.

Outbreak of Salmonella food poisoning in a training institute: an epidemiological approach

2025-11-01T03:51:53+00:00

Background: On 04th April 2020 night report was received from the local hospital that 32 students from the training institute had reported, with complaints of diarrhea; and fever. The investigation team reported to the training institute. Objectives of this investigation were as follows: (a) To identify the incriminating food item(s), (b) To identify the factors leading to food contamination, (c) To identify the agent responsible for the outbreak.

Methods: The study design was a retrospective descriptive epidemiological study. The study population included students dining in the Mess; and staff. Epidemiological investigation was conducted using descriptive epidemiology. Stool samples of cases, samples of prepared meals; and water samples from the Mess were sent for bacteriological examination. Hygiene of the mess, supply chain, personal hygiene of food handlers; and relevant documents were checked.

Results: Total 116 cases reported during the outbreak with two peaks. All cases were dining in the Mess. All cases had diarrhoea; and 75 (64.65%) had abdominal pain. 109 (93.96%) cases were treated as outpatients. Average duration of illness was 2-3 days. Refrigeration of egg storage was defunct. Laboratory reports were positive for coliforms in rajma, milk and chicken curry. Epidemiologically, the incriminated food item was found to be egg bhurji as per attack rate and relative risk. Clinico-epidemiologically, cause of this food poisoning appears to be Salmonella.

Conclusions: Detailed epidemiological investigations, laboratory investigations and environmental survey was carried out. Clinico-epidemiologically the causative organism was suspected to be Salmonella due to consumption of contaminated egg bhurji.

Depression, anxiety, stress and its correlates among students in a medical college, Bengaluru, India

2025-11-01T03:51:52+00:00

Background: Mental disorders are often been neglected because of its non-specificity in diagnosis. Medical education is known to be challenging and highly stressful. Many medical students suffer from psychological stress which affects student behavior, cause learning burnout, and ultimately affect academic performance and graduation. Anxiety, Depression and Stress also have a critical impact on the doctor–patient relationship and the quality of medical care that they will provide in the future, hence this study has been undertaken to assess the same.

Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted among 200 MBBS students at Rajarajeswari Medical College (May–August 2023) using the DASS-21 questionnaire to assess depression, anxiety, and stress. Data were analyzed using SPSS v23.

Results: Among 200 students enrolled in the study, majority 143 (71.5%) were in the age group of 18-22 years, 119 (59.5%) were females. The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress were found to be 96 (48%), 109 (54.5%) and 62 (31%); respectively.

Conclusions: A substantial proportion of students were found to be depressed, anxious and stressed revealing a neglected area of the students’ psychology requiring urgent attention. Student counseling services need to be made available and accessible to curb this morbidity.

Project green pharmacy: a pilot study in best practices for medicine waste disposal in households

2025-11-01T03:51:51+00:00

Background: Pharmaceutical waste disposal poses significant environmental and public health concerns, particularly in urban regions where improper practices result in ecosystem contamination and human health risks. In India, discarded or expired medicines, including antibiotics and painkillers, are commonly disposed of in landfills or flushed, exacerbating pollution. The Green Pharmacy initiative by RNisarg Foundation in Thane City was developed to address these issues through public education, secure disposal infrastructure, and waste segregation.

Methods: A cross-sectional study evaluated three-year campaign (2022-2024), which utilized digital (webinars, videos, flyers) and physical (on-ground sessions, live demonstrations) engagement strategies to promote safe disposal and responsible purchasing of pharmaceuticals. Initially, 30 tamper-proof bins were placed in commercial complexes, chemist shops, and residential societies for collection. Later, an additional 170 bins were deployed within a 1-kilometer radius across the city to improve participation and collection efficiency.

Results: The campaign successfully reached over 20,000 individuals. Structured interviews revealed that 100% of participants had previously engaged in unsafe disposal practices, with 90% discarding medicines in landfills and 10% flushing them. Over the study period, 1,979.1 kg of pharmaceutical waste was collected, comprising 67.72% active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and 32.28% packaging waste. Waste contributions were 47% from commercial complexes, 37% from residential societies, and 16% from chemists.

Conclusions: The Green Pharmacy initiative demonstrated significant impact in improving public awareness and disposal practices. Sustained community engagement, policy reinforcement, and recycling measures are essential to mitigate pharmaceutical pollution and its associated health risks in India.

Evaluating the impact of Pap smear screening on cervical cancer prevention in tribal women

2025-11-01T03:51:50+00:00

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable cancers, yet it remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in tribal communities due to limited access to healthcare and poor screening uptake. Early detection through Pap smear screening significantly reduces the disease burden.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2022 to December 2022 at Dr. N. Y. Tasgaonkar Institute of Medical Science (NYTIMS), Karjat, Maharashtra, India, to assess the impact of Pap smear screening on cervical cancer prevention in tribal women aged 25-65 years. Demographic data, screening participation, and follow-up outcomes were collected and analyzed.

Results: Of 1,000 eligible women, 750 (75%) underwent Pap smear screening. Participation was influenced by age, education, and prior health education. Among screened women, 85% had normal results, 12% had minor cytological abnormalities, and 3% showed significant precancerous changes requiring further management. Cervical cancer incidence decreased by 35%, and mortality was 50% lower among the screened population.

Conclusions: Pap smear screening substantially reduces cervical cancer incidence and mortality in tribal populations. Improving awareness, addressing cultural barriers, and expanding mobile screening services are critical to increasing participation and ensuring timely intervention.

Association of premenstrual syndrome with BMI and dietary pattern among young adults

2025-11-01T03:50:27+00:00

Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a group of symptoms faced by 43% of Indian Women, these symptoms simultaneously affect their daily activity and interfere with their quality of life (Majeed et al. 2022a)^[1].

Objective: This study aims to find an association between nutritional status, dietary intake and pre menstrual syndrome among young adults.

Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study were conducted among young adult women of age 18–26 years. 115 young adults were screened for premenstrual syndrome. Demographic data, anthropometric measures, food patterns, and lifestyle information were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. The premenstrual syndrome score was evaluated using Padmavathi et al(Dr. Raja Sankar n.d.)^[9]. premenstrual syndrome measurement tool. Nutrition counselling was provided for the participants with PMS. The relation between BMI and PMS was established using Regression analysis. Paired T test was used to check the effectiveness of the nutrition counselling by assessing the difference in PMS score.

Results: The mean age group of the participants in the study were 22.9. Out of 115 participants 40% of participants had PMS. Out of 40%, 43% of the participants experience severe symptoms and 57% of the participants experience mild symptoms. The mean BMI of the participants with PMS was 22.4kg/m². The mean percent nutrient adequacy of the participants with PMS was 90.13%. The regression model indicated there was significant relation between BMI and PMS score with P value < 0.05. There was a significant difference in PMS score before and after the nutritional counselling denoting the effectiveness of nutritional counselling in improving the premenstrual syndrome (P < 0.005).

Conclusion: This study shows that BMI plays a major role in PMS Symptoms. A proper nutrition counselling can be effective in reducing the PMS Symptoms.

Knowledge, attitude and practices towards cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination in health care professionals and support staff in a tertiary level hospital in South India: a cross-sectional study

2025-11-01T03:50:26+00:00

Background: Cervical cancer remains a public health problem inspite of advances in screening methods and existence of prophylactic vaccination. In low and middle-income countries without a robust screening programme, health care workers in hospital setting are the first contact person for women seeking health care. Hence, they play a pivotal role in changing attitudes and practices of women.

Methods: Cross-sectional study done to assess knowledge, attitude and practices regarding cervical cancer, screening methods and HPV vaccination among female employees in a tertiary care hospital. Results were analyzed in two groups–medical and nonmedical.

Results: 46% participants identified HPV as causative organism. 8.2% participants considered themselves at risk of disease. 67.6% of participants opined that cancer cervix is preventable. 54% of participants were aware of Pap smear and 42.5% were aware of HPV vaccine. 10.9 % participants had Pap smear test. 7.6% of participants have been vaccinated, 10.5% have vaccinated their girl child against HPV. Difference in awareness and attitude towards screening methods and vaccination between two groups was significant but there was no significant difference in practice between the groups. Barriers for vaccination elicited were 13.8% were not sure of complications, 13.6% said not essential, 7.9% said it was too expensive and 2.8% were not sure of its efficacy.

