https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/issue/feed International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 2025-01-31T14:22:18+00:00 Editor medipeditor@gmail.com Open Journal Systems <p>The <strong>International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health (IJCMPH)</strong> is an open access, international, monthly, peer-reviewed journal publishes articles of authors from India and abroad with special emphasis on original research findings that are relevant for developing country perspectives including India.</p> <p>The journal publishes original research articles, focusing on family health care, epidemiology, biostatistics, public health administration, health care delivery, national health problems, medical anthropology and social medicine, invited annotations and comments, invited papers on recent advances, clinical and epidemiological diagnosis and management review article, short communication/brief reports, letters to the editor, case reports, etc. The journal covers population based studies, impact assessment, monitoring and evaluation, systematic review, meta-analysis, clinic-social studies etc., related to any domain and discipline of public health, especially relevant to national priorities, including ethical and social issues. Articles aligned with national health issues and policy implications are preferred. It is published <strong>monthly</strong> and available in print and online version. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health (IJCMPH) complies with the uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals, issued by the International Committee for Medical Journal Editors.</p> <p><strong>Issues: 12 per year</strong></p> <p><strong>Email:</strong> <a href="mailto:medipeditor@gmail.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">medipeditor@gmail.com</a>, <a href="mailto:editor@ijcmph.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">editor@ijcmph.com</a></p> <p><strong>Print ISSN:</strong> 2394-6032</p> <p><strong>Online ISSN:</strong> 2394-6040</p> <p><strong>Publisher:</strong> <a href="http://www.medipacademy.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Medip Academy</strong></a></p> <p><strong>DOI prefix:</strong> 10.18203</p> <p>Medip Academy is a member of Publishers International Linking Association, Inc. (PILA), which operates <a href="http://www.crossref.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CrossRef (DOI)</a></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Manuscript Submission</strong></p> <p>International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health accepts manuscript submissions through <a href="https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Online Submissions</a>:</p> <p>Registration and login are required to submit manuscripts online and to check the status of current submissions.</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/user/register" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Registration</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/login" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Login</a></li> </ul> <p>Please check out the video on our YouTube Channel:</p> <p>Steps to register and submit a manuscript:<br /><a href="https://youtu.be/YHX7eUWH7bk" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://youtu.be/YHX7eUWH7bk</a></p> <p>Problem Logging In-Clear cookies:<br /><a href="https://youtu.be/WVjZVkjB2SQ" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://youtu.be/WVjZVkjB2SQ</a></p> <p>If you find any difficulty in online submission of your manuscript, please contact editor at <a href="mailto:medipeditor@gmail.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">medipeditor@gmail.com</a>, <a href="mailto:editor@ijcmph.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">editor@ijcmph.com</a></p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>Abbreviation</strong></p> <p>The correct abbreviation for abstracting and indexing purposes is Int J Community Med Public Health.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>Abstracting and Indexing information</strong></p> <p>The International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health is indexed with</p> <ul> <li><a title="PubMed and PubMed Central (PMC)" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/?term=International+Journal+of+Community+Medicine+and+Public+Health" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PubMed and PubMed Central (PMC)</a> (NLM ID: 101711371, Selected citations only)</li> <li><a title="Scilit (MDPI)" href="https://www.scilit.net/wcg/container_group/5928" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scilit (MDPI)</a></li> <li><a href="https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/journal/issue?issueId=all&amp;journalId=31416" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Index Copernicus</a> </li> <li><a href="https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/156152" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Index Medicus for South-East Asia Region (WHO)</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.journaltocs.ac.uk/index.php?action=search&amp;journalID=32537" target="_blank" rel="noopener">JournalTOCs</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.scopemed.org/?jid=109" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ScopeMed</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.journalindex.net/visit.php?j=10038" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Journal Index</a></li> <li><a href="http://jgateplus.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">J-Gate</a></li> <li><a href="http://scholar.google.co.in/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.crossref.org/guestquery/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CrossRef</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.directoryofscience.com/site/4549185" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Directory of Science</a></li> <li><a href="http://journalseeker.researchbib.com/?action=viewJournalDetails&amp;issn=23946032&amp;uid=r5af96" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ResearchBib</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.icmje.org/journals-following-the-icmje-recommendations/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ICMJE</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/journals.php?id=2295&amp;fIDnum=|&amp;mode=simple&amp;letter=ALL&amp;la=en" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SHERPA/RoMEO</a></li> </ul> https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13574 Helicobacter pylori and chronic kidney disease: controversy and possibility 2025-01-11T02:54:07+00:00 Abdullah M. Nasrat Abdullahalnasrat@gmail.com Faisal F. Alhamad abdullahalnasrat@gmail.com Ali Z. A. M. Alshammari abdullahalnasrat@gmail.com Zayed M. Alnefaie abdullahalnasrat@gmail.com Yousef M. Alsaedi abdullahalnasrat@gmail.com Nafesa M. Alshammari abdullahalnasrat@gmail.com Hassan A. A. Ahmed abdullahalnasrat@gmail.com Ibrahim S. Aljohani abdullahalnasrat@gmail.com <p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rapidly increasing worldwide, constituting a major public health burden that will stress healthcare systems in all countries, with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) emerging as a growing challenge, particularly in developing nations. The increasing burden of CKD, coupled with limited financial and epidemiological resources in less developed countries, places a severe strain on existing health policies. Hypertensive illness and diabetes mellitus (DM) are significant predisposing risk factors for the development and progression of chronic kidney disease. However, the literature lacks sufficient knowledge about the influence of <em>Helicobacter pylori</em> on chronic kidney disease, and while there is controversy surrounding the association of <em>H. pylori</em> with DM and hypertension, current knowledge does not support a direct role of <em>H. pylori</em> in causing CKD. This prospective case series, conducted in Medina, Saudi Arabia, from October 2023 to October 2024, involved nine patients with varying grades of renal dysfunction associated with the presence of <em>H. pylori</em>, which was confirmed through specific tests; colon clearing was performed on all patients. The results indicated a marked improvement in kidney function, highlighted by decreased blood urea and serum creatinine levels. Consequently, colonic <em>H. pylori</em> strains could be a hidden contributor to CKD through toxic or immune mechanisms, suggesting that careful attention to colonic health may be crucial for individuals with impaired kidney function associated with <em>H. pylori</em> existence.</p> 2025-01-10T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13639 Impact of cystic fibrosis on pediatric oral health: a comprehensive review 2025-01-24T01:15:16+00:00 Neveen M. Ahmed Dr.neveenahmed000@gmail.com Faisal A. Aljarallah dr.neveenahmed000@gmail.com Sara F. Bouges dr.neveenahmed000@gmail.com Heba J. Almagasslah dr.neveenahmed000@gmail.com Omair Abughazalah dr.neveenahmed000@gmail.com Reem M. Areesh dr.neveenahmed000@gmail.com Laila A. Dabbour dr.neveenahmed000@gmail.com Maria O. Bahdad dr.neveenahmed000@gmail.com Bashair O. Alansari dr.neveenahmed000@gmail.com Albandari G. Alrashidi dr.neveenahmed000@gmail.com Layan T. Alnukhaylan dr.neveenahmed000@gmail.com <p>Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a complex genetic disorder that affects multiple systems, including the oral cavity. In children, CF leads to unique challenges in maintaining oral health due to the interplay of systemic factors, dietary requirements, and medical treatments. Alterations in salivary flow and composition, often observed in CF patients, contribute to an increased risk of xerostomia, enamel erosion, and periodontal disease. These issues are further exacerbated by high-calorie, carbohydrate-rich diets prescribed to manage metabolic needs, creating a favorable environment for caries development. The use of inhaled corticosteroids, nebulized antibiotics, and other essential medications introduces additional oral health challenges, such as fungal infections and changes in the oral microbiota. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, a common comorbidity in CF, contributes to dental erosion through repeated exposure to gastric acids. Despite these risks, frequent use of antibiotics in CF patients has shown a paradoxical reduction in dental caries prevalence, highlighting the complex oral microbial dynamics in this population. Preventive strategies include dietary counseling, regular fluoride application, and tailored oral hygiene routines, such as the use of electric toothbrushes and interdental brushes. Therapeutic interventions focus on minimally invasive techniques, fluoride-releasing restorative materials, and the application of sealants to protect vulnerable tooth surfaces. Collaboration among dentists, pediatricians, dietitians, and CF specialists is crucial to address the multifactorial challenges and improve both oral and systemic outcomes. The relationship between cystic fibrosis and oral health underscores the importance of integrating dental care into the broader management of CF. Early identification of oral complications and the implementation of personalized prevention and treatment strategies can significantly enhance the quality of life for pediatric CF patients while reducing the long-term burden of oral diseases.</p> <p> </p> 2025-01-23T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13653 Assessing the effectiveness of vaccination strategies against respiratory pathogens⁠ 2025-01-25T03:27:32+00:00 Marwah Y. Abdullah marwahyq@gmail.com Faisal M. Alanazi marwahyq@gmail.com Saad F. Gandurah marwahyq@gmail.com Dhiyaa A. Altufayif marwahyq@gmail.com Abdulrahman M. Alghamdi marwahyq@gmail.com Olfa A. Halawani marwahyq@gmail.com Fatimah F. Almudarhem marwahyq@gmail.com Raghad I. Al-Otaibe marwahyq@gmail.com Osama M. Allathiqani marwahyq@gmail.com Amani A. Alasmari marwahyq@gmail.com <p>Vaccination has been an effective method in preventing many childhood-related infections and reducing the risk of infections in adults. Between the mid-1960s and 2015, vaccination has been successful in saving more than 10 million lives. Respiratory pathogens have been a main target for vaccination over decades. Many vaccines were developed against respiratory pathogens such as influenza. virus, <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em>, and <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em>. Vaccination against respiratory pathogens faces new challenges every year due to different reasons. The following databases were used in systematic research: Medline (PubMed), Web of Science, and Scopus. Summaries of the found studies were exported by EndNote X8, and duplicate studies were removed. Inclusion criteria were any study. Despite the proven effectiveness of various vaccines against respiratory pathogens, several challenges persist in this field. These include the waning of vaccine-induced immunity, prompting the need of developing vaccines that provide long-lasting protection; vaccination harmful side effects; and the emergence of new subtypes are examples of these challenges. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, clinical trials are underway to develop more effective vaccines against a range of pathogens. However, greater large-scale efforts are needed, particularly in low-income countries, to enhance global public health outcomes.</p> 2025-01-24T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13656 Surgical site infection prevention: best practices and new approaches 2025-01-25T03:27:26+00:00 Hisham Abdullah Almottowa hishamalmottowa@gmail.com Othman Mohammed Mahzary hishamalmottowa@gmail.com Zainab Omar Barnawi hishamalmottowa@gmail.com Danah Ahmad AlFalah hishamalmottowa@gmail.com Fatmah Mousa Albloushi hishamalmottowa@gmail.com Amjad MohammedSaad Alluhaybi hishamalmottowa@gmail.com Abdulrahman Abdulaziz Aljumaah hishamalmottowa@gmail.com Khalid Turkey Alotaibi hishamalmottowa@gmail.com Anas Hamoud AlMutair hishamalmottowa@gmail.com Mazen Abdullah Alharbi hishamalmottowa@gmail.com <p>Surgical site infections (SSIs) remain a significant challenge in surgical care, posing a substantial threat to postoperative morbidity and mortality. There are many risk factors that can cause SSIs, encompassing patient-related factors and healthcare team practices. The risk factors for SSIs include advanced age, diabetes, smoking, obesity, distant site infections, elevated biomarkers, low HDL levels, opioid addiction, immunosuppressive drug use, higher ASA grade, comorbidities, prolonged preoperative hospitalization, and antibiotic resistance. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative precautions have all been used as part of comprehensive preventative efforts to reduce the incidence of SSIs. Furthermore, emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, have demonstrated potential in enhancing SSI detection and prevention, offering promising advancements to further optimize surgical outcomes. This review aims to explore the current evidence, risk factors, and emerging strategies in SSI prevention. By understanding the multifactorial nature of SSIs and implementing comprehensive preventive measures, healthcare providers can significantly mitigate the burden of these infections, ultimately improving patient outcomes and the overall quality of surgical care.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> 2025-01-24T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13648 Assessment of the microbiota in persistent periapical lesions and its clinical implications 2025-01-24T01:14:58+00:00 Waleed Khalid Alshargawi waldosh55@hotmail.com Samaher Khaled Alfawzan waldosh55@hotmail.com Ghalya Abdulrahman Alrobayan waldosh55@hotmail.com Faisal Abdullah Alsuwailem waldosh55@hotmail.com Fatimah Salman Almishari waldosh55@hotmail.com Mahfoud Samer Kanzou waldosh55@hotmail.com Abdulrahman Ali Alqahtani waldosh55@hotmail.com Razan Turki Alruwaili waldosh55@hotmail.com <p class="abstract" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">Persistent periapical lesions are chronic inflammatory conditions characterized by microbial colonization, immune responses and progressive tissue destruction. These lesions, often resistant to conventional endodontic therapy, are associated with diverse microbial communities, including anaerobic bacteria, fungi and viruses. Advanced diagnostic tools such as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and next-generation sequencing have significantly improved lesion detection and microbial profiling, enabling precise treatment planning. CBCT provides detailed imaging of lesion size and bone loss, while molecular diagnostics reveal complex microbial compositions, including unculturable species and resistance genes. The therapeutic management of persistent lesions involves mechanical debridement, antimicrobial agents and emerging adjuncts. Sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine and bioceramic sealers are effective in disrupting biofilms and enhancing sealing properties. Advanced modalities such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and probiotics offer innovative approaches to combat resistant pathogens and restore microbial balance. Regenerative strategies, including stem cell therapies and platelet-rich fibrin, show promise for restoring periapical tissue structure and function. Prognostic evaluation relies on lesion size, microbial diversity and systemic health factors. Larger lesions and those linked to systemic conditions like diabetes exhibit lower healing rates, emphasizing the need for comprehensive care. Chronic inflammation from periapical lesions has broader systemic implications, including associations with cardiovascular disease and diabetes, necessitating interdisciplinary collaboration. Future directions in managing persistent periapical lesions include artificial intelligence-driven diagnostics and personalized treatment strategies. Artificial intelligence can enhance predictive analytics, while regenerative approaches aim to repair biological tissues rather than replace them mechanically. Together, these advancements highlight the need for integrated, evidence-based approaches to improve outcomes in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of persistent periapical lesions. This integrated understanding bridges the gap between clinical management and the broader systemic implications of chronic oral infections.</span></p> 2025-01-23T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13646 Neurosensory feedback and its role in restorative dentistry enhancing patient comfort 2025-01-24T01:15:03+00:00 Tarik Mohammed Ali Alakkad TM.AKKAD@GMAIL.COM Zeyad Waleed Abdulmajeed tm.akkad@gmail.com Omar Saeed Alqahtani tm.akkad@gmail.com Ghadah Mohammed Alshehri tm.akkad@gmail.com Nuaif Hussain Alqessayer tm.akkad@gmail.com Mohammed Bander Alotaibi tm.akkad@gmail.com Hazzaa Hassan Alqahtani tm.akkad@gmail.com Ghida Saeed Almaliky tm.akkad@gmail.com Shomous Zuhair Balbaid tm.akkad@gmail.com Ali Mohammed Almakrami tm.akkad@gmail.com Norah Ahmed Alshahrani tm.akkad@gmail.com <p class="abstract" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">Neurosensory feedback plays a critical role in restorative dentistry, directly influencing the precision of procedures and the comfort experienced by patients. It involves the transmission of sensory signals from the oral tissues to the brain, enabling clinicians to adapt techniques based on patient-specific responses. This process is essential in minimizing procedural discomfort and ensuring functional outcomes, particularly in complex interventions such as dental implants, crowns and endodontic treatments. Mechanoreceptors within the periodontal ligament and pulp provide real-time feedback, guiding adjustments to occlusion, alignment and prosthetic fit. Challenges arise due to variability in neurosensory responses influenced by factors like age, prior trauma and systemic conditions. The absence of natural sensory interfaces, such as the periodontal ligament in dental implants, further complicates the restoration process. While Osseo perception compensates to an extent, its limitations often affect the fine-tuning of occlusion and tactile control. Innovations in biomaterials and surgical techniques have addressed some of these concerns by enhancing compatibility and preserving nerve pathways. However, inflammatory reactions and postoperative sensory disturbances remain common complications. Emerging technologies, such as cone-beam computed tomography and tactile sensors, offer improved diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities, aiding in the management of neurosensory impairments. Despite their promise, accessibility and cost continue to pose significant barriers, limiting widespread adoption. Research into biocompatible materials and neural regeneration strategies holds potential for further advancing restorative dentistry. Emphasizing patient-centered care through preoperative counseling and meticulous technique adaptation can enhance satisfaction and comfort. Overcoming the limitations of neurosensory integration requires a multidisciplinary approach involving clinicians, researchers and material scientists to ensure that restorative procedures achieve both functional and sensory excellence while prioritizing patient well-being.</span></p> 2025-01-23T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13611 Management of inhalation injuries in emergency and critical care: immediate interventions and long-term outcomes 2025-01-23T03:21:35+00:00 Anwar A. Alsaidiani aalsaidalni@moh.gov.sa Sarah Z. Alsaihati aalsaidalni@moh.gov.sa Zahra A. Al-Tufaif aalsaidalni@moh.gov.sa Doaa J. Saad aalsaidalni@moh.gov.sa Feras E. Khan aalsaidalni@moh.gov.sa Eman A. Alsaif aalsaidalni@moh.gov.sa Reem K. Buzaid aalsaidalni@moh.gov.sa Abdulaziz H. Almutair aalsaidalni@moh.gov.sa Abdulhamed J. Murshid aalsaidalni@moh.gov.sa Saad A. Alshahrani aalsaidalni@moh.gov.sa <p>Inhalation injury is respiratory injury caused by inhalation of substances such as toxic gas, fire fumes and chemical products. It can lead to hypoxia, ventilation dysfunction, increased airway resistance, and massive pulmonary edema. Immediate intervention is crucial for inhalation injuries. Current management strategies include endotracheal intubation, tracheostomy, fluid resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, and treatment of systemic toxicity. Many factors can affect the outcomes of inhalation injury such as age, severity of inhalation injury, and total body surface area burned. The following databases were used in systematic research: Medline (PubMed), Web of Science, and Scopus till 22 December 2024. Inclusion criteria is any study that discusses management of inhalation injuries in emergency and critical care and their outcomes and published in peer-reviewed journals was included with the inclusion of full-text articles, abstracts, and case series with the related topics are included. All languages are included. Animal studies, case reports, letters and comments were excluded. Endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, and tracheostomy are considered important interventions in the inhalation injury emergency setting. However, studies reported poor long-term outcomes of these interventions. The objective of this review is to discuss the different approaches of management of inhalation injuries in emergency department and the obtained outcomes.</p> 2025-01-22T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13632 Challenges and solutions in soft tissue grafting for receding gums 2025-01-23T03:21:32+00:00 Maha Assad Munshi maha.munshi@yahoo.com Rahaf Khaled Alkholaifi maha.munshi@yahoo.com Wael Mohammed Hummadi maha.munshi@yahoo.com Talal Khalid AlGhamdi maha.munshi@yahoo.com Seba Abdullah Almalki maha.munshi@yahoo.com Sarah Mohammed Alqarni maha.munshi@yahoo.com Ali Ayed Alkhmmash maha.munshi@yahoo.com Amira Mohammed Aljared maha.munshi@yahoo.com Talal Abdullah Almohaisen maha.munshi@yahoo.com Reema Abdulaziz Alghamdi maha.munshi@yahoo.com Abdulkarim Abdullah Alanazi maha.munshi@yahoo.com <p>Soft tissue grafting plays a critical role in addressing periodontal challenges, particularly in managing receding gums. It serves both functional and aesthetic purposes, offering solutions for root exposure, sensitivity, and compromised oral health. Advances in surgical techniques and material science have propelled the field forward, providing clinicians with diverse options to achieve optimal outcomes. Autologous grafts remain a standard for many cases, valued for their biocompatibility and success rates, though they present limitations such as donor site morbidity and limited availability. Innovative materials like nanofibrous scaffolds and hydrogels have revolutionized tissue engineering. These materials mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM), promoting cell attachment and tissue integration while enabling the controlled delivery of bioactive agents. The emergence of 3D bioprinting has further enhanced precision, allowing for patient-specific graft designs that integrate vascular structures for improved survival. Decellularized matrices offer a biologically compatible alternative, preserving natural tissue architecture while reducing immune response risks. Patient-specific factors, including systemic health, genetic predispositions, and site-specific anatomy, significantly influence graft success. Advanced computational tools and predictive models now allow for personalized treatment strategies, addressing these variables effectively. Technologies such as bioreactors and imaging systems provide real-time insights into graft performance, bridging the gap between research and clinical application. Future directions focus on integrating cutting-edge biomaterials with regenerative medicine and computational modelling to develop smarter, more adaptive grafting solutions. As the field continues to evolve, the emphasis lies on achieving outcomes that balance functionality, aesthetics, and patient satisfaction while minimizing risks and complications. These advancements promise to reshape the landscape of periodontal therapy, offering innovative solutions for complex clinical challenges.</p> 2025-01-22T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13633 Preventing and management of mouth ulcers caused by orthodontic 2025-01-23T03:21:30+00:00 Waleed Hashim Farran Dr.waleedfarran@gmail.com Alhanouf Abdullah Alshudukhi Dr.waleedfarran@gmail.com Mohammed Ahmed Namazi Dr.waleedfarran@gmail.com Wafa Nawaf Aljakthami Dr.waleedfarran@gmail.com Nada Fahad Alotaibi Dr.waleedfarran@gmail.com Nouf Abdullah Alsultan Dr.waleedfarran@gmail.com Hassan Ibrahim Al Hudithi Dr.waleedfarran@gmail.com Faisal Ali Alshehri Dr.waleedfarran@gmail.com Amwaj Yahya Alamer Dr.waleedfarran@gmail.com Nujud Muzhir Alessa Dr.waleedfarran@gmail.com Lujain Salem Alsawat Dr.waleedfarran@gmail.com <p>Orthodontic-induced mouth ulcers are a common complication arising from mechanical irritation and increased plaque accumulation during treatment. These painful lesions significantly impact the comfort and compliance of patients undergoing orthodontic care. Various factors contribute to their development, including appliance design, oral hygiene, dietary habits, stress, and systemic conditions like nutritional deficiencies. Effective prevention and management strategies are essential to mitigate these effects and enhance patient outcomes. Prevention focuses on minimizing mechanical trauma through improved appliance designs such as rounded brackets and self-ligating systems, and the use of protective barriers like orthodontic wax and silicone strips. Maintaining optimal oral hygiene with adjunctive tools, antimicrobial rinses, and dietary adjustments plays a pivotal role in reducing plaque accumulation and preventing mucosal injuries. Behavioral interventions, including stress management and addressing parafunctional habits, further support ulcer prevention. Management approaches include the use of topical treatments like corticosteroid-based ointments and bio-adhesive gels to alleviate pain and promote healing. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) accelerates tissue repair and provides analgesic effects, emerging as an effective adjunctive treatment. In more severe cases, systemic antibiotics or anti-inflammatory medications may be employed to control secondary infections and support immune responses. Patient education is critical in ensuring adherence to these strategies, emphasizing the importance of dietary modifications, stress control, and consistent oral care. Comprehensive care combining innovative technologies, evidence-based treatments, and personalized patient support addresses both the etiology and impact of orthodontic-induced ulcers. These integrated strategies not only reduce the incidence and severity of lesions but also improve overall patient satisfaction and treatment compliance. As advancements in materials and therapeutic modalities continue, the potential for enhanced outcomes in orthodontic care grows, ensuring better quality of life for patients during treatment.</p> 2025-01-22T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13634 Advances in diagnosis and management of irritable bowel syndrome 2025-01-23T03:21:28+00:00 Khalid Mohammed Al Ghamdi K.m.a02@hotmail.com Yusr Ahmed Alsharif K.m.a02@hotmail.com Amna Mohamed Buhiji K.m.a02@hotmail.com Saeed Mofareh Alshehri K.m.a02@hotmail.com Osamah Mohammed Alsuwilem K.m.a02@hotmail.com Roua Jalal Tarazy K.m.a02@hotmail.com Husain Ali Alrahma K.m.a02@hotmail.com Ruba Ateeq Alshaikh K.m.a02@hotmail.com Mubarak Adel Alharbi K.m.a02@hotmail.com Sara Jameel Bin Saleh K.m.a02@hotmail.com Rozana Louai Bawareth K.m.a02@hotmail.com <p>Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder of the digestive tract manifested by chronic abdominal pain and irregular bowel habits. It has significant negative impacts on quality of life and healthcare resources worldwide. IBS is linked to disrupted signaling between the brain and gut, affecting motility, sensation, and microbiota. Diagnosis is almost always clinical using Rome IV criteria and investigations to exclude organic diseases. IBS is subdivided according to stool patterns, with IBS with diarrhea being most common. Management aims to improve symptoms and quality of life. It includes patient education and reassurance, dietary and lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and psychological approaches. Dietary interventions involve low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet and use of probiotics. Medications such as rifaximin and linaclotide are prescribed for patients with specific IBS types. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has proven effective in targeting psychological factors contributing to the condition. This narrative review discusses recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of IBS. It points to the importance of using a multidisciplinary approach in IBS management to address the underlying complexity of this condition. Further research should be conducted to refine diagnostic and therapeutic strategies of IBS to improve its prognosis.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> 2025-01-22T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13635 Personal protective equipment usage and compliance among healthcare workers 2025-01-23T03:21:25+00:00 Abdulghani Abdulaziz Alzamzami zam-zam-i@hotmail.com Marwa Mansour Al Ibrahim zam-zam-i@hotmail.com Fatimah Mohammed Al Nemer zam-zam-i@hotmail.com Zainab Ali Ghallab zam-zam-i@hotmail.com Ayman Ali Alsulami zam-zam-i@hotmail.com Abdullah Ali Alghamdi zam-zam-i@hotmail.com Huda Ali Samm zam-zam-i@hotmail.com Nuha Saad Alasmari zam-zam-i@hotmail.com Abdulrahman Abdullah Alshamrani zam-zam-i@hotmail.com Shahd Saeed Aljohani zam-zam-i@hotmail.com Naif Ali Altalibi zam-zam-i@hotmail.com <p>This review delves into personal protective equipment (PPE) usage and adherence among healthcare professionals. The research highlights the role of knowledge and awareness in shaping compliance behaviors, stressing the importance of education and training initiatives. Factors like discomfort, perceived risk, and cognitive beliefs at a level with organizational culture, leadership, and a positive safety environment impact compliance result. The benefits of using PPE range from preventing healthcare-associated infections to promoting the well-being of healthcare workers. Successful clinical management involves evidence-based policy creation, thorough education and training programs, strategic resource distribution, and ongoing assessment. Leadership and organizational culture are drivers that cultivate a safety-oriented culture and adherence to PPE protocols. Given the evolving nature of diseases, guidelines need updates alongside contingency plans for potential outbreaks or pandemics. As healthcare institutions aim to enhance compliance levels, the insights from this review offer direction for managers and policymakers by laying a foundation for improving safety standards and strengthening overall healthcare systems.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> 2025-01-22T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13641 Fluoride use in pediatric dentistry: balancing benefits and risks 2025-01-24T01:15:12+00:00 Raed M. Alamoudi Raed.m.alamoudi@gmail.com Faisal M. Martaa raed.m.alamoudi@gmail.com Fahad A. Alqahtani raed.m.alamoudi@gmail.com Arwa M. Alshahri raed.m.alamoudi@gmail.com Maram N. Aboqraihah raed.m.alamoudi@gmail.com Reem E. Alharbi raed.m.alamoudi@gmail.com Ismail A. Alaama raed.m.alamoudi@gmail.com Alhanouf M. Alourf raed.m.alamoudi@gmail.com Ali A. Alnasser raed.m.alamoudi@gmail.com Dania M. Kurdi raed.m.alamoudi@gmail.com Raghdah M. Albalawi raed.m.alamoudi@gmail.com <p>Fluoride has been a critical component in pediatric dentistry, offering significant protection against dental caries, a prevalent issue among children globally. Its mechanisms of action include enhancing enamel resistance through remineralization, inhibiting demineralization, and reducing bacterial activity in the oral cavity. These processes contribute to strengthening teeth and reducing the risk of decay, making fluoride a cornerstone in both individual and community dental care. However, excessive fluoride exposure, particularly in early childhood, poses risks such as dental fluorosis and, in rare cases, systemic toxicity. Strategies to ensure safe and effective fluoride use involve a combination of public health measures and individualized approaches. Community water fluoridation remains a cost-effective solution, significantly reducing caries prevalence while requiring strict monitoring to maintain safe levels. Topical applications, such as fluoride toothpaste and varnishes, provide targeted protection and minimize systemic intake, especially in high-risk populations. Recommendations for parental supervision during toothbrushing and the use of age-appropriate fluoride toothpaste are critical in reducing the risk of overexposure. Localized therapies, such as fluoride varnish and supplements for non-fluoridated areas, further enhance protective effects while addressing regional disparities. Public education campaigns play an essential role in raising awareness about proper fluoride use, fostering healthier oral hygiene practices among children and their caregivers. Ongoing research and evidence-based guidelines remain fundamental in optimizing fluoride application and addressing emerging concerns. Balancing the benefits of fluoride in preventing caries with the risks of overexposure requires a comprehensive approach that integrates scientific advancements, public health initiatives, and community-specific strategies.</p> 2025-01-23T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13642 Prosthodontic considerations in geriatric patients addressing age-related oral changes 2025-01-24T01:15:11+00:00 Ali Salem Alfaer Dr.alfaer@gmail.com Saad Saeed IbnLadnah Dr.alfaer@gmail.com Abdulrahman Ali Alshehri Dr.alfaer@gmail.com Muath Mohammed Almujahid Dr.alfaer@gmail.com Mohammed Taleb Bin Shami Dr.alfaer@gmail.com <p>Aging leads to significant physiological changes in the oral cavity, presenting unique challenges in the management of oral health in elderly patients. Common conditions such as xerostomia, periodontal disease, and denture-related complications are prevalent and often compounded by systemic health issues, medication side effects, and socioeconomic barriers. Effective management requires a comprehensive approach that integrates clinical interventions, preventive strategies, and patient-specific care plans. Xerostomia, frequently caused by polypharmacy, affects oral lubrication and increases the risk of dental caries. Management strategies include the use of saliva substitutes, stimulants like xylitol-based lozenges, and enhanced hydration practices. Periodontal disease, often exacerbated by systemic conditions like diabetes, demands regular mechanical debridement, antimicrobial therapy, and patient education on oral hygiene. Tailored solutions, such as modified toothbrushes and flossing tools, accommodate reduced dexterity in elderly patients. Denture-related conditions such as stomatitis and pressure sores are addressed through proper denture fitting, use of tissue conditioners, and antifungal treatments. Emphasis on improved prosthesis hygiene reduces microbial colonization and enhances comfort. Nutritional deficiencies linked to oral conditions are managed through dietary modifications, counseling, and nutrient supplementation, ensuring adequate intake of essential vitamins and minerals. Socioeconomic barriers and mobility challenges often hinder access to regular dental care in the elderly. Mobile dental units, community outreach programs, and public health initiatives have been effective in bridging these gaps. Psychosocial support, including empathetic communication and caregiver involvement, plays a vital role in ensuring adherence to treatment plans. Holistic management of oral health in elderly patients enhances not only oral function but also overall well-being, demonstrating the importance of integrating medical, nutritional, and social considerations in geriatric dentistry. This multifaceted approach improves quality of life and addresses the complex needs of aging populations.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> 2025-01-23T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13644 The role of SGLT2 inhibitors in protecting cardiovascular health: beyond glycaemic control 2025-01-24T01:15:08+00:00 Samar Abed Alharbi Dr_sam1990@hotmail.com Amal Ahmad Alsubaiei dr_sam1990@hotmail.com Ali Hussain Alkhalifah dr_sam1990@hotmail.com Abdulrahman Abdulaziz Alshehri dr_sam1990@hotmail.com Shoog Soliman Alhaggas dr_sam1990@hotmail.com Shahad Marwan Alhuthli dr_sam1990@hotmail.com Yousef Hassan Alfaqih dr_sam1990@hotmail.com Wed Ziyad Alnajjar dr_sam1990@hotmail.com Ghaida Abdulla Alshaban dr_sam1990@hotmail.com Mahmood Sameer Ahmed dr_sam1990@hotmail.com Abdulkarem Sarhan Alqarni dr_sam1990@hotmail.com <p>Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, also known as Gliflozins, are a class of anti-diabetic medications initially developed for glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM patients are at a significantly higher risk of adverse outcomes, including heart failure, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and renal diseases. Unlike traditional hypoglycemic agents, SGLT2 inhibitors have demonstrated notable cardiovascular benefits. Four SGLT2 inhibitors-Canagliflozin, Empagliflozin, Ertugliflozin, and Dapagliflozin—are currently approved by regulatory agencies such as the European Medicines Agency and the US Food and Drug Administration. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cardioprotective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors, extending their therapeutic potential beyond glycemic control. The renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors contribute to cardiovascular outcomes, including reductions in albuminuria and slowing of chronic kidney disease progression. This review explores the impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular health in diabetic and non-diabetic populations, highlighting their ability to reduce renal and cardiovascular risks. Current evidence underscores their transformative role in managing T2DM and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, these findings pave the way for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies targeting diabetes and cardiovascular comorbidities. Additional research is needed to better understand the potential benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in non-diabetic individuals.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> 2025-01-23T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13645 Roles of multimodality imaging in rare neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases 2025-01-24T01:15:05+00:00 Bayan Mamdouh Ali dr.bayan1911@hotmail.com Hesham Idriss Alturk dr.bayan1911@hotmail.com Amjad Hamdan Alharbi dr.bayan1911@hotmail.com Abdallah Jafar Alamer dr.bayan1911@hotmail.com Khalid Mesfer Alqahtani dr.bayan1911@hotmail.com Leena M. Al Mahrous dr.bayan1911@hotmail.com Lujain Marzouq Allehyani dr.bayan1911@hotmail.com Fatimah Radi Slais dr.bayan1911@hotmail.com Nouriyah Haider Arishi dr.bayan1911@hotmail.com Alshaima Abdh Qasem dr.bayan1911@hotmail.com Abdullah Khalid Aljughiman dr.bayan1911@hotmail.com <p>Physicians face challenges in diagnosing and managing of neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington’s disease, as they are rare, clinically variable, and often misdiagnosed by traditional diagnostic methods. To overcome these challenges, multimodality imaging, combining techniques like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and ultrasound, has emerged to provide complementary structural, functional, and molecular data. This review discusses the roles of multimodality imaging in diagnosing, monitoring, and managing these rare diseases. Structural changes and neural connectivity are identified by MRI, and metabolic and molecular abnormalities are detected by PET. Real time evaluation of nerve and muscle abnormalities is provided by ultrasound, whereas CT aids in evaluation of respiratory function and skeletal structures. These methods are combined to improve diagnostic accuracy and to provide further understanding of disease mechanisms. Emerging multimodal imaging techniques, such as ultra-high-field MRI and hybrid PET-MRI systems, are being developed to provide greater resolution and efficiency. Multimodality imaging is a critical tool in improving the care of patients with rare neuromuscular and neurodegenerative disorders. However, its widespread use is hindered by high costs, limited access, and the need for standardized protocols and validation. Future directions include the development of imaging biomarkers, integration with other diagnostic methods, and the use of artificial intelligence to analyze complex imaging data.