Conclusion: Improving practice among health workers enables them to be effective communicators to woman seeking health care. Continuing education programs can serve to fill knowledge gaps found in this study.

Knowledge, attitude and practice towards plastic pollution among residents in a rural area of Trivandrum district

2025-11-01T03:50:24+00:00

Background: Plastic pollution has emerged as one of the most significant environmental challenges, with severe impacts on ecosystems, wildlife, and human health. Knowledge on microplastics and their long-term effects, remains limited in some regions. Many individuals still perceive plastic waste management as primarily a governmental or corporate responsibility, rather than a personal one. Although some individuals actively engage in reducing plastic consumption and participating in recycling initiatives, a large portion continues to rely on single-use plastics due to convenience, cost, and a lack of accessible alternatives. Hence this study aims to explore the level of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) towards plastic pollution among residents of rural area of Trivandrum district.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was done among 246 study participants through convenience sampling. A semi structured questionnaire containing sociodemographic and KAP were prepared in kobo toolbox were used to collect the data. Data was analysed using SPSS software 25.

Results: Among the 246 study participants 37% were having good knowledge, 50% were having good attitude and 41% were having good practice. Majority that is 55% of the participants were of age between 18-30 years, 60% were females, 40% had education status upto higher secondary. The association with ration card colour with level of knowledge and attitude and gender with practice were found to be statistically significant.

Conclusions: There is a need to increase the level of KAP towards plastic pollution to achieve a plastic free society.

Challenges faced in clinical learning environment: a questionnaire survey

2025-11-01T03:50:21+00:00

Background: Clinical learning is a key aspect of healthcare education, offering students hands-on experience in real-world settings. This study explored the challenges faced by nursing students within the clinical learning environment (CLE) at selected private institutions in Himachal Pradesh.

Methods: A descriptive research design was employed with 347 nursing students selected through convenience sampling. Findings indicated several significant challenges.

Results: About 34.2% of students reported limited exposure to unusual clinical cases, while 22.2% noted a lack of opportunities to document in patient medical records. Additionally, 28.6% experienced difficulty in applying a patient-centered approach during clinical practice. Supervision-related concerns were also highlighted, with 18.7% of students reporting inadequate feedback and 19.6% expressing dissatisfaction with their interactions with supervisors. Furthermore, 20.8% felt unprepared for clinical encounters, reflecting a need for better orientation and support. The study revealed a strong positive correlation at the 0.01 level among all domains of the Clinical Learning Evaluation Questionnaire (CLEQ), including Cases, Authenticity of clinical experience, Supervision, Organization of the nurse-patient encounter, and Motivation/learning needs. The maximum CLEQ score recorded was 200, with a mean score of 156.52 and a standard deviation of 14.80. Additionally, a statistically significant association was observed between the type of hospital posting and CLEQ scores (p<0.01), suggesting institutional factors play a role in the student learning experience. However, no significant association was found between CLEQ scores and students’ age or year of study.

Conclusions: These findings underscore the need for improved supervision, better clinical exposure, and enhanced student support.

Assessment of rabies awareness and sociodemographic correlates among adults in an urban field practice area of a medical college: a community based cross-sectional study

2025-11-01T03:50:19+00:00

Background: Rabies, a viral disease with 100% fatality in warm-blooded animals and humans, is underreported in India and nearly 35,000 annual deaths in Asia. With 99% of cases due to dog bites and children heavily affected. Post-exposure prophylaxis is vital yet often unaffordable. Maharashtra alone reports over 423,000 bites yearly. This study is to assess the level of awareness regarding rabies among adults residing in the urban field practice area of a Medical College.

Methods: This cross-sectional survey in an urban field practice area of a medical college included 380 adults (≥18 years) using convenience sampling across five zones. Over 18 months, investigators used a validated, multi-language questionnaire to assess rabies awareness. Data were analyzed in SPSS 23 with chi-square tests (α=0.05).

Results: Among 148 participants aware of rabies, over half (52 %) demonstrated “poor” awareness, while 48% had “average” awareness. Awareness levels were similar across male, female, and transgender individuals. Socio‑demographic findings reveal most participants were aged 31-40, married, with high school education or less, predominantly unemployed women living in overcrowded pucca homes.

Conclusions: These findings align with broader evidence that community-level rabies knowledge and prevention practices are generally inadequate across different regions. Strengthen IEC by hosting regular school, Anganwadi, and health centre sessions to teach proper bite management and rabies basics. Train peer leaders including students, teachers, community influencers, and panchayat members to spread awareness locally.

Coping strategies employed by the caregivers of cancer patients in Kanyakumari district: a descriptive study

2025-11-01T03:50:18+00:00

Background: Cancer caregiving is a critical yet challenging role that significantly impacts caregivers' psychological and emotional well-being. This study explores the coping strategies employed by caregivers of cancer patients in Kanyakumari district, focusing on the relationship between demographic factors and coping mechanisms.

Methods: Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 100 caregivers through structured questionnaires assessing coping styles.

Results: Majority of caregivers utilize emotion-focused and avoidance coping strategies rather than problem-focused coping. Furthermore, no significant differences were found in coping strategies based on gender, domicile, or age, suggesting that caregiving stress is universally experienced across demographic groups. The study highlights the interconnected nature of coping strategies, with caregivers employing multiple methods to manage stress. The findings align with previous research emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to enhance problem-solving skills and emotional resilience. Given the collectivist culture of India, caregivers often rely on familial and social support, but financial burdens and limited healthcare accessibility exacerbate their stress levels.

Conclusions: Structured interventions, such as counseling and support programs tailored to caregivers’ needs, are essential to improving their well-being. Future research should focus on longitudinal assessments of coping interventions to determine their long-term impact. Addressing caregivers’ psychological distress through evidence-based strategies will ultimately enhance patient care and caregiver quality of life.

Awareness and utilization of social security schemes among elderly in an urban area of Puducherry district: a cross-sectional study

2025-11-01T03:50:15+00:00

Background: India's elderly population is projected to reach 20% by 2050, underscoring the need for effective social security mechanisms. However, awareness and utilization of these schemes remain suboptimal in many regions. This study aimed to assess the level of awareness and actual utilization of social security schemes among the elderly in an urban area of Puducherry district.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October to December 2023 among 260 elderly participants (aged ≥60 years), were selected using simple random sampling technique. The sample size was calculated using a previous study 42.2% prevalence, 6% precision. Data were collected using a pre validated, semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using SPSS version 21.

Results: The mean age of participants was 68 years and 82.6% belonged to below poverty line families. While awareness of at least one scheme was high and the most commonly availed benefit was from the Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme. Awareness of transport-related concessions was low (30% for train, 10.4% for bus). Overall, only 40% of eligible participants had utilized at least one social supportive measure. Interestingly, people with lower literacy (49.2%) had utilized the scheme more.

Conclusions: The present study highlights a significant gap between awareness and utilization of social security schemes, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions and proactive engagement by frontline health workers to improve access and uptake of social welfare programs among the elderly.

A quasi-experimental study to assess the effectiveness of abdominal deep breathing exercise on level of blood pressure and stress among hypertensive patients in selected hospitals in Jalandhar, Punjab

2025-11-01T03:50:14+00:00

Background: Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is often called a “silent disease” because it typically shows no symptoms, leaving many individuals unaware of its presence. Despite the absence of warning signs, hypertension can significantly damage the body and increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. In today’s fast-paced world, understanding how stress influences blood pressure is vital. Stress has long been identified as a key risk factor for hypertension, alongside obesity, physical inactivity, and addictions such as smoking and alcohol use. The constant hassles, deadlines, and demands of modern life contribute to mental and psychosocial stress, which can elevate blood pressure over time.

Methods: This study adopted a quantitative, quasi-experimental design (one-group pre-test and post-test) to examine the effect of abdominal deep breathing exercises on stress levels and blood pressure among 60 hypertensive patients in hospitals across Jalandhar, Punjab. Participants were divided equally into an experimental group (30) and a control group (30). The modified daily stress response scale and blood pressure assessment scale were used for data collection.

Results: The experimental group practicing abdominal deep breathing exercises showed a statistically significant reduction (p<0.05) in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and stress levels compared to the control group.

Conclusions: Abdominal deep breathing proved to be an effective, low-cost, and non-invasive intervention for reducing stress and managing hypertension. Incorporating such techniques into traditional treatment strategies can enhance patient outcomes.