</p> 2025-01-23T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13652 Selection of induction agents for safe and effective rapid sequence intubation⁠ 2025-01-25T03:27:34+00:00 Ahmed Amin Aljefri Ahmad.jefri2011@gmail.com Abdulrahman S. Alqurashi Ahmad.jefri2011@gmail.com Mubarak F. Alshahrani Ahmad.jefri2011@gmail.com Saeed N. Alshahrani Ahmad.jefri2011@gmail.com Ibrahim S. Allehaimeed Ahmad.jefri2011@gmail.com Mohammed A. Alotaibi Ahmad.jefri2011@gmail.com Sitah T. Alarifi Ahmad.jefri2011@gmail.com Ahmed A. Aljohani Ahmad.jefri2011@gmail.com Haitham A. Khoj Ahmad.jefri2011@gmail.com Hasan M. Samman Ahmad.jefri2011@gmail.com Waleed K. Kaki Ahmad.jefri2011@gmail.com <p>Rapid sequence intubation (RSI) is a critical procedure in emergency airway management, requiring rapid induction of unconsciousness and muscle relaxation to facilitate safe intubation. The choice of induction agent plays a pivotal role in optimizing outcomes, as each agent exhibits unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. Etomidate is frequently chosen for its hemodynamic stability, making it suitable for critically ill patients; however, concerns regarding adrenal suppression warrant caution in septic or prolonged critical illness cases. Ketamine is particularly advantageous in patients with reactive airway diseases or hypotension, owing to its bronchodilatory effects and ability to preserve respiratory drive, although its psychotomimetic side effects must be managed carefully. Propofol, characterized by its rapid onset and short duration, provides excellent intubating conditions but may cause significant hypotension, limiting its use in hemodynamically unstable patients. Thiopental, once widely used, is now less favored due to cardiovascular depression and prolonged recovery times. Patient-specific factors, including age, comorbidities, and clinical status, heavily influence agent selection. Pediatric and geriatric populations pose unique challenges, necessitating dose adjustments and close monitoring. Emerging agents like dexmedetomidine offer novel benefits such as sedation with preserved respiratory function, though slower onset limits its utility in emergency settings. The complexity of decision-making underscores the importance of understanding the nuances of each agent’s efficacy and safety. Despite advancements in pharmacological options, limitations in evidence, variability in patient responses, and resource constraints highlight the need for individualized approaches and adaptable guidelines. Further research is essential to bridge gaps in knowledge and establish standardized practices to enhance safety and effectiveness in RSI across diverse clinical scenarios.</p> 2025-01-24T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13640 Dental eruption patterns and their relationship to systemic health conditions in children 2025-01-24T01:15:14+00:00 Neveen M. Ahmed Dr.neveenahmed000@gmail.com Nada S. Alzahrani dr.neveenahmed000@gmail.com Afnan S. Asali dr.neveenahmed000@gmail.com Nouh H. Khormi dr.neveenahmed000@gmail.com Hajar A. Abulsaud dr.neveenahmed000@gmail.com Saad A. Alqahtani dr.neveenahmed000@gmail.com Nawaf A. Alshehri dr.neveenahmed000@gmail.com Sara H. Almansour dr.neveenahmed000@gmail.com Raghad A. Al-Zahrani dr.neveenahmed000@gmail.com Rayan F. Alshalawi dr.neveenahmed000@gmail.com Albandari G. Alrashidi dr.neveenahmed000@gmail.com <p>Dental eruption patterns serve as vital indicators of pediatric health, reflecting a complex interplay between genetic, systemic, environmental, and nutritional factors. These patterns provide insights into a child’s overall health and development, often revealing early signs of systemic conditions or developmental abnormalities. Hormonal imbalances, such as those caused by hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, are known to affect the timing and sequence of tooth eruption. Delays in eruption can also result from chronic systemic diseases like diabetes mellitus or kidney disease, as disruptions in metabolic processes impact bone and dental development. Nutritional deficiencies, particularly in calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D, play a critical role in influencing eruption. Malnutrition often leads to delayed eruption and enamel hypoplasia, with such dental anomalies frequently accompanying stunted growth and systemic deficiencies. Genetic syndromes like Down syndrome and cleidocranial dysplasia further highlight the link between eruption patterns and systemic health, with distinct dental features such as delayed eruption and supernumerary teeth reflecting underlying genetic mutations. Environmental exposures, including high fluoride levels or lead toxicity, have been shown to disrupt dental development, leading to structural anomalies and altered eruption timelines. Additionally, psychological and behavioral factors, such as chronic stress, may interfere with normal eruption by affecting hormonal and metabolic pathways. Dental eruption assessments thus provide a non-invasive, accessible tool for identifying systemic and developmental conditions in children. Incorporating these evaluations into routine pediatric healthcare can enhance diagnostic accuracy and support early intervention for a wide range of health concerns. Understanding the multifaceted influences on eruption patterns enables clinicians to adopt a more holistic approach to pediatric care, fostering better outcomes for both oral and overall health.</p> 2025-01-23T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13654 Hypoglycemia awareness and its clinical implications in insulin-treated patients⁠ 2025-01-25T03:27:31+00:00 Marwah Y. Abdullah marwahyq@gmail.com Aldana M. Yatimi marwahyq@gmail.com Mohammed B. Aljamaan marwahyq@gmail.com Zaki T. Amoudi marwahyq@gmail.com Nouf M. Alrefai marwahyq@gmail.com Afnan S. Bamajboor marwahyq@gmail.com Zahra A. Lashet marwahyq@gmail.com Amani A. Alsulami marwahyq@gmail.com Ammar S. Aljohani marwahyq@gmail.com Shahad H. Alraddadi marwahyq@gmail.com <p>Hypoglycemia is a significant complication of diabetes treatment. If left untreated, serious complications may occur. Mild hypoglycemia occurs in approximately 30% to 40% of those with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Overall prevalence of severe hypoglycemia in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes is 0.28 episodes per patient per year. Impaired awareness of hypoglycemia (IAH) is a possible complication of recurrent hypoglycemia episodes. Many prior studies have examined the prevalence of IAH in patients with type 1 diabetes, while there is limited data on the prevalence of IAH in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. The following databases were used in systematic research: Medline (PubMed), Web of Science, and Scopus. Summaries of the found studies were exported by EndNoteX8, and duplicate studies were removed. Various mechanisms have been proposed in recent studies, such as the brain glucose transport hypothesis and the brain glycogen supercompensation hypothesis. It is important to assess the risk factors of IAH to avoid its significant complications. To successfully assess the risk factors, three methods of measuring are being used: Clarke, Gold, and Pedersen Bjergaard methods. The aim of this review is to discuss the prevalence, mechanisms, measurement, and clinical implications of IAH in insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients.</p> 2025-01-24T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13655 Use of sacral neuromodulation in the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome 2025-01-25T03:27:29+00:00 Shahirah Khalid Azzuz s.azzuz@yahoo.com Ziyad Abdulrahman Alosfur s.azzuz@yahoo.com Abdulrahman Yousef Alshammari s.azzuz@yahoo.com Rakan Hamoud Alsukaybi s.azzuz@yahoo.com Khalid Salamah Alfuhaid s.azzuz@yahoo.com Abdulmajeed Mazi Alanazi s.azzuz@yahoo.com Abdulaziz Naif Alshammari s.azzuz@yahoo.com Abdulaziz Fahad Alanazi s.azzuz@yahoo.com Ali Ahmed Al-Ghassab s.azzuz@yahoo.com Nayef Khaled Alenezi s.azzuz@yahoo.com Khalid Ibrahim Alrehili s.azzuz@yahoo.com <p>Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) is a prevalent condition characterized by urinary urgency, frequency, and incontinence, significantly impacting patients’ quality of life. Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) has emerged as an effective treatment, particularly for individuals unresponsive to conventional therapies. SNM operates by modulating sacral nerve activity to restore normal bladder function, offering both symptom relief and enhanced quality of life. Recent clinical studies demonstrate its long-term efficacy, with sustained improvements in urgency and frequency, and high patient satisfaction rates. Mechanisms underlying SNM involve the modulation of peripheral and central nervous pathways, normalizing overactive detrusor activity and rebalancing excitatory and inhibitory neural signals. Advances in device technology, including rechargeable systems and adaptive stimulation, have further optimized its clinical utility. Minimally invasive techniques and improved electrode designs have enhanced the safety and accessibility of SNM, reducing complications and recovery times. Emerging applications of SNM extend beyond OAB, showing potential in managing neurogenic bladder, fecal incontinence, and chronic pelvic pain. Integration with digital health technologies allows for remote monitoring and personalized adjustments, improving patient outcomes and adherence. Future directions include exploring combined therapies, expanding indications, and leveraging machine learning for tailored neuromodulation. As innovations continue to refine SNM, its role in treating complex pelvic disorders is set to expand, offering a durable, effective solution for patients with refractory conditions. This evolution highlights SNM’s transformative potential in both urological and multidisciplinary care.</p> 2025-01-24T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13659 Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in the development of diabetic retinopathy 2025-01-25T03:27:24+00:00 Ahmed Thabit Alnahdi dr_thabit@hotmail.de Lama Abdulaziz Almujalli dr_thabit@hotmail.de Sahar Yousef Alhawsawi dr_thabit@hotmail.de Raneem Abdurabu Gomawi dr_thabit@hotmail.de Abdullah Hazza Alhobera dr_thabit@hotmail.de Khawlah Fares Alshammari dr_thabit@hotmail.de Mazin Talal Alshammari dr_thabit@hotmail.de Hisham Muhammedeed Almuallim dr_thabit@hotmail.de Gehan Khalid Mubaraki dr_thabit@hotmail.de Mansour Adel Shourbaji dr_thabit@hotmail.de <p>Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the leading cause of preventable blindness, is primarily caused by chronic hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress. This review examines molecular mechanisms by which hyperglycemia-induced oxidative damage transmits into retinal tissue. We summarize the major pathways: polyol activation, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), protein kinase C (PKC) dysregulation, and hexosamine pathway. Oxidative stress leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis of retinal endothelium and pigment epithelium and activation of cytokines, as well as overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). These processes together cause vascular leakage, macular edema and pathological angiogenesis. Trials of oxidative stress therapies (e.g. antioxidants, PKC inhibitors e.g., ruboxistaurin, and anti-VEGF agents e.g., ranibizumab, bevacizumab, aflibercept) as well as mitochondria targeted therapies are considered potential therapeutic approaches to improve DR prognosis. Further studies on DR pathophysiology and treatment are recommended to develop effective interventions for this vision threatening condition. Better prevention and management of DR requires early intervention and biomarker-based approaches.</p> 2025-01-24T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13665 Influence of occlusal loading on the longevity of dental bridges 2025-01-25T03:27:22+00:00 Mona A. Aqely Mona.aqely@outlook.com Mayyada I. Faraj mona.aqely@outlook.com Aasaiel A. Alnafisi mona.aqely@outlook.com Mohammed N. Ayoub mona.aqely@outlook.com Ibrahim M. Diqini mona.aqely@outlook.com Nawal M. Majrashi mona.aqely@outlook.com Ismail A. Alajam mona.aqely@outlook.com Aisha M. Alsheri mona.aqely@outlook.com Nouf A. Alrayes mona.aqely@outlook.com Haitham A. Alahmari mona.aqely@outlook.com Abdulmohsen S. Alghabban mona.aqely@outlook.com <p>Dental bridges are a cornerstone in restorative dentistry, offering functional and aesthetic solutions for patients with missing teeth. Their longevity is influenced by a complex interplay of biomechanical, material, and clinical factors. Occlusal loading, the force exerted during mastication and other functional activities, plays a critical role in determining the durability of these prostheses. Excessive or uneven occlusal forces can lead to mechanical failures such as fractures, debonding, or material fatigue. Advances in materials, particularly high-strength ceramics like zirconia, have improved the ability of bridges to withstand these stresses, providing enhanced resistance to wear and fracture. Design considerations, including connector dimensions and the use of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology, ensure more precise stress distribution, minimizing the risk of localized mechanical failures. Finite element analysis and digital occlusal analysis have further refined the understanding of stress patterns, enabling personalized approaches tailored to individual patient needs. Clinical studies have highlighted the importance of maintenance strategies, such as regular follow-ups and early repair of minor defects, in extending the lifespan of dental bridges. Patient-specific factors, such as parafunctional habits and periodontal health, significantly influence outcomes and necessitate individualized treatment planning. Emerging technologies, combined with material innovations, have shifted the focus toward optimizing the biomechanical performance of dental bridges. Trends reveal that integrating robust materials with advanced design techniques results in improved longevity and reduced failure rates. The interplay between clinical, material, and mechanical factors continues to evolve, offering new insights into enhancing the reliability and success of dental bridges over time.