Effect of exergaming-based balance training on short term memory and spatial cognition in healthy young adults: a randomized controlled trial

2025-11-01T03:50:14+00:00

Background: Physical exercises are crucial in cognitive functioning. Centres in brain responsible for balance function coincide with cognitive functions centres like short term memory and spatial cognition. Young population faces immense stress which causes cognitive deterioration. Conventional balance training has shown to have positive impact on cognitive functioning. Exergaming is a relatively new frontier which creates interest among young adults. Researchers speculated that stimulating the vestibular system during the training induces the changes of the hippocampus and the parietal cortex.

Methods: Seventy healthy young individuals participated. Participants were selected using inclusion and exclusion criterion and randomly divided in two equal groups using computerized randomization. Group A and Group B had Conventional and Exergaming based balance training protocol respectively, thrice a week for six weeks. Backward digit span test and perspective taking/ spatial orientation test (PTSOT) was used to assess pre and post intervention short term memory and spatial cognition respectively. Statistical analysis and conclusion were drawn.

Results: Both groups had statistically significant improvement in post intervention backward digit span scores (p value=0.000 in each). Although, no significant difference was observed between the groups. Similarly, both groups had statistically significant improvement in post intervention PTSOT (p value <0.0001 in Group A and p value 0.0006 in Group B). Although, no significant difference was observed between the groups.

Conclusions: Conventional and exergaming-based balance exercises are equally effective in healthy young individuals to improve spatial cognition.

A mixed-method study on prevalence, associated factors, and perception of nomophobia among undergraduate students of a medical college in Nagpur, India

2025-11-01T03:50:13+00:00

Background: Nomophobia, or “no mobile phone phobia,” is an emerging behavioral problem characterized by anxiety when individuals are unable to use their mobile phones. Medical students are particularly vulnerable due to heavy academic and social reliance on smartphones. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and identify associated factors and explore perceptions related to nomophobia among undergraduate medical students.

Methods: A mixed-method cross-sectional study was conducted among 365 MBBS students at a medical college in Central India. Data on sociodemographic profile, smartphone use, and nomophobia severity were collected using a pretested, self-administered questionnaire incorporating the 20-item nomophobia questionnaire (NMP-Q). Associations were tested using Chi-square. For the qualitative component, in-depth interviews were conducted with six students identified with severe nomophobia, and thematic content analysis was performed.

Results: Moderate nomophobia was observed in 63% of participants, mild in 23%, severe in 3%, and none in 11%. nomophobia was significantly associated with age group (p=0.004), place of residence (p<0.001), and primary purpose of smartphone use (p<0.001). Qualitative analysis identified five major themes: perceived necessity, emotional attachment, awareness of overuse, control versus dependence, and emerging technology-related nomophobia, with students reporting increasing reliance on AI tools such as ChatGPT for academic support.

Conclusions: Nomophobia is highly prevalent among medical undergraduates, particularly among younger students, hostel residents, and those using smartphones mainly for leisure or social networking. Targeted interventions promoting digital well-being and controlled smartphone use are needed to mitigate its potential academic and psychological impacts.

Antimicrobial efficacy of Syzygium cumini leaf mouthwash following non-surgical periodontal therapy in gingivitis subjects: a clinico microbiological study

2025-11-01T03:50:12+00:00

Background: Gingivitis is an inflammatory condition of the gingival tissue caused by bacterial infection and by the microbial plaque deposits located in or close to the gingival sulcus. Syzygium cumini commonly known as jamun/jamlang possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antibacterial properties and can be used as reasonably safe alternative to synthetic pharmaceuticals. The leaves of jamlang have the ability to inhibit the growth of Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of antimicrobial efficacy of jamlang leaves in gingivitis subjects.

Methods: A total of 40 gingivitis subjects were selected and divided randomly into 2 groups. Group 1- non surgical periodontal therapy alone (20), group 2- non surgical periodontal therapy followed by Syzygium cumini mouthwash (20). The supragingival plaque samples of both the groups were collected at baseline and 21 days after scaling. Simplified oral hygiene index, gingival index, plaque index and bleeding on probing were recorded at baseline and 21^st day.

Results: Significant reduction in clinical parameters and colony count of Porphyromonas gingivalis was seen in both the groups. But comparatively Syzygium cumini mouthwash group showed more reduction in BOP and inflammation when compared with group 1.

Conclusions: Leaf extract of Syzygium cumini mouthwash showed reduction in various clinical parameters and the colony count of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Hence Syzygium cumini mouthwash can be used as an adjunct to the mechanical periodontal therapy.

Prevalence, knowledge and risk factors associated with respiratory morbidities among petrol pump workers in selected petrol filling stations of South West district of Delhi, India: a cross-sectional study

2025-11-01T03:49:11+00:00

Background: Petrol filling stations pose a significant risk to workers due to exposure to both petrol/diesel vapours and vehicular exhaust. In India, these stations are typically staffed by attendants, with self-filling stations being uncommon, leading to a higher likelihood of exposure to toxic exhaust fumes.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 petrol pump workers of south west district of Delhi selected by non-probability purposive sampling. Data was collected using structured respiratory symptoms assessment proforma, structured risk factors assessment proforma and structured knowledge interview schedule. The data obtained were analyzed and interpreted using both descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results: Majority (70%) of respondents peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) fell within the yellow zone (>230-460 LPM), 3.3% fell within the red zone (less than 230 LPM), indicating severe airflow limitation and potential respiratory problems. Regarding risk factors- majority of respondents (73%) have more than 4 years of work experience and 66% have worked up to 48 hours per week, 93.7% did not use any protective gear, 82.7% of workers were not undergoing any regular health check-up. No statistically significant association was found between knowledge and the prevalence of respiratory morbidities indicating that knowledge alone does not mitigate health risks.

Conclusions: The study’s findings can help to advocate for better occupational health policies and regulations at petrol pumps including advocating for improved ventilation systems, provision of PPE, and regular health monitoring

Evaluation of serum alkaline phosphatase and serum creatinine level in chronic periodontitis patients before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy

2025-11-01T03:49:10+00:00

Background: This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate and compare serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and serum creatinine (SCr) levels in chronic periodontitis patients before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT), and compare these levels with periodontally healthy individuals.

Methods: Eighty participants, aged 30-50 years, were recruited: 40 with chronic generalized periodontitis (study group) and 40 periodontally healthy individuals (control group). Clinical parameters including simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were measured at baseline for both groups. Blood samples were collected from both groups at baseline for ALP and SCr estimation. The both groups received phase I therapy. On day 30 post-NSPT, clinical parameters and blood samples were re-evaluated for the study group. The results were statistically analysed using paired t test and one way ANOVA.

Results: At baseline, the chronic periodontitis group exhibited significantly higher serum ALP levels compared to the healthy control group. Following NSPT, a significant decrease in serum ALP levels (<0.001) was observed in the chronic periodontitis group, accompanied by significant improvements clinical parameters. SCr levels were found to be significantly higher in the periodontitis group at baseline compared to healthy controls. However, no statistically significant (≈0.53) change was observed in SCr levels in the periodontitis group following NSPT.

Conclusions: These results indicate that serum ALP may serve as a responsive biomarker of disease activity and therapeutic response in chronic periodontitis, while SCr though elevated at baseline does not respond to short term NSPT.

Health seeking behaviour and factors determining it among the parents of under-five children for childhood illnesses in a selected area of Southern Karnataka: a cross-sectional study

2025-11-01T03:49:09+00:00

Background: Child mortality remains a concern worldwide. Health-seeking behavior (HSB) reflects how people make decisions about healthcare. The objectives include assessing the HSB among parents of under-five children for specific childhood illnesses (such as pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, measles) and identifying the factors determining the HSB.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken among 215 parents of under-five children in selected areas of Bengaluru rural district. A multistage sampling method was incorporated. Data was collected by the interviewer-administered pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using Epi-InfoTM software version 7.2.1. Chi-square test was performed to find out the association between where and why parents choose a particular healthcare facility.

Results: Among 215 participants, HSB was 100%. The most commonly perceived cause of illness was contaminated food and water (67.44%), and the most common perceived symptom was fever (62.33%). The majority of children consulted a doctor on the first day of onset of illness (41.86%) and after one episode of onset of symptoms (36.28%). The private sector (80%) was the preferred choice for seeking treatment, followed by the government sector (17.67%) and other health-facility (2.33%). The commonest reason why parents prefer to seek any health-care facility was that the illness can be cured without any complication (33.95%). Factors influencing HSB included fathers’ age and the number of episodes of symptoms before seeking treatment.

Conclusions: The HSB among the parents of under-fives was 100%. The private sector was the preferred choice. There was a strong association between where and why parents seek a particular healthcare facility.

Physicians' perspectives on irritable bowel syndrome, diagnosis and management in India: insights from in-clinic questionnaire-based survey study with a focus on Rifaximin

2025-11-01T03:49:08+00:00

Background: In India, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) contributes notably to patients’ discomfort and places a considerable strain on healthcare resources. With Physicians as a primary care provider for IBS patients, this survey objective was to explore their practices, perspectives and experience with Rifaximin in management of IBS with Rifaximin in the management of IBS-D.

Methods: A cross-sectional structured electronic survey consisting of 20 multiple-choice questions was administered to 302 physicians across India.

Results: A total of 302 physicians participated in the survey, reporting diverse monthly caseloads of patients diagnosed with IBS. Among them, 32.81% managed between 10–20 patients per month. IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D) emerged as the most commonly encountered sub-type. Rifaximin was identified as a frequently prescribed therapy for IBS-D, with physicians’ observance in reduction of 40-80% pain (47.07% patients), bloating (50.20%), diarrhea (47.83%) and symptom urgency (47.08%), with preferred dose of 400 mg twice daily (44.66%).

Conclusions: IBS remains one of the most frequently encountered functional gastrointestinal disorders among Physicians, with clinical judgment as primary diagnosis. Rifaximin was commonly preferred for managing IBS-D due to its proven efficacy, minimal systemic absorption, and strong safety profile.

A pre-experimental study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching program on early childhood caries in terms of knowledge, attitude and practice among mothers of children between 1 to 6 years of age group admitted in paediatric unit in selected hospital of Delhi

2025-11-01T03:49:07+00:00

Background: Children under the age of six have early childhood caries (ECC) in their teeth. In 2017, the Global Burden of Disease Study found that over 530 million children worldwide suffer from primary tooth caries. The condition impacts overall health and quality of life throughout the life course and affects both primary and permanent teeth (World Health Organization, 2020). Research on this topic is scarce, this study examines the effectiveness of planned teaching program on early childhood caries in terms of knowledge, attitude and practice among mothers of children between 1 to 6 years of age.

Methods: Quantitative Research Approach and one group pre-test and post-test research design was adopted. 30 mothers of children between 1 to 6 years of age in selected hospital were selected using purposive sampling technique.

Result: The pre-test mean knowledge score was 6.8214 and the post-test knowledge score was 12.3667 with the standard deviation 2.0398 and 2.3265 respectively. The pre-test mean attitude score was 10.3666 and the post-test attitude score was 17.9 with the standard deviation 4.9022 and 1.4910 respectively. The pre-test means practice score o was 3.7 and the post-test practice score was 7.6333 with the standard deviation 1.5947 and 1.4940 respectively. The post-test knowledge score, attitude score and practice score of the mothers were found significantly higher than the mean pre-test scores.

Conclusion: Planned teaching program was found to be an effective in enhancing the knowledge, attitude and practice.

Socio-demographic correlates of awareness of diabetes and hypertension among teenage students in Sunder Nagar District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India

2025-11-01T03:49:06+00:00

Background: Adolescents are forming long-term health habits throughout this time. Prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) requires early awareness, especially of diabetes and hypertension. Objective was to assess awareness of teenager students regarding risk factors of diabetes and hypertension. To investigate socio-demographic characteristics of students that influence awareness patterns.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in Sunder Nagar, Himachal Pradesh during January 2025 to June 2025. Total 182 school going teenagers aged 14-19 years were included as selected by stratified random sampling. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic factors, diabetes and hypertension awareness, and health-related information sources. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were used for analysis in SPSS version 26.0.

Results: Majority of respondents (95.6%) had some understanding of hypertension, whereas awareness of diabetes was lower, with 79.7% having minimal knowledge and 4.9% having none. No significant gender differences in awareness levels were found (p>0.05). Age was significantly associated with hypertension awareness (p=0.031). Family and friends (34.6%) were the most frequent sources of health information, followed by healthcare professionals (28.6%) and schools (22.0%).

Conclusions: The study identifies significant gaps in awareness among teenagers for diabetes and hypertension irrespective of their socio-demographic characteristics. It emphasizes the importance of structured, school-based health education programs to increase knowledge and promote healthy behaviours of young adolescent students. It will be helpful in minimizing India's future burden of NCDs.

Knowledge, attitude and practice of shared decision-making among Indian physiotherapists

2025-11-01T03:49:04+00:00

Background: Shared decision-making (SDM) is a collaborative approach in which physiotherapists and patients jointly make treatment decisions by integrating clinical evidence with patient preferences. Shared decision making has been associated with improved rehabilitation outcomes globally yet its uptake in low- and middle-income countries like India remains unclear. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of shared decision-making among Indian physiotherapists.

Methods: Study incorporated a cross-sectional survey among 109 physiotherapists across India using a validated questionnaire assessing knowledge, attitudes of shared decision-making implementation across various clinical conditions, and real-world shared decision-making practices. Data were collected and analysed using descriptive statistics.

Results: While 99% of participants correctly identified the purpose of shared decision making only 3.66% demonstrated full knowledge, revealing a significant deficit. While attitudes were most favourable in chronic and orthopedic care, half viewed shared decision making as confusing or time consuming. Although many discussed conditions and treatment options with patients, 66% did not communicate evidence-based benefits and risks highlighting lack of evidence practice in patient-centred care.

Conclusions: The study revealed limited comprehensive knowledge but a generally positive attitude and partial adoption of shared decision-making practices among Indian physiotherapists. These findings highlight a need for targeted education and training to enhance evidence-based shared decision-making in physiotherapy practice.

Impact of screen time on sleep quality and sleep quality assessment using Pittsburgh sleep quality index among college students in Kollam district- a cross-sectional study

2025-11-01T03:49:03+00:00

Background: Screen time can be defined as the time spent using electronic device with screen. Sleep length and quality are frequently linked to excessive screen usage and exposure to screens before bedtime causes delayed sleep onset, shorter sleep duration and poor sleep quality, behavioural issues, obesity, depression, anxiety, and poor academic results.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study done among 303 college students from six different colleges in Kollam district. Data were collected using pre-designed pre-tested interviewer administered questionnaire and analysed using SPSS trial version 26. All Qualitative variables expressed as frequency and percentages and quantitative variables using mean and standard deviation. P value <0.05 was considered as statistical significance.

Results: Mean age of the study population was 20.43±1.60 years, with a majority (75.21%) of participants being in the 18-21 age group. 75.9% (230) were female, and 51.2% (155) resides in urban area. The average screen time observed was 2.49±0.75 hours with prevalence of increased screen time 44.88% and no significant association between increased screen time and PSQI score >5. Significant association was found between the time spent using electronic devices in bed before sleep and a higher PSQI score. The study observed that sleep latency was significantly associated with poor sleep quality. Overall, 60.4% (183) had a PSQI score of ≤5, indicating good sleep quality.

Conclusions: Sleep latency and time spent on bed using electronic device before sleep was significantly associated with poor sleep quality. Overall, a notable 39.6% of students experienced poor sleep quality, underscoring the prevalence of this issue. These findings emphasize the importance of mindful electronic device use before bedtime and addressing sleep latency to improve student sleep health.

When every hour counts: reasons for delay in rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in a tertiary healthcare center in central India

2025-11-01T03:49:03+00:00

Background: Timely initiation and completion of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) following animal bite is critical to prevent rabies, a uniformly fatal but vaccine-preventable disease. Despite availability of effective vaccines, delays in initiation and administration of PEP are frequently reported in India. Objective was to describe the various reasons for delay in initiation and administration of PEP following animal bite.

Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted among animal bite victims attending the anti-rabies clinic of GMC Nagpur from 10^th June to 10^th September 2024. Data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire on socio-demographic profile, characteristics of the bite, and reasons for delay in seeking or receiving PEP. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize findings.