</p> 2025-01-24T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13647 Clinical decision and consideration of restorative dentistry 2025-01-24T01:15:01+00:00 Tarik Mohammed Ali Alakkad TM.AKKAD@GMAIL.COM Rayed Mayah Alshammari tm.akkad@gmail.com Sakinah Ali Alsaeed tm.akkad@gmail.com Ali Jasim Al Sulail tm.akkad@gmail.com Bushra Ali Alqahtani tm.akkad@gmail.com Mohammed Abdullaziz AlShaikh tm.akkad@gmail.com Razan Abdulrahman Abudeeb tm.akkad@gmail.com Afnan Hassan Sayed tm.akkad@gmail.com Saqer Nasser Alsubaie tm.akkad@gmail.com Zeena Jafar tm.akkad@gmail.com Abdulrahman Mohammed Alghamdi tm.akkad@gmail.com <p class="abstract" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">Restorative dentistry is a rapidly evolving field dedicated to restoring oral health, function and aesthetics through innovative materials, techniques and patient-centered approaches. The integration of ethical and long-term considerations into clinical decision-making has become increasingly critical in ensuring sustainable and equitable care. Advances in restorative materials, such as nanocomposites and bioactive substances, have enhanced the durability, functionality and aesthetic outcomes of treatments. Adhesive technologies and minimally invasive approaches further prioritize the preservation of natural tooth structure while improving treatment longevity. Patient-centered treatment models, including shared decision-making (SDM) and motivational interviewing (MI), are reshaping how clinicians engage with patients. These frameworks emphasize collaboration, trust and behavioral changes, ensuring that clinical interventions align with individual preferences and lifestyles. Such approaches not only improve treatment adherence but also enhance patient satisfaction and long-term oral health. Ethical considerations in restorative care address issues like overtreatment, equitable access and informed consent. Balancing the demands of complex rehabilitations with patients’ financial, psychological and systemic health factors ensures that restorative care remains sustainable and aligned with professional values. Additionally, proactive planning for long-term maintenance reduces the need for invasive interventions and extends the lifespan of restorations. Innovative techniques, such as the shortened dental arch concept and atraumatic restorative treatment, offer practical solutions in resource-constrained settings, contributing to a more inclusive approach to oral health care. By combining advancements in technology, patient-centered care and ethical practices, restorative dentistry continues to evolve, delivering effective, individualized and sustainable outcomes that improve the overall quality of life for diverse patient populations.</span></p> 2025-01-23T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13671 Risk assessment and management strategies for peri-implantitis in high-risk populations⁠ 2025-01-25T03:27:20+00:00 Mohammed A. Batwa mbatwa@hotmail.com Nassren F. Alenazi mbatwa@hotmail.com Raed A. Aldubayyan mbatwa@hotmail.com Mohammed A. Alshehri mbatwa@hotmail.com Abdulmajed A. Alanazi mbatwa@hotmail.com <p>Peri-implantitis is a multifactorial condition characterized by inflammation and progressive bone loss surrounding dental implants, often leading to implant failure. High-risk populations, including patients with systemic conditions such as diabetes or undergoing cancer treatments, face an elevated susceptibility due to impaired immune responses and altered bone metabolism. Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the disease is essential for effective risk assessment and management. Dysbiosis of the microbial biofilm, immune system dysregulation, and systemic factors like oxidative stress and cytokine imbalances are critical contributors to disease progression. These factors necessitate the development of targeted strategies for prevention and intervention. Risk assessment models have evolved to include advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence and decision tree regression to predict peri-implantitis in vulnerable individuals accurately. These tools incorporate systemic, local, and implant-specific parameters to enable personalized treatment planning and early intervention. Innovative management strategies have also emerged, ranging from adjunctive antimicrobial therapies, such as glycine powder air-polishing and localized drug delivery systems, to host modulation therapies and regenerative techniques. The use of advanced biomaterials, such as implants coated with bioactive peptides or antimicrobial nanoparticles, has further improved osseointegration and reduced infection rates. Regenerative approaches, including the application of growth factors like platelet-derived growth factor and bone morphogenetic proteins, have shown significant potential in repairing peri-implant defects and restoring functional stability. Emerging technologies, such as nanotechnology and bioengineered implants, offer new possibilities for real-time health monitoring and sustained therapeutic delivery at implant sites. These advancements, coupled with a deeper understanding of peri-implantitis etiology, provide a framework for optimizing outcomes in high-risk populations, addressing both the local and systemic challenges posed by the disease.</p> 2025-01-24T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13650 An overview of uses and effectiveness of intracanal medicaments in endodontics 2025-01-25T03:27:36+00:00 Waleed K. Alshargawi waldosh55@hotmail.com Wesam Y. Alibrahim waldosh55@hotmail.com Majed O. Bakkar waldosh55@hotmail.com Turki F. Almansour waldosh55@hotmail.com Albara M. Alshanbari waldosh55@hotmail.com Hatem A. Alqarni waldosh55@hotmail.com Faisal M. Aljally waldosh55@hotmail.com Saleh I. Algzlan waldosh55@hotmail.com Nouran O. Jamal waldosh55@hotmail.com Reem S. Alqarni waldosh55@hotmail.com Hassan H. Almutarid waldosh55@hotmail.com <p>Intracanal medicaments play a crucial role in endodontics by addressing microbial infections and facilitating the healing of periapical tissues. Their effectiveness lies in their ability to disinfect the root canal system, eliminate biofilms, neutralize bacterial endotoxins, and promote tissue repair. Calcium hydroxide, a widely used traditional medicament, demonstrates strong antimicrobial properties and creates an alkaline environment unfavorable for bacterial survival. However, its limitations against certain resistant pathogens and restricted penetration into dentinal tubules have driven the development of advanced alternatives. Emerging medicaments such as nanoparticle-based formulations and bioglass offer promising solutions by overcoming these limitations. Nanoparticles, with their ability to penetrate complex canal systems, deliver potent antimicrobial effects and enhance disinfection efficiency. Bioglass not only disrupts bacterial activity but also facilitates dentinal remineralization, making it particularly valuable in regenerative procedures. Hydrogels, designed for controlled and sustained drug release, improve the delivery of medicaments into anatomical complexities, enhancing their overall efficacy. Natural products like neem, propolis, and aloe vera are gaining attention for their biocompatibility and antimicrobial capabilities, providing effective alternatives for patients’ sensitive to synthetic agents. These formulations also address concerns about resistance and toxicity associated with conventional options. Advances in delivery systems, including sonic and ultrasonic activation, further amplify the efficacy of both traditional and emerging medicaments. Comparative analyses of these approaches highlight the advantages of integrating innovative technologies with proven methods, enabling clinicians to address complex infections and improve long-term treatment outcomes. The evolving landscape of intracanal medicaments continues to push the boundaries of what can be achieved in endodontics, promising enhanced patient care through effective disinfection and tissue healing.</p> <p> </p> 2025-01-24T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13658 Patient-centric innovations in pain management for postoperative care 2025-01-25T03:27:25+00:00 Hisham Abdullah Almottowa hishamalmottowa@gmail.com Abdurrahman Sami Seraj hishamalmottowa@gmail.com Hasan Jasim Darwish hishamalmottowa@gmail.com Shahad Yahya Khubyah hishamalmottowa@gmail.com Rami Hassan Jan hishamalmottowa@gmail.com Adil Ibrahim Hanbashi hishamalmottowa@gmail.com Rawan Khalid Almutairi hishamalmottowa@gmail.com Husain Hasan Salman hishamalmottowa@gmail.com Abdullatif Mohammad Alghamdi hishamalmottowa@gmail.com Faisal Wajih Altawil hishamalmottowa@gmail.com Hussain Jaffer Naser hishamalmottowa@gmail.com <p>Advancements in postoperative pain management have shifted toward patient-centric approaches, focusing on personalization, multimodal strategies, and the integration of technology. These innovations aim to enhance recovery outcomes, minimize opioid reliance, and address individual patient needs. Technological tools, such as patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) systems and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven predictive models, optimize pain control by enabling real-time monitoring and tailored interventions. Wearable devices and remote health applications further extend care beyond clinical settings, fostering better communication between patients and providers. Multimodal strategies have emerged as pivotal in postoperative recovery, combining pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods to achieve synergistic benefits. Regional anesthesia, prehabilitation programs, and the use of opioid-sparing medications demonstrate significant efficacy in reducing complications and promoting early mobility. The psychological dimensions of pain management, addressed through therapies like cognitive-behavioral interventions, play an integral role in holistic care, particularly for high-risk populations. Barriers such as socioeconomic inequities, educational limitations, and regulatory challenges hinder widespread adoption of these advancements. Disparities in access to innovative treatments exacerbate healthcare inequalities, while gaps in training impede the integration of interdisciplinary approaches. Stigma surrounding pain management, coupled with concerns over opioid misuse, further complicates implementation. Future directions include leveraging AI and machine learning for developing adaptive pain management frameworks, enhancing patient outcomes through precision medicine. Collaborative efforts among stakeholders, including policymakers, healthcare providers, and researchers, are essential for addressing these challenges. Bridging current gaps will require global harmonization of regulatory standards, equitable distribution of resources, and robust public health initiatives to reshape societal perceptions of pain management. As innovations continue to evolve, they hold the potential to revolutionize postoperative care by prioritizing personalization, equity, and patient empowerment.</p> 2025-01-24T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13675 Renal implications of systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis and treatment 2025-01-25T03:27:19+00:00 Khalid G. Taju dr.khalid.taju@gmail.com Aysha S. Albusaiteeni dr.khalid.taju@gmail.com Fatima S. Allakhmi dr.khalid.taju@gmail.com Fatema A. Alawainati dr.khalid.taju@gmail.com Maryam R. Alsaie dr.khalid.taju@gmail.com Otouf N. Alabdali dr.khalid.taju@gmail.com Abdullah K. Alanazi dr.khalid.taju@gmail.com Abdullah M. Alenezi dr.khalid.taju@gmail.com Raghad A. Alrowithi dr.khalid.taju@gmail.com Abdullah M. Alkhatlan dr.khalid.taju@gmail.com Igbal E. Osman dr.khalid.taju@gmail.com <p>Lupus nephritis (LN) is a severe complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality. Its pathogenesis involves complex interactions between immune dysregulation, genetic susceptibility, and environmental factors, resulting in immune complex deposition and subsequent renal inflammation. Advances in understanding these mechanisms have highlighted the role of B cells, cytokines, and the complement system in disease progression. Current therapeutic strategies rely on immunosuppressants such as glucocorticoids, cyclophosphamide, and mycophenolate mofetil, which have proven effective in managing renal inflammation but carry risks of significant adverse effects. Biologic agents targeting B cells and complement components, including belimumab and eculizumab, have demonstrated promise in improving outcomes and reducing disease activity in refractory cases. The discovery of novel biomarkers is transforming the diagnosis and management of LN. Urinary markers like MCP-1 and complement activation products offer non-invasive tools for monitoring disease activity and predicting relapses. Molecular studies have identified microRNAs and genetic variants as potential indicators of disease susceptibility and therapeutic response. Advances in metabolomics and proteomics have revealed metabolic and protein profiles unique to LN, offering insights into disease mechanisms and new targets for intervention. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence are revolutionizing the analysis of complex biomarker data, enabling personalized treatment approaches. These advances highlight the importance of integrating multidisciplinary research efforts to optimize patient care. While challenges remain, including the heterogeneity of LN and disparities in access to care, ongoing research is paving the way for improved therapeutic options and outcomes. Precision medicine, driven by biomarker discovery and innovative therapies, holds the potential to transform the landscape of LN management, offering hope for better renal preservation and quality of life for affected individuals.