Results: A total of 184 animal bite cases were enrolled, of whom 86% experienced delay in initiation of PEP. Socio-economic distribution showed that more than two-thirds of participants belonged to the middle and lower-middle classes (69.6%), with very few from upper strata (1.1%). Dogs were the predominant biting animal (90.2%) with most common bite sites being hands (35.9%) and legs (25.5%). Major reasons reported for delay included referral to other health centers (22.8%), facility closed (17.9%) and non-availability of vaccine at local health facilities (16.3%).

Conclusions: Multiple individual, social, and system-related barriers contribute to delay in initiation and administration of PEP. Strengthening awareness campaigns, improving accessibility and uninterrupted availability of vaccines, and community-level counselling are essential to ensure timely prophylaxis and prevent rabies deaths.

Haematological profile in typhoid fever: an update from a tertiary rural hospital

2025-11-01T03:49:02+00:00

Introduction: Understanding hematological alterations in typhoid fever aids in diagnosis, assessment of disease severity and to monitor treatment response. To assess alterations in hematological parameters in patients with confirmed typhoid fever.

Methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective study was conducted (1 May 2024-30 April 2025). All patients who had fever and tested for Typhoid and dengue were included in screening. Only confirmed typhoid positive on WIDAL with significant titres of 1:160 and 1:320 were included If patient had any dengue parameters positive, it was noted. Patients with only dengue were excluded.

Results: Among 295 patients screened, 251 were diagnosed with typhoid fever. 24 patients (adults–22 children-2) were only typhoid positive and 227 patients (adults-204, children-23) had both typhoid and Dengue positive. In patients with only typhoid TLC (total leucocyte count) was high up to 17000cell/mm³. TLC of patients with 1:160 and 1:320 titres were compared using Student t-test. ‘t’ value was significant indicating titres played a significant role in clinical management (p value <0.05). In patients with Typhoid and dengue positive, mild to moderate anemia and moderate to severe thrombocytopenia were observed, which was not observed in typhoid only patients.

Conclusion: This study highlights relationship of TLC and titres in clinical management. Dengue fever and typhoid fever may overlap especially in endemic areas and may have effect on hemoglobin and platelet count. Widal positivity with observations in these alterations will serve as supportive indicators for diagnosis and management where blood culture is not available.

Socio-cultural determinants of low back pain among hill and valley populations in Manipur, India: a cross-sectional study

2025-11-01T03:49:02+00:00

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a highly prevalent musculoskeletal disorder and a major public health concern worldwide. Beyond biological factors, socio-cultural determinants significantly influence the perception, response, and management of pain. In Manipur, India, the cultural and healthcare contexts of the hill and valley populations differ considerably, potentially shaping health-seeking behaviours and outcomes. Objectives were to compare socio-cultural factors influencing LBP among hill and valley populations of Manipur and to examine their healthcare-seeking behaviour.

Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of PMR, RIMS, Imphal. A total of 80 adults with chronic LBP (>3 months) were recruited through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics, beliefs, and health-seeking behaviour. Chi-square test was applied to examine differences between groups.

Results: LBP was more common among farmers in hill areas (41.2%), while private employees predominated in the valley (45.7%). Nearly half of the hill participants (47.1%) had no formal education, compared to 45.7% in the valley who studied only up to class V. Healthcare access was poorer in the hills, with 55.9% living ≥10 km from a health centre. Belief systems varied: hill participants often viewed LBP as divine punishment (44.1%), while valley respondents attributed it to evil spirits (47.8%). Overall, 76.3% avoided medical care, preferring quacks, rituals, or self-treatment.

Conclusions: Socio-cultural beliefs, low education, poor healthcare accessibility, and occupational risks strongly shape LBP prevalence and care-seeking behaviour in Manipur. Culturally sensitive health education and improved healthcare access are critical for effective management.

Perceptions and morbidity profile among women beedi workers: a cross-sectional study

2025-11-01T03:49:01+00:00

Background: Beedi rolling is a major source of income for rural women in India but exposes them to tobacco dust and ergonomic strain, leading to considerable morbidity. Misconceptions regarding its safety and poor awareness of welfare schemes aggravate the problem. Objectives were to assess the perceptions regarding occupational hazards and to document the morbidity profile among women beedi workers.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 181 selected women beedi workers in Nizamabad from January to March 2025. Data on socio-demographics, perceptions, and self-reported morbidities were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. Descriptive statistics like frequency and percentages were calculated.

Results: Among participants, 29.3% were under the age group 15-24 years and 61.3% were married. While 62.4% recognized that tobacco dust is harmful, only 15.5% reported using protective gear. A significant proportion (50.3%) perceived beedi rolling as safe due to its home-based nature. Common morbidities included musculoskeletal pain (60.8%), headache (49.7%), chronic cough (45.9%), breathlessness (34.3%), eye irritation (30.9%), skin problems (19.3%), and menstrual irregularities (13.8%). Awareness of government welfare schemes was low (19.9%), yet 60.2% expressed willingness to leave beedi rolling if alternative livelihoods were available.

Conclusions: Women beedi workers exhibit a high burden of musculoskeletal and respiratory morbidity alongside partial awareness of occupational hazards and limited adoption of protective practices. There is an urgent need for targeted health education, ergonomic interventions, improved dissemination of welfare schemes, and the development of sustainable alternative livelihoods.

The risks of using unregulated naturopathics to treat psychiatric symptoms

2025-11-01T03:51:58+00:00

Aconitine, a di-terpenoid alkaloid derived from Aconitum species, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 2000 years, yet it’s extremely narrow therapeutic window and potent neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity make unregulated preparations hazardous. A 30-year-old woman developed acute auditory and visual hallucinations, insomnia, and self-neglect after eight weeks of nightly sublingual use of an over-the-counter “natural” spray labelled as 200 CH Aconitum napellus. Emergency management included long-acting injectable aripiprazole (720 mg), oral olanzapine (5 mg), and clonazepam (5 mg). Three days later, the patient’s psychosis had subsided, although fatigue and weakness persisted. She received a second aripiprazole LAI (675 mg) plus scheduled olanzapine and clonazepam. Analysis of the spray revealed aconitine, implicating substance-induced psychotic disorder (SIPD). Differentiating SIPD from primary psychosis with substance abuse is critical because definitive management relies on prompt removal of the offending agent and antipsychotic therapy. The case highlights how dilution and “natural” labelling can mask the presence of lethal alkaloids, exposing patients to severe neuropsychiatric and cardiovascular events. Even highly diluted aconite remedies can precipitate first-episode psychosis and other life-threatening toxicities. Clinicians should systematically screen for complementary and alternative medicines, educate patients about unregulated products, and advocate for stricter oversight of naturopathic preparations. Public health efforts to pair evidence-based guidance with culturally sensitive counseling are essential to prevent avoidable morbidity and mortality from herbal remedies.

Extra pulmonary tuberculosis: health care challenges faced by a rural family in a low middle-income country

2025-11-01T03:51:53+00:00

Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious disease prevalent in many developing countries like India. The variation in its clinical presentation and the social stigma attached to the disease are the mainstay for its delay in diagnosis and management. We report a case of extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) in an individual from a rural family background. Despite a known family history of TB, there were delays in diagnosis at both the primary (patient) and secondary (healthcare) levels. In developing countries like India, the high prevalence of TB should foster clinicians to be highly suspicious even if the patient presents with non-specific symptoms in establishing early diagnosis and treatment of TB to reduce morbidity and mortality.

A comprehensive report on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 lineages in Puducherry from 2020 to 2023

2025-11-01T03:51:57+00:00

This study presents the first comprehensive molecular epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Puducherry, India, from 2020 to 2023, analyzing 1,840 sequences from S gene and whole-genome sequencing. Initial waves saw clade G dominance, followed by delta (clade GK) and Omicron (clade GRA) variants. High mutation density was observed in the spike protein’s N-terminal domain, including key mutations like D614G, E484 variants, N501Y, and P681H. The beta-associated A701V mutation was also detected. Findings align with global trends, showing variant transitions and spike mutations influencing infectivity and immune evasion. This work enhances understanding of regional SARS-CoV-2 evolution and variant dynamics.

Evaluating the efficacy of pre-visit behavior modeling videos on pediatric patient compliance

2025-10-07T01:06:24+00:00

Pre-visit behavior modeling videos technique is considered a promising non-pharmacological preparation for various types of medical procedures in pediatric healthcare. However, there are some significant challenges, including pediatric patient non-compliance. This challenge may result from various factors, such as pediatric anxiety, fear, or limited understanding of medical procedures. These factors lead to elevated rates of incomplete treatment, prolonged appointment durations, dependence on pharmacological intervention, and increased caregiver and parent stress, including sedation medications. Pre-visit modeling videos had emerged as a practical and child-friendly intervention, which familiarizes pediatric patients with the intended medical procedure and the healthcare environment. This article aims to critically assess the data from studies on the application of modeling videos and their compliance in pediatric patients, and it additionally aims to provide recommendations to increase this technique's compliance and care efficiency and to reduce pediatric patients’ anxiety. Furthermore, procedure completion and caregiver satisfaction will be discussed. Pre-visit modeling videos significantly increase cooperative behavior and decrease sedation use and procedure time. Additionally, age-appropriate and caregiver-engaged videos assist in decreasing anxiety. Numerous studies indicate that modeling videos were equally effective as tell-show-do and live modeling techniques; however, the modeling video method is scalable and resource-efficient. Variable intervention design, exposure timing, and outcome measurements limit generalizability despite promising findings. This review includes that pre-visit behavior modeling videos assist in pediatric behavioral management.

The influence of curing light intensity on composite restoration durability

2025-10-17T03:10:53+00:00

Curing light is currently a crucial part of multiple procedures in dentistry. The main function of curing light is polymerization of composite restorations. Curing light intensity and time are two important factors that can significantly affect the polymerization process. Inadequate curing may lead to restoration fracture, microleakage, secondary caries, and postoperative sensitivity. Recently, different curing light devices with various light intensities have been developed, aiming to minimize polymerization shrinkage. This review aims to examine the impact of different curing light intensities on the durability of various types of composite restoration. Curing light intensity can influence the depth of cure and degree of conversion of the composite restoration. Types of curing light include light-emitting diode (LED), argon lasers, quartz-tungsten halogen (QTH), and plasma arc curing (PAC). Both ultra-fast curing and conventional curing led to an adequate degree of conversion and polymerization degree in bulk-fill resin-based composites. Overall, while ultra-fast curing shows promise, careful consideration of material compatibility and technique sensitivity remains essential to ensure restoration longevity and clinical success.

Community-based interventions to improve prostate cancer screening and implications for black men: a scoping review

2025-11-01T03:50:22+00:00

The role of early detection of prostate cancer through prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing with or without digital rectal examination (DRE) to improve prostate cancer outcomes remains contentious, with ongoing debates about benefits and risks. Despite limitations, PSA testing with or without DRE remains the mainstay of early prostate cancer detection. Still, research findings have demonstrated underutilisation among black men who are most at risk. In this scoping literature review, three databases (PubMed NLM, CINAHL, and PsycINFO) were searched to identify and characterise community-based interventions to promote early detection of prostate cancer. Review studies, systematic or not, were excluded as well as studies that were not published in English, nor focused mainly on prostate cancer. Fifteen studies met the search criteria and were included in the review, with only one published in the UK, one in Iran, and 13 in the USA. The authors utilised community engagement strategies with faith-based groups, especially churches, making key contributions within American society. Decision aid tools to help men overcome their decisional conflicts and navigate to the point of screening were an important feature of many of the studies. Our findings suggest that well-designed and carefully tailored community-based interventions could contribute to creating awareness and informed decisions for PSA testing with or without DRE. In the UK society, such interventions are still required and should be prioritised without delay to help improve early prostate cancer detection among black men.

The role of biomarkers in the early diagnosis of traumatic brain injury

2025-10-17T03:10:54+00:00

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. It is caused by blunt force, explosive blasts, sudden head acceleration or deceleration, or penetrating trauma to the skull. TBI can be classified according to GCS into mild (GCS 13-15), moderate (GCS 9-12), and severe (GCS 3-8). Symptoms of TBI vary from mild symptoms to neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroimaging is the most utilized diagnostic tool in cases of TBI. However, its complex pathophysiology mechanisms make it difficult to diagnose TBI early. Biomarkers of TBI, such as glial cell injury biomarkers, axonal injury biomarkers, and inflammation biomarkers, are emerging as diagnostic and prognostic tools in TBI. However, the diagnostic and prognostic values of biomarkers showed mixed results. The aim of this review is to discuss the role of biomarkers in the early diagnosis of TBI in adults and children. Pathophysiology of TBI includes disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB), inflammatory response, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Various biomarkers have been reported as potential diagnostic biomarkers for TBI, including neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S100B, neurofilament proteins (NFs), and tau proteins. Identifying the role of biomarkers in the diagnosis of TBI in children is challenging due to age-dependent baselines, sampling limitations, and funding gaps. Future research should focus more on investigating kinetics of TBI biomarkers before their application in clinical settings.

Efficacy of enzyme-based irrigants in endodontics

2025-11-01T03:48:57+00:00

Effective root canal therapy depends on a combination of mechanical instrumentation and chemical irrigation to eliminate bacteria, necrotic tissue, and debris from the complex anatomy of the root canal system. Traditional irrigants such as sodium hypochlorite and EDTA are widely used due to their antimicrobial properties and ability to dissolve organic and inorganic matter. However, these agents carry disadvantages including cytotoxicity, unpleasant taste, tissue irritation, and the potential to weaken dentinal structure. In response to these limitations, enzyme-based irrigants have been introduced as a biologically compatible alternative with selective action on organic components. Enzymes such as papain, bromelain, subtilisin, ficin, and keratinase act by breaking peptide bonds in denatured proteins, leading to the degradation of tissue remnants and the disruption of microbial biofilms. These irrigants have demonstrated effective smear layer modification without aggressive erosion of dentin and have shown compatibility with passive irrigation systems. Their activity under physiological pH conditions, combined with low toxicity and reduced risk of periapical irritation, makes them particularly useful in patients with open apices, complex canal morphology, or heightened sensitivity. Despite these advantages, limitations persist. Enzymatic efficiency may vary depending on tissue type, pH fluctuations, and anatomical challenges. Storage requirements, formulation stability, and compatibility with other endodontic materials remain areas of concern. Some studies have also noted incomplete tissue clearance when used as a sole irrigant. Current evidence supports their use as adjuncts rather than replacements in most clinical settings. Ongoing research is focused on improving formulation consistency, delivery mechanisms, and integration into standardized irrigation protocols. Enzyme-based irrigants present a promising evolution in endodontic disinfection strategies, offering a more tissue-friendly alternative that aligns with minimally invasive and biologically respectful treatment goals.

The effectiveness of community health workers in reducing blood pressure in South Asia

2025-11-01T03:50:21+00:00

Globally, one-third of adults have hypertension, the leading modifiable risk factor for the leading causes of death worldwide- ischemic heart disease and stroke. In South Asia, where the burden of hypertension is high and the number of physicians and nurses is insufficient for the population, community health workers (CHWs) are one potential means to fill this gap in care. This literature review analyzes evidence of the effectiveness of utilizing CHWs to reduce systolic blood pressure in the South Asian context. Searches for relevant articles in South Asia were performed in PubMed and Cochrane databases. The database searches led to the retrieval of 66 articles, of which 5 studies were selected for this review. A significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (ranging from 5 to 8.9 mmHg decrease and/or improved BP control in the population, OR 1.6) was found in CHW interventions targeting hypertensive adults in the community. The results demonstrate that CHW interventions in South Asia can be effective in significantly reducing systolic blood pressure in hypertensive adults in a community. In an area of the world with a shortage of physicians and nurses, these findings indicate that CHWs can be utilized to effectively reduce systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients in South Asian communities. This has great potential for long-term reduction of ischemic heart disease and stroke in this region of the world.

Navigating the new norm: review of health risks associated with widespread disinfectant and hand sanitizer use

2025-11-01T03:49:07+00:00

The COVID-19 pandemic led to increased global use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) and disinfectants as key infection control measures. While initially implemented as emergency measures, their continued and widespread use in healthcare and community settings has raised concerns regarding long-term safety and environmental impact. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the adverse health effects associated with ABHS and disinfectants beyond the pandemic phase. Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search of PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus identified studies published between 2014 and 2025. Eleven studies met inclusion criteria, focusing on chemical composition, exposure routes and the toxicological outcomes. Evidence shows that dermal absorption, inhalation, ingestion and ocular contact are the main exposure pathways to ABHS and disinfectant. Meanwhile, reported health effects ranging from mild dermatitis to systemic toxicity. Chemicals such as methanol, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) and chlorine-based disinfectants were most often linked to respiratory problems, neurological effects, reproductive risks as well as pose risk as environmental contamination. Children, pregnant women, and healthcare workers were found to be especially vulnerable. Weak regulatory oversight during the pandemic contributed to the circulation of substandard or counterfeit products, adding to the risks. The ongoing high use of ABHS and disinfectants in 2025 underscores the importance of stronger regulations, clearer labelling, better quality control, and continuous public education. Moving forward, safer alternatives and sustainable hygiene practices are needed to maintain effective infection prevention while minimizing risks to health and the environment.