</p> 2025-01-24T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13676 Utilization and benefits of point-of-care testing in primary healthcare⁠ 2025-01-25T03:27:17+00:00 Mohammed A. Jumah Jom3ah@gmail.com Fisal F. Magliah Jom3ah@gmail.com Salman A. Ageel Jom3ah@gmail.com Jouri A. Almutairi Jom3ah@gmail.com Wed A. Alsubhi Jom3ah@gmail.com Shorouq A. Alamer Jom3ah@gmail.com Maryam A. Alanazi Jom3ah@gmail.com Hejris J. Alanazi Jom3ah@gmail.com Rayan F. Alshaqha Jom3ah@gmail.com Dania M. Almoghrabi Jom3ah@gmail.com Ali A. Alyusef Jom3ah@gmail.com Hajer I. Alkinani Jom3ah@gmail.com <p>Point-of-care testing (POCT) represents a transformative advancement in healthcare, enabling rapid and accurate diagnostics at or near the site of patient care. By reducing reliance on centralized laboratories, POCT expedites clinical decision-making and enhances healthcare delivery, particularly in underserved regions. Its application spans various medical fields, including infectious diseases, chronic disease management, and emergency care. Innovations such as molecular diagnostics, biosensors, and artificial intelligence (AI) integration have improved the precision, reliability, and accessibility of POCT devices, offering significant benefits for patient outcomes and healthcare efficiency. POCT has demonstrated its potential to reduce diagnostic delays, lower hospital admissions, and decrease the burden on overextended healthcare systems. Rapid diagnostics for conditions such as acute myocardial infarction, diabetes, and malaria have resulted in timely interventions, improving survival rates and reducing complications. In addition to clinical benefits, economic analyses highlight the cost-effectiveness of POCT, as it minimizes resource utilization and shortens patient treatment cycles. However, challenges persist in scaling POCT accessibility. Financial barriers, supply chain limitations, regulatory inconsistencies, and workforce training deficits impede its widespread adoption, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Addressing these issues requires innovative funding models, global regulatory harmonization, and capacity-building initiatives to empower healthcare workers. Technological advancements continue to expand POCT's potential, integrating real-time diagnostics with digital health platforms and epidemiological surveillance systems. These developments promise not only to enhance healthcare delivery but also to improve public health responses to outbreaks and health crises. By bridging the gap between diagnostics and treatment, POCT offers a pathway to more equitable and efficient healthcare systems, transforming how and where care is delivered. Its integration into healthcare frameworks holds the potential to redefine patient care, fostering a future of accessible, high-quality healthcare for all.</p> 2025-01-24T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13677 Evidence-based preventive care guidelines in pediatric primary care 2025-01-25T03:27:14+00:00 Salah Mohammed Alzanbagi salahalzanbagi@gmail.com Mohammed Zuhair Ismael salahalzanbagi@gmail.com Hassan Saud Alshehri salahalzanbagi@gmail.com Ohood Mohammed Almalki salahalzanbagi@gmail.com Banan Mohammed Julaidan salahalzanbagi@gmail.com Raed Talat Miralam salahalzanbagi@gmail.com Adeel Ibrahim Eshan salahalzanbagi@gmail.com Reem Malak Khalifah salahalzanbagi@gmail.com Tahani Abdullah Dawshi salahalzanbagi@gmail.com Ashraf Omar Hawsawi salahalzanbagi@gmail.com Mohammed Saud Aljohani salahalzanbagi@gmail.com Mohammed Babonji salahalzanbagi@gmail.com Abdulaziz Alradha salahalzanbagi@gmail.com <p>Evidence-based preventive care guidelines offer a systematic approach to early detection, prompt intervention, and the promotion of health, encompassing various aspects of physical, mental, and developmental well-being. Recently, more focus has been placed on improving guidelines for preventive interventions for pediatric populations. Primary care is considered a great venue for implementing these preventive interventions. In addition, primary care is the preferable place for parents to do such preventive interventions. Multiple authorized organizations have developed new guidelines and recommendations in order to improve the delivery of preventive measures in pediatric primary care in recent years. Unlike adults’ guidelines, pediatric preventive guidelines are confusing and of low quality, leading to more challenges faced by primary care providers. This review aimed to evaluate the quality of recent studies on this topic, with a focus on the accuracy and efficacy of current evidence-based guidelines. Despite advancements, challenges such as childhood obesity, speech disorders, and depression require further refinement of evidence-based guidelines, supported by high-quality research. Additionally, the integration of technology has demonstrated potential for enhancing the delivery and outcomes of pediatric primary care.</p> 2025-01-24T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13695 Exploring the link between genetic disorders and early-onset periodontal disease 2025-01-30T01:52:14+00:00 Ola Jamal Balkhair olajb88@gmail.com Rasha Ahmed Badahdah olajb88@gmail.com Almaram Abdullah Alajmi olajb88@gmail.com Khulud Mukhlid Almutairi olajb88@gmail.com Atheer Mutlak Alqahtani olajb88@gmail.com Hayfa Hmoud Alkhaldi olajb88@gmail.com Nouf Safar Almotari olajb88@gmail.com Haifa Mohammed Alsharif olajb88@gmail.com Sarah Hamad Almutairi olajb88@gmail.com <p>Periodontal disease is a complex, multifactorial condition characterized by chronic inflammation and progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting structures. Among its various forms, early-onset periodontitis is particularly aggressive and often associated with genetic predispositions. Genetic and epigenetic factors play pivotal roles in shaping host susceptibility to this disease by influencing immune responses, inflammatory regulation, and tissue homeostasis. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding cytokines, such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, are linked to heightened inflammatory responses, amplifying tissue damage and accelerating disease progression. Additionally, polymorphisms in genes like TLR2 and TLR4 impair microbial recognition, promoting chronic inflammation and dysbiosis. Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone acetylation, further modulate gene expression, contributing to the dynamic interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental factors like smoking or poor oral hygiene. Emerging research has also highlighted genetic markers such as human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) variants as predictors of disease severity and therapeutic outcomes. These insights have driven the development of targeted therapies, including inhibitors of pro-inflammatory mediators, MMP inhibitors, and potential miRNA-based interventions. High-throughput technologies, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS), have expanded the understanding of genetic pathways involved in periodontal disease. These advances enable earlier disease detection and personalized treatment strategies, offering the potential to mitigate progression and reduce the burden of severe periodontitis. The integration of genetic and epigenetic research into clinical practice marks a significant step toward precision medicine, providing a framework for tailored prevention and therapeutic interventions aimed at improving patient outcomes. Future research must continue to explore these genetic mechanisms to uncover novel biomarkers and refine targeted treatment approaches for periodontal disease.</p> 2025-01-29T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13699 Analyzing the impact of blood collection errors on patient safety and clinical outcomes⁠ 2025-01-30T01:52:11+00:00 Wadha A. Almotairi Wadha.a.m20@gmail.com Maha N. Alrashidi Wadha.a.m20@gmail.com Mohammed A. Alqarni Wadha.a.m20@gmail.com Raghad I. Alsubaie Wadha.a.m20@gmail.com Abeer M. Alshahrani Wadha.a.m20@gmail.com Rana A. Almuaybid Wadha.a.m20@gmail.com Jawaher J. Al-Johar Wadha.a.m20@gmail.com Wedian M. Najem Wadha.a.m20@gmail.com Nawaf A. Alharbi Wadha.a.m20@gmail.com <p>Errors in blood collection processes pose a significant challenge to healthcare systems, contributing to diagnostic inaccuracies, compromised patient safety, and adverse clinical outcomes. Pre-analytical errors, including patient misidentification, improper labeling, hemolysis, and sample contamination, are among the most common sources of laboratory mistakes. These errors can delay diagnosis, lead to unnecessary medical interventions, and increase healthcare costs. Misidentification and labeling errors, for example, have been linked to life-threatening outcomes in transfusion medicine, while hemolysis often results in falsely elevated laboratory values that can mislead clinical decision-making. Effective strategies to address blood collection errors include leveraging technological innovations, such as barcoding systems and automated labeling, which have demonstrated success in reducing mislabeling incidents. Adherence to standardized guidelines, including protocols established by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), plays a crucial role in maintaining sample integrity. Additionally, phlebotomy training programs and competency assessments ensure that healthcare staff consistently follow best practices, minimizing errors during the collection process. Quality management tools, including Six Sigma and Lean methodologies, further enhance laboratory processes by identifying root causes of errors and implementing targeted improvements. Patient engagement also contributes to error prevention, with informed and active participation serving as an additional safeguard against potential mistakes. The integration of these strategies has shown promise in improving diagnostic reliability and reducing the clinical and economic burden of blood collection errors. By addressing systemic, procedural, and technological factors, healthcare systems can ensure safer and more accurate diagnostic practices, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes. A multidisciplinary focus remains essential for achieving sustainable improvements in blood collection processes and mitigating risks associated with pre-analytical errors.</p> 2025-01-29T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12983 Dengue outbreak of 2023 in the state of Uttar Pradesh, North India: lesson learnt and way forwards 2025-01-31T14:22:16+00:00 Mohammad Abu Bashar imback20006@yahoo.in Nazia Begam nazo_doc@yahoo.co.in <p>Dengue, a vector borne viral disease, is endemic in most areas of India and sometimes causes yearly epidemics. Each of the dengue outbreaks causes high death and morbidity, which has a significant socioeconomic impact. In the year, 2023, India had clocked 2, 89,235 dengue cases with 485 deaths in the year 2023, highest in the last 5 years, as per the information provided by the National Centre for Vector Borne Diseases Control. Northern India is most severely impacted by each outbreak. In the state of Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state of India, there have been more than 35,000 confirmed cases of dengue and 36 deaths reported in 2023 alone. Patients are being reported from urban as well as semi-urban, and rural areas. It is necessary to properly monitor the dengue cases through both active and passive disease surveillance in order to ensure prompt case management if dengue outbreak control is to be achieved.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13384 Abzan: a prudent remedy for a plethora of medical ailments 2025-01-31T14:21:34+00:00 Nasir Nazir Wani waninasirwani20@gmail.com Aaqib Ashraf aaqib0694@gmail.com Khalid Rahim Wani khalidwani4470@gmail.com Shugufta Hamid shuguftahamid769@gmail.com Barjes Jalal barjes.rrium@gmail.com <p>In the Unāni system of medicine, there are three methods of treatment viz; ilaj-bit-tadbeer wa ghiza (regimenal therapy and dietotherapy), ilaj- bil- dawa (pharmacotherapy) and ilaj- bil- yad (Surgery). Ilaj-bit-tadbeer is one of the most popular treatments practiced by ancient Unāni physicians for ages. Ābzan (Sitz bath) is one of the procedures of ilaj-bit-tadbeer described in the Unani system of medicine used to manage various diseases. Ābzan (sitz bath) is a type of bath in which hips and buttocks are immersed in water, either plain or medicated (Joshanda, Khaisanda), for therapeutic effects. This article aims to discuss and clarify several aspects of Ābzan, including its clinical applications in Unāni medicine. However, for rational demonstration of the effectiveness of Ābzan in the modern period, standard operating procedures (SOP) and scientific standards must be developed. Unāni system of medicine is enriched with the concept of Ābzan. To benefit the community, more research should be done to explore the efficacy of Ābzan in managing diseases.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13386 Air pollution in India: a comprehensive review on impacts, challenges and mitigation strategies 2025-01-31T14:21:27+00:00 Gaurav R. Naik gauravnaik77@gmail.com Anuradha K. Shah anuradha.moha@gmail.com <p class="abstract" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">Air pollution is a significant challenge in India, driven by industrial emissions, vehicular exhaust, urbanization and biomass burning. It is linked to severe health impacts, including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disorders and premature mortality, with marginalized communities bearing disproportionate burdens. India is home to nine of the world's ten most polluted cities, with Delhi exemplifying the crisis due to stubble burning and high vehicular density. Air pollution's economic and health costs are immense, affecting GDP and public health expenditure. Effective mitigation strategies involve technological advancements such as electric vehicles, renewable energy and IoT-enabled real-time monitoring systems. Regulatory interventions like the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) and the adoption of Bharat Stage VI standards aim to curb pollution. International examples from China, the US and the EU provide valuable lessons on integrated policies and public participation. Future directions include leveraging AI and big data analytics for pollution management and incorporating air quality concerns into urban planning. Public awareness campaigns and grassroots movements remain essential in driving behavioral changes for sustainable practices.