Pollution and its impact on cardiovascular health

2025-11-01T03:50:17+00:00

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality globally accounting for about 18 million deaths annually with more with more than 3 million occurring in low and middle-income countries. There is increasing body of data supporting pollution as leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The WHO estimates that almost 99% of the world population is exposed to risk of air pollution that are higher than the ambient recommended levels. The risks are dramatically increased in developing countries. There is an increasing body of data supporting pollution as a significant contributor to cardiovascular disease. In addition to being an increasing cause of deaths annually, the economic losses are estimated to be more than 4 trillion dollars. This review focuses on air, soil, water, and noise pollution and the harmful effects they create on the cardiovascular system. These effects on people can be mitigated on an individual and societal level, which will cause improvement of cardiovascular health. There is an urgent need to increase awareness of this issue and to implement population-based strategies to reduce this risk.

Contemporary approaches to vocal cord immobility after thyroid surgery

2025-11-01T03:49:00+00:00

Regardless of the advancements in surgical and management techniques, vocal cord immobility remains the most common complication of thyroid surgery. This can be attributed to the critical and complex location of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), whose damage contributes to either permanent or temporary vocal cord immobility. However, it can be assessed preoperatively via vocal assessment or laryngeal visualization, monitored perioperatively by intraoperative neuromonitoring, and prevented through identification of both the RLN or the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Post-operative management varies from voice therapy to nerve reinnervation, depending on the degree of severity. The recent employment of artificial intelligence (AI), along with raising patients' awareness and training surgeons, can improve assessment and management approaches. This review aims to explore contemporary approaches for managing vocal cord immobility following thyroid surgery. It also seeks to explain the underlying mechanisms behind vocal cord immobility in order to prompt future research.

Impact of systemic diseases healing on outcomes on facial trauma patients

2025-11-01T03:48:59+00:00

Facial trauma is considered a major public health issue. It is mainly caused by road traffic accidents, falls, and sports injuries. Facial trauma is associated with various functional and aesthetic adverse outcomes. The epidemiology of facial injuries differs globally, with variations in prevalence, causes, injury patterns, severity, and clinical outcomes. Facial trauma healing involves wound and fracture healing. Factors affecting healing include age, weight, and comorbidities. Systemic diseases are major determinants of the healing of injuries in various parts of the body. However, studies investigating their effects on facial trauma healing are scarce. This review aims to discuss how systemic diseases affect facial trauma healing. Diabetes induces some systemic alterations, including hyperglycemia and peripheral arterial disease, that can significantly delay healing. Chronic kidney disease delays healing through various mechanisms, including delayed granulation, disruption of keratinization kinetics, tissue edema, and large epithelial gaps. Diabetes also may impair fracture healing as a result of the elevated concentration of TNF-α at the fracture site and elevated osteoclasts in the diabetic callus. While the impact of calcium and vitamin D on fracture healing has been debatable. Although systemic diseases have a significant impact on trauma in various parts of the body, evidence on their impact on the healing outcomes of facial trauma specifically is still lacking. Thus, further research should focus on this specific topic.

Bioactive and self-healing smart materials in pulp therapy

2025-11-01T03:48:59+00:00

The efficiency of pulp therapy has been greatly impacted by the development of materials used in endodontic and restorative dentistry. Biologically based regenerative pulp treatment has entered a new era, specifically with the advent of smart materials, which are characterized by their capacity to react actively to environmental stimuli. Along with sealing and protecting the pulp, these materials' bioactivity and, in certain situations, self-healing properties enable them to aid in tissue repair, lower inflammation, and promote the regeneration of the dentin-pulp complex. Calcium silicate-based sealers, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA), and bioactive materials like biodentine encourage biomineralization and the formation of reparative dentin, while self-healing systems like microcapsule-based composites can independently restore structural integrity after microcracks. The third frontier in smart dental materials is represented by stimuli-responsive formulations, which release therapeutic agents under controlled conditions in response to variations in pH, moisture content, or bacterial activity. Through an analysis of their mechanisms of action, clinical results, advancements in material science, and potential applications, this review seeks to investigate the role of bioactive and self-healing smart materials in pulp therapy. To educate researchers and clinicians about the new technologies that are changing pulp preservation and regeneration techniques in minimally invasive dentistry, the objective is to present an up-to-date summary of available data.

Growth-related changes in the upper and lower jaw: clinical implications for treatment timing

2025-11-01T03:48:58+00:00

Jaw growth is a complex, multifactorial process involving cellular remodeling through buildup and breakdown. It fundamentally shapes facial structure and occlusal interactions. The maxilla and mandible exhibit different growth patterns, where the maxilla completes its growth earlier than the mandible. These differential growth rates, influenced by genetic and environmental factors, have profound implications for the development of malocclusions. Most importantly, the optimal timing of orthodontic treatment, especially during pubertal growth spurts, is critical for enhancing therapeutic benefits and achieving stable, long-lasting outcomes. Understanding these age-specific changes and the interplay of various contributing factors is central to effective orthodontic intervention. This review aims to explore the key growth-related changes that occur in the upper and lower jaw from early development through adolescence. Furthermore, it seeks to discuss the clinical implications of these changes, particularly concerning the optimal timing of various orthodontic interventions. Thus, provide an updated, thorough understanding of the interplay between natural growth and treatment efficacy.

Survival rates of different full-coverage restorations

2025-11-01T03:48:56+00:00

Full-coverage restorations are dental prostheses used to restore the function and aesthetics of missing teeth. They can be classified based on restoration type and design (e.g., single crowns), material type such as metals and ceramics, and clinical technique factors (e.g., impression technique and luting agent). Full-coverage restorations can be classified based on the prosthetic design into single crowns and fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). These different types of designs and materials can significantly impact the survival rates of full-coverage restorations. This review aims to summarize the survival rates of different full-coverage restorations. All-ceramic restorations showed high survival and success rates, including full-coverage crowns and fixed partial dentures. Resin-bonded and conventional FDPs also demonstrate similar long-term success when selected appropriately based on patient and abutment conditions. Future studies should focus on validating and assessing outcomes for emerging restorations. Overall, material selection and clinical protocol should be guided by case-specific risk factors to optimize restoration success and longevity.

Census data-the missing link: are we shooting in the dark?

2025-10-14T01:16:44+00:00

The 16^th Census of India was supposed to be held in 2021 however it was indefinitely delayed. This impacted the various administrative, policy and health planning efforts by the government of India. An extensive literature search was carried out using search engines like PubMed, Google scholar etc. Relevant articles in newspapers and policy documents pertaining to the Census were searched for. The authors reviewed the available literature and determined that the delay in conducting the Census impacted various sectors of India, from policymaking, health, business to administration. The authors concluded that the delay in conduction of the Census had severely impacted Indian polity and evidence-based decision making in heath programming. Thus, the government must conduct the Census at the earliest to ensure up to date data for adequate planning of programmes and policies to improve the lives of the citizenry.

Empathy-driven care in the intensive care unit: exploring nurses’ experiences and perceptions

2025-11-01T03:51:54+00:00

Empathy is a cornerstone of high-quality nursing care, especially in high-stakes environments like the intensive care unit (ICU), where patients often face life-threatening conditions. Despite its recognized importance, the experience and perception of empathy among ICU nurses remain under-explored, particularly in diverse clinical settings such as India. This narrative review aims to explore global and Indian research on nurses’ experiences and perceptions of empathy in ICU care, identify key influencing factors, and highlight implications for practice and policy. Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) framework, an extensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Science Direct, and Google Scholar for articles published between January 2015 and April 2024. Of the 212 records initially retrieved, 20 studies were included after full-text screening based on relevance, population, and methodological quality. Findings suggest that while ICU nurses globally acknowledge empathy as vital to patient care, they often face barriers such as emotional burnout, high workload, lack of training, and institutional stress. Indian studies echoed similar themes, highlighting additional challenges such as staffing shortages and limited psychological support. Facilitators of empathy included peer support, leadership engagement, and structured communication training. Empathy in ICU nursing is both essential and complex, influenced by systemic, emotional, and cultural factors. Addressing these challenges through education, organizational support, and policy interventions may enhance empathetic care and improve patient outcomes. Future research should focus on context-specific interventions, especially in low- and middle-income countries like India.