</span></p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13410 Idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia: a brief review 2025-01-31T14:19:15+00:00 Saurabh Gupta DRSGUPTADM@GMAIL.COM S. K. Verma drskverma77@gmail.com Ashutosh Soni DRASHUTOSHSONI88@GMAIL.COM <p>Non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) is one of the better variants of interstitial lung disease in terms of outcomes. Timely diagnosis with early treatment has excellent 5-year survival figures. Typical clinical symptoms and radiologic findings makes diagnosis easy. Ruling out various associated connective tissue disease (CTD) is of paramount importance as they are amenable to immunosuppressant therapies. Majority of cases still remain idiopathic which forms the major chunk of NSIP pool. This article highlights the natural history, epidemiology and key differentiating features of NSIP and current treatment options.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13417 Assessing impact: a study of India's vaccine preventable diseases 2025-01-31T14:19:12+00:00 Ankita Sharma ankitasharma8764@gmail.com Somya Sharma somya680@gmail.com Divyansh Sharma divyansharma17@gmail.com <p>The universal immunization programme (UIP) is one of the most cost-effective methods to enhance public health. It is administered by the national rural health mission under the aegis of the ministry of health and family welfare. Despite India's 50-year history of vaccines, vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) still cause over 5,00,000 fatalities annually. The present study assesses the UIP 's success in decreasing VPDs in India. The data from 2006 to 2018 was taken from Indiastat.com. Since the research aimed to assess the success of UIP across India, achievements under UIP for each vaccination, i.e., Bacillus Calmette-Guerin; oral polio vaccine-1, 2 and 3; diphtheria pertussis tetanus-1, 2 and 3 and measles, was compared with the cases and deaths owing to the diseases; as per NRHM division and health index (4<sup>th</sup> round) scores given by NITI Aayog, separately. Data analysis was conducted in MS excel (2019 version). Vaccination achievements varied significantly as per NRHM and NITI Aayog health index, with HFSNNE and MI regions outperforming each other’s. Cases of polio and tetanus were lowest in HFSNE and LI states. Deaths due to diphtheria and measles, mirrored regional disparities with NHFSL and NI states having higher burden. To reduce mortality due to VPD in children, enhancing reporting networks and cross-border cooperation in vaccination strategies are crucial. Policy recommendations include targeted interventions, educational campaigns, infrastructure improvements, incentives, monitoring, evaluation strengthening, policy flexibility, community engagement, capacity building, research, and a phased implementation plan.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13432 Clinical judgment a known and forgotten nursing concept: review 2025-01-31T14:19:07+00:00 Jyoti Kathwal jyotikathwal@gmail.com <p>Nurses perform clinical judgment now and then and history has revealed the expertise of the nursing fraternity in clinical judgment however the emergence of technology and handy investigations and evidence-based practice, there has been a growing concern that clinical judgment is being overshadowed and, in some cases, even forgotten. Hence, it is time that the nursing community assesses the challenges in the implementation &amp; inculcation of clinical judgment in nursing practice and reinvent the strategies to sharpen the skill. This article aims to explore the significance of clinical judgment in nursing, its historical roots, the challenges it faces in contemporary healthcare, and strategies to revitalize its importance.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13435 A comprehensive review of the latest Indian guidelines on adult immunization 2025-01-31T14:19:05+00:00 Aditi M. Dhawan aditi.dhawan@intellimed.org Anish Desai anish.desai@intellimed.org Aanchal Gvalani aanchal.gvalani@intellimed.org Sunaina Anand sunaina.anand@intellimed.org Priyanka Das priyanka.das@intellimed.org <p class="abstract" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">This review consolidates the most recent guidelines on adult immunization issued by the Association of Physicians of India (API) in 2024. The guidelines underscore the importance of immunization in adults, particularly considering the growing geriatric population, projected to make 20% of the population by 2050. Key recommendations include the administration of vaccines for influenza, pneumococcus, hepatitis B and herpes zoster, with specific emphasis on high-risk groups such as healthcare workers, the elderly and individuals with chronic conditions. Additionally, the guidelines highlight the necessity of COVID-19 vaccinations and boosters, considering the emergence of new variants. The API guidelines provide a detailed framework for vaccination schedules, prioritizing clarity and practical implementation for healthcare providers managing patients with multiple co-morbidities. By offering a consolidated and evidence-based approach, these guidelines aim to enhance vaccination coverage and protect against vaccine-preventable diseases in the adult population.</span></p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13466 U-WIN, e-VIN and Co-WIN: harnessing digital platforms to enhance immunisation coverage in India 2025-01-31T14:18:54+00:00 Abheet Gulati abheetgulati99@gmail.com Meenal Madhukar Thakare dr.meenal.cfm@aiimsbilaspur.edu.in Anupama Dhiman dr.anupama.cfm@aiimsbilaspur.edu.in <p>Vaccine portals have emerged as modern healthcare tools in the administration and distribution of vaccinations. Among the leading three are U-WIN, e-VIN, and CO-WIN, all of which have become essential tools in India for efficient vaccine administration, access, and improvement in public health outcomes. PubMed and Google scholar search engines were used for comprehensive reviews and studies regarding vaccination portals, their functioning, implementations, and public health impact. Vaccination portals beyond simple administration can also serve as channels for education that impart precious knowledge on vaccine safety and effectiveness. Public engagement through the same portals will allow authorities in health to build more educated populations that are easily protected from misinformation. These types of portals need to be reviewed and updated constantly to meet ongoing issues in public health. Vaccination portals represent a landmark in the public health infrastructure. Improving access to vaccines, countering misinformation, educating public, and adapting to the changes in health landscape positions them as a vital tool in global effort toward achieving high vaccination rates and protecting community health.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13395 Prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among postpartum mothers at Kallandiri PHC, Madurai 2025-01-31T14:19:29+00:00 Thankappan Subhadra Nisha drdsheriff@gmail.com Selvarani Govindasamy drdsheriff@gmail.com Jaynathi Ravikumar drdsheriff@gmail.com Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff drdsheriff@gmail.com <p>Mothers are fostering the future citizens of our societies. Anaemia is the world’s second leading cause of disability and thus one of the most serious global public health problems. However, the problem of anaemia in postpartum is far more prevalent in the developing countries. Early diagnosis and identifying the possible risk factors are helpful to manage Post Partum Anaemia in time before further complications developed. A study is designed to find out the level of iron deficiency anaemia among Postpartum mothers in selected Primary Health Centre, Madurai and to find out the association between their selected demographic variables and baseline variables. A quantitative research approach and non- experimental (descriptive) research design were used to gather data from 100 Postpartum mothers using consecutive sampling technique. Self- structured questionnaires were used to collect information during interview and blood is collected for biochemical analysis of haemoglobin among Postpartum mothers. Data was analysed and interpreted and the results were derived. The study findings revealed that majority of the subjects 64 (64%) were having moderate anaemia, 26 (26%) were having mild anaemia 10 (10%) were having non anaemia and none of them having severe anaemia. There is statistically significant association between age (χ2=9.66, p=0.05), educational qualification (χ2=13.91, p=0.05), haemoglobin level at Antenatal period (χ2=14.35, p=0.01) and prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among postnatal mothers at Kallandiri PHC, Madurai. Statistical significance was calculated using the Chi-square test. The study findings concluded that majority of Postpartum mothers are anaemic. Therefore, health awareness programmes can be conducted to create awareness among rural postnatal mothers regarding importance of iron rich diet and complications of anaemia.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13618 Prevalence of gallstones among gastric sleeve patients in Saudi Arabia 2025-01-24T01:15:17+00:00 Osman Elamin A. Suliman oa.suleiman@amc.edu.sa Emad Abdulrahman H. Alsaedi emadd862@gmail.com Haya Zaki H. Albalawi albalawihaya4@gmail.com Zainab Abdullah A. Alshanqiti Zainabhdram@gmail.com Meaad Abdulaziz Alrehaili Meaadxa@gmail.com Hussam Khalid Aloufi Hussam14401@gmail.com Reham Mohammed Alsubhi drxnl2@gmail.com Mohammed Waleed Aljayyar mohammedaljyyar@hotmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> Gallstones are a common condition affecting millions of individuals worldwide, with obesity being one of the significant risk factors. In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of obesity is high, and sleeve gastrectomy is one of the leading solutions used to reduce weight. Studies have found that sleeve gastrectomy results in increased onset of gallstones. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of gallstones among gastric sleeve patients in Al-Madinah and Al-Munawara.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>The data was collected through an online questionnaire. A cross-sectional study will be conducted among 380 participants. The data was analyzed using SPSS with descriptive statistics, paired sample t-test, chi-square test, and correlation test.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 380 participants, with a mean age of 30.48±7.98 years, out of which 51.6% developed gallstones after the gastric sleeve procedure. The data revealed a significant decrease in body weight and BMI after gastric sleeve, and risk factors such as obesity, cholecystitis, pancreatitis and liver hematoma were positively correlated with the onset of gallstone after gastric sleeve.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The prevalence of gallstones after gastric sleeve is notably high, so pre-operative and post-operative management should be emphasised, and further research on a larger scale should be done.</p> 2025-01-23T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/12431 Assessing people's perception of onchocerciasis control in forest and savannah areas of the Central African Republic in 2023: a cross-sectional analytical study 2025-01-31T14:22:18+00:00 Sylvain H. Woromogo woromogos@gmail.com Ange D. Ngouyombo ange_ngouyombo@yahoo.com Stéphanie I. Garoua-Adjou gariness2016@gmail.com Rodrigue H. Doyama-Woza doyama25@gmail.com Jean de D. Longo jeandedieulongo@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> Onchocerciasis or river blindness is a parasitic disease caused by the filarial Onchocerca volvulus. People living in savannah and forest areas of Central African Republic (CAR) are exposed to onchocerciasis due to the increased presence of the transmissible agent. In order to achieve the objective of mass distribution of Ivermectin, the community must join in the fight against the disease.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A multicentric KAP analytical study took place in two endemic sub-prefectures, one in the savannah zone and the other in the forest in the CAR. All persons aged 15 years and over who agreed to participate were included. Variables relate to community knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding onchocerciasis. Once variables were classified, logistic regression was used to establish the influence of knowledge and attitudes on practice.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Slightly more than ¾ of the respondents had primary or secondary education. Herders and farmers made up half of our respondents. Almost half of respondents had a good knowledge of the disease, its main clinical signs and mode of transmission. Around 80% of respondents had a favourable attitude towards onchocerciasis control. People with a satisfactory level of knowledge practised onchocerciasis control well (ORa=03.82, (2.33-5.41), p=0.001).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Factors associated with a satisfactory level of knowledge were: age, gender and profession. Knowledge had no effect on attitude. However, it does have a positive effect on practice. The national onchocerciasis control programme needs to step up awareness of the disease.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13545 Medical student syndrome between clarity and ambiguity 2025-01-11T02:54:09+00:00 Hend M. Hussein menar-almusbah@hotmail.com Manar A. Aljazaeri menar-almusbah@hotmail.com Hala R. Zulali menar-almusbah@hotmail.com Shiyma A. Alrahule menar-almusbah@hotmail.com Omama M. Abu Bakr menar-almusbah@hotmail.com Duaa I. Alhawsawi menar-almusbah@hotmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> Medical student syndrome (MSS) is a unique form of hypochondriasis observed in medical students, characterized by preoccupation with fears of having serious diseases based on misinterpreting bodily symptoms despite medical reassurance. Unlike hypochondriasis, MSS does not result in increased consultations. This phenomenon varies in prevalence among medical students compared to other health sciences students who do not study diseases as intensely. This study explores awareness of MSS and the prevalence of psychosomatic symptoms among medical and health sciences students in Saudi Arabia.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional study was conducted using online and face-to-face questionnaires, employing multistage and cluster sampling methods.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The overall number of students collected is 383 students among all the medical students and other health science students the effect of MSS found higher in students of health science colleges.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The study highlights the high prevalence of MSS among health sciences students. It emphasizes awareness and risk factors.</p> 2025-01-10T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13147 Effect of mutual support in the management of substance abuse among selected adults attending neuropsychiatric hospital in Nigeria 2025-01-31T14:22:11+00:00 Olukorede Patricia Adisa opadisa@lauthech.edu.ng Ezekiel Babatunde Olaiya olaiyababatunde15@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> Substance abuse is increasing at an alarming rate, causing serious threats globally. This study examines the effect of mutual support in the management of substance abuse among selected adults attending Neuropsychiatric Hospital in Nigeria.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> This study adopted a quasi-experimental design conducted among fifty-four patients with substance-induced mental illness. The study was done in the pre-intervention, intervention and post-intervention phases. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data collected were subjected to Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) edition 27.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> There was a significant difference between pre and post-intervention physical improvement of respondents (t<sub>53</sub>=8.825; p-value= .001). More so, there was a significant difference between pre and post-intervention Social composure of respondents (t<sub>53</sub>=7.011; p-value= 0.004). And also, there was a significant difference between pre and post-intervention mental stability of respondents (t<sub>53</sub>=12.093; p-value= 0.003).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The majority of the respondents experienced better physical improvement, social composure and mental stability during post-intervention assessment compared to pre-intervention. This explains that there is a clear adoption of mutual support in the management of mental conditions. It is recommended that mental health nurses adopt mutual support as a tool to help substance abuse patients to attain quick recovery.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13109 Educational intervention instrument for self-care in nutritional health: evaluation in Mayan Mexican communities 2025-01-31T14:22:13+00:00 Mariel Gullian Klanian mgullian@marista.edu.mx Maria J. Sánchez Solís msanchez@marista.edu.mx Joel Cutz de Ocampo jcutz@marista.edu.mx <p><strong>Background:</strong> In rural communities, foodborne illnesses pose a significant public health challenge due to limited access to education and health resources, which increases the risk of improper food practices. It is crucial to develop and implement targeted educational interventions tailored to the specific needs and characteristics of these areas to effectively prevent these health issues. This study aimed to design and validate an educational intervention instrument adapted to rural communities based on five essential keys to prevent foodborne diseases.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> The study population (n=90) comprised adult from the Mayan communities of Mexico. Participants were stratified into three groups according to their level of academic education: primary (GES), secondary (GHS), and mixed (GM). A pre-and posttest was designed to incorporate 36 variables: knowledge, 25 attitudes, and 26 habits. An inferential Χ<sub>2</sub> analysis was performed to reveal the differences between the pretest and posttest.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The intervention registered an advance in knowledge of 13% of the GM, 40% of the GES, and 7% of GHS. Progress was made in attitudes by 79% of GM, 59% of GES, and 80% of GHS. Regarding habits, the association of the term health with behavior was demonstrated, and this was achieved by 82% GM, 66% GES, and 67% GHS.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Participants improved their understanding of the personal and psychological factors related to their lifestyle. However, the instrument should be further adapted for groups with varying levels of initial knowledge. New items should be designed and added to emphasize the importance of adopting healthy attitudes and habits.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13338 Study to explore the primary school student's knowledge, attitude and practice on dengue prevention in Rajshahi City 2025-01-31T14:22:03+00:00 Helal Uddin sshaude@gmail.com S. M. Shahinul Islam sshaude@gmail.com Umme Habiba sshaude@gmail.com Abdul Bari sshaude@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> Bangladesh, which is in South Asia, has developed into an ideal environment for the dengue vector and its transmission. Effective community involvement is crucial for this on the ground. People's knowledge, understanding, and attitude towards this condition have a big impact on how much they participate. This study aimed of the study was to explore the primary school student's knowledge, attitude and practice on dengue prevention in Rajshahi City.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> This descriptive cross-section study was carried out in Department of Communicable Diseases Control and the duration of the period for 6 months (July 2022 to December 2022). A total of 108 students were participated in the study. Students studying in primary schools in Rajshahi City both male and female were included in the study. Those who were not willing to participate were excluded from the study. Statistical analyses of the results were being obtained by using window-based Microsoft Excel and Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS-22), where required.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> In this study about 54% were male and 46% were female students. 86.1% respondents gathered knowledge from TV, 50.9% from teachers, and 13.9% from their parents. 66.42% said that dengue fever is transmitted from mosquito bite, 21.29% said that dengue fever is transmitted through the air, 1.9% said from blood. 50% had no knowledge about mosquitoes responsible for dengue fever. 95.47% Larva of Aedes Albopictus (containers) at schools and 86.11% at home. This study also found 88.87% Larva of Aedes Aegypti (containers) at schools and 84.26% at home. Among all the respondents 40% had sufficient knowledge and 60% had insufficient knowledge regarding dengue preventiont.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The study's findings demonstrated the significance of the students' basic knowledge of dengue and their living situations for the dengue education programme.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13355 Socio-demographic and programmatic factors associated with access to ‘layered’ interventions among adolescent girls and young women in selected sites in Nairobi, Kenya 2025-01-31T14:21:58+00:00 Julius N. Nguku julius.nguku@hopewwkenya.org Sam W. Wafula julius.nguku@hopewwkenya.org Janet W. Gathogo julius.nguku@hopewwkenya.org Faith W. Kamau julius.nguku@hopewwkenya.org Gibson W. Nganga julius.nguku@hopewwkenya.org Joseph N. Makau julius.nguku@hopewwkenya.org Emily C. Koech julius.nguku@hopewwkenya.org Rebecca N. Wangusi julius.nguku@hopewwkenya.org Immaculate Mutisya julius.nguku@hopewwkenya.org Carol Ngunu julius.nguku@hopewwkenya.org <p><strong>Background:</strong> Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) aged 9-24 years are three times more likely to be newly infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as compared to their male counterparts. Determined, resilient, empowered AIDS-free, mentored, and safe (DREAMS) program aims to reduce rates of HIV infection among AGYW. This study aimed to identify socio-demographic and programmatic factors associated with access to a minimum package of evidence-based interventions to which AGYW are exposed (referred to as ‘layering’ in the program).</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Retrospective cross-sectional routine program data abstraction was done for 21,616 AGYW receiving DREAMS services in four DREAMS program sites in Nairobi County between April 2022 to September 2022. Study variables were age, time since DREAMS enrolment, level of education, and number of social asset building (SAB) sessions attended. Logistic regression was used to determine the net factors associated with access to the interventions.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The mean age of the respondents was 16.8 and the median number of SAB sessions attended was 8. Attending ten or more SAB sessions was associated with increased odds of accessing multiple evidence-based interventions (AOR=3.828; CI: 3.492-4.196; p&lt;0.001). Similarly, attaining secondary education and staying in the program for more than 12 months were significantly (p&lt;0.0001) associated with being layered. Being layered was associated with having more than ten SAB sessions irrespective of the age of the AGYW or duration in the DREAMS program.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> To improve access to multiple evidence-based interventions, it may be important to emphasize increasing the number of SAB sessions for the AGYWs.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13383 Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards exclusive breastfeeding and associated factors among adolescent mothers in Nyagatare district, Rwanda 2025-01-31T14:21:36+00:00 Jackson Mugabo mugaboj250@gmail.com Clemence Nishimwe mugaboj250@gmail.com Onesimus Marete mugaboj250@gmail.com Theogene Kubahoniyesu mugaboj250@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> Breastmilk provides essential nutrients for infants, supporting growth and protecting against diseases. It also reduces mothers’ risk of ovarian and breast cancer. The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for six months to combat malnutrition, reduce child mortality, and improve maternal health.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> This cross-sectional study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of EBF among 194 adolescent mothers in Nyagatare district, eastern province, Rwanda.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The findings showed that 85.6% of adolescent mothers had adequate knowledge of EBF, and 78.9% displayed a positive attitude toward it. However, only 27.3% practiced EBF. Key factors positively influencing EBF included primary education [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) =1.161, 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.721-2.319, p=0.009], secondary education (AOR=3.056, 95% CI=2.006-5.542, p=0.013), and a positive attitude (AOR=5.702, 95% CI=1.633-19.91, p=0.006). Employment (AOR=2.041, 95% CI=0.556-7.497, p=0.282) and urban residence (AOR=1.622, 95% CI=1.038–3.089, p=0.007) also increased the likelihood of EBF. Factors reducing EBF odds included an unintended pregnancy (AOR=0.204, 95% CI=0.051-0.817, p=0.025) and having only one child (AOR=0.418, 95% CI=0.037-0.792, p=0.043).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Although adolescent mothers generally have high knowledge and positive attitudes toward EBF, actual practice remains low. Addressing barriers through targeted educational and practical interventions is essential to improve EBF rates.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13390 Factors associated with lack of viral suppression in human immunodeficiency virus-infected male patients treated with anti-retroviral therapy at Bach Mai hospital, Hanoi 2025-01-31T14:19:34+00:00 Hanh Tran Thi Duc ttdh@huph.edu.vn Thanh Thi Dinh dinhthanh2710@gmail.com Cuong Duy Do doduy.cuong@bachmai.edu.vn Ha Thi Nguyen ttdh@huph.edu.vn Linh Vu Phuong Dang phuonglinh.j@gmail.com <p><strong>Background: </strong>Viral suppression following anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is one of the most effective factors determining human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment success. However, certain numbers of HIV-infected patients do not experience viral suppression despite ART initiation, which ultimately might lead to treatment failure.</p> <p><strong>Method: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted including 194 male patients enrolled at the out-patient clinic, the Centre for Tropical Diseases, Bach Mai hospital, Vietnam. Data was analyzed using Stata 12.0.20 for Man-Whitney, Chi-square test/ Fisher’s exact test, and multivariable logistic regression with statistically significant p&lt;0.05.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>The results show that being men who have sex with men (aOR=12.14, 95% CI: 1.48-99.49), having low CD4 T cell counts (aOR=269.58, 95% CI: 4.94-14721.27), living in rural areas (aOR=4.63, 95% CI: 1.04-20.57), and not having preventive tuberculosis treatment (aOR=9.92, 95% CI: 1.17-84.10), have increased odds of having detectable viral loads (VL). On the contrary, opportunistic infection was negatively associated with a lack of viral suppression (aOR=0.21, 95% CI: 0.05-0.96).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results suggest that intervention programs should focus on patients living in rural areas, having low CD4 T cell counts, acquiring opportunistic infection, and MSM patients.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13472 Prevalence of body image dissatisfaction among males and females of