Supplements' impact on immunity and COVID-19

2025-11-01T03:50:25+00:00

The footprint of ancient civilization shows that they were well-informed about the benefits and use of traditional food and medicine system not only used for treatment but also act as immunity booster. In modern medicine we observed that micro-nutrient plays important role in enhancing immunity, which was observed during pandemic of COVID represented a source of global health treatment of SARS-COV 2 infection to mitigate symptom progression in human as many supplements have been given in the treatment earlier for the treatment of COVID-19 many symptomatic medicines were given to the patient according to their clinical condition during the world health crisis. A number of research have been carried out to find out the treatment of the disease and to enhance the immune response of the body. Amongst which the role of various supplements has been a very important factors as immune enhancer which can be used as an early treatment and also has positive response in many bodies function. This study highlights the better understanding and the role of micro-nutrient and herbal medicine in blocking and entry of immunogens by stabilizing or protecting the cell membrane by enhancing the immune response of the body. Which suggest that that treatment along with more than one supplement are more effective and significantly decreases the duration.

India needs to act fast against the stroke epidemic: a tactical and radical change needed

2025-11-01T03:50:23+00:00

In India stroke is the 4^th leading cause of mortality and 5^th leading cause of disability. The mean age of onset of stroke in India is lower than in western countries, and even the incidence in the young population is high in India. When we performed the review of literature, we found there are two different sets of countries in the world. Historically, one set of countries has adopted the best national policies with an aim to reduce mortality, morbidity, and disability in patients. Then there is another set of countries like India, which has fought this epidemic in a fragmented manner and so is still looking at a huge stroke burden. To understand this divide, we studied the history and present format of the fight and then compared it to that of India. Finally, we can outline areas that require improvement. This article suggests a tactical and radical change in the fight against stroke. India needs to ACT FAST to prevent the damage because of stroke. To write this review, we wanted to understand the historical background of stroke, so we conducted an extensive review of articles with keywords, studied the way trials on tissue plasminogen were done, how CT scan discovery made the difference, and since then, how developed countries have made progress. Then we studied the present Indian situation and the actual root cause of high mortality and disability in Indian stroke patients. We then reviewed how developed countries plugged their gaps.

Antidepressant medications: a comprehensive review of efficacy, safety, and future directions

2025-11-01T03:50:17+00:00

Depression is a disabling psychiatric disorder that affects emotional, cognitive, and physical functioning worldwide. Pharmacotherapy remains the cornerstone of treatment; however, limitations such as delayed onset, adverse effects, and treatment resistance continue to challenge clinical management. Recent advances in psychopharmacology, including rapid-acting agents, multimodal antidepressants, and pharmacogenomic-guided therapy, offer new possibilities for improving outcomes. A systematic review of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted for studies published between 2000 and 2024. Using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, 35 peer-reviewed articles—including randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews—were selected. Data on mechanisms, efficacy, safety, and emerging therapies were qualitatively analyzed to synthesize current evidence on antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Conventional antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) remain effective first-line agents, though approximately 30–40% of patients exhibit inadequate response. Recent findings highlight the efficacy of novel treatments like ketamine, esketamine, and vortioxetine, which demonstrate rapid symptom relief and cognitive benefits. Personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics are emerging as valuable tools to optimize drug selection and minimize side effects. Additionally, controlled psychedelic-assisted therapies show promise for treatment-resistant depression. Antidepressant therapy is undergoing a paradigm shift toward precision psychiatry. Integration of rapid-acting agents, multimodal mechanisms, and personalized approaches may enhance efficacy, tolerability, and patient-centered outcomes. Continued research into novel targets and individualized treatment strategies is essential to advance the management of depressive disorders.

Understanding imposter syndrome: a comprehensive review

2025-11-01T03:50:12+00:00

Imposter syndrome (IS) is defined as a psychological phenomenon consisting of feelings of inadequacy and a persistent fear related of being exposed as a fraud despite evident progress and accomplishments. The aim of this article is to provide an understanding of IS, exploring its origins, manifestations, IS in medical and nursing students, its impact, and potential strategies for coping and overcoming it. Drawing upon a wide range of psychological research, and case studies, the review sheds light on the complexities of IS and offers insights into its prevalence across different demographics and professions, especially among medical and nursing students. Additionally, the article discusses the potential role of societal pressures, perfectionism, and self-doubt in perpetuating imposter feelings.

Workplace holistic health and wellness: a healthy move towards Viksit Bharat Abhiyan 2047

2025-11-01T03:49:09+00:00

Lifestyle diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and hypertension, are witnessing a rapid increase across India. This surge is largely attributed to modern sedentary lifestyles, poor dietary practices, inadequate physical activity, and high levels of occupational and personal stress. These conditions not only compromise individual health and quality of life but also significantly impact workplace productivity, increase absenteeism, and burden the healthcare system. In response to this growing challenge, organizations in India are progressively adopting workplace holistic health and wellness programs. These initiatives go beyond conventional health check-ups and address the physical, mental, emotional, and social dimensions of employee well-being. They include interventions such as yoga and mindfulness sessions, nutritional guidance, regular health screenings, mental health counselling, physical activity promotion, and stress management workshops. This study explores the evolution and growing relevance of workplace wellness programs in the Indian context. It analyses the critical components that make these initiatives effective and highlights their measurable impact on reducing the burden of lifestyle diseases. Furthermore, it emphasizes the role of a holistic and preventive health approach in fostering a healthier, more productive workforce. The integration of wellness into the workplace not only benefits individual employees but also contributes to national development goals by enhancing human capital. As India moves towards the realization of the Viksit Bharat Abhiyan a vision of a developed and progressive nation. By promoting employee well-being, these initiatives align closely with the broader goals of sustainable economic growth, social welfare, and national prosperity.

Revolutionizing reproductive health: a performance review of machine learning algorithms in clinical infertility and maternal care

2025-11-01T03:49:05+00:00

Infertility and maternal health complications represent significant global health challenges. The integration of machine learning (ML) algorithms holds immense promise for improving clinical decision-making, risk stratification, and patient management in these areas. This review explores the pivotal role of ML in identifying maternal health risk factors contributing to infertility and optimizing reproductive outcomes. We critically examine the performance and application of various ML algorithms, including random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), XGBoost, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and logistic regression (LR), as they are deployed to enhance predictive modeling, diagnosis, and personalized care in reproductive medicine. Our analysis synthesizes their primary clinical applications and typical performance metrics across key areas such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) success prediction, early disease diagnosis (e.g., polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), preeclampsia, endometriosis), and comprehensive maternal risk assessment. We highlight that while traditional models like LR offer valuable interpretability, advanced hybrid and multi-modal approaches are increasingly demonstrating superior predictive power by effectively integrating diverse data types, from clinical records to medical images. The report concludes by emphasizing the transformative potential of ML in improving prognostic counseling and resource allocation within reproductive health. However, it also underscores critical challenges that must be addressed for broader clinical adoption, including data standardization, model generalizability across varied populations, and the development of explainable AI to foster trust and facilitate seamless clinical integration.

Census and other data collection systems in India

2025-10-14T01:16:43+00:00

The census of India plays a vital role in the collection of accurate and reliable data from all over India. This further helps in the conduction of surveys during the interim period for various purposes. Relevant searches for articles were made on search engines like PubMed, Google Scholar etc. on the census while relevant policy documents on the census and other national level surveys were reviewed. The authors found that the census collects data not just on the Indian citizenry, it serves as the framework for almost all the national level surveys conducted across India. This enables the triangulation of data collected from these various sources. Further, the census is vital in the conduction of various activities of the nation like administration, business, research, planning and policymaking. The authors conclude that conduction of the census is an essential activity for the functioning of a nation. The association of the census with the various other surveys in the country helps increase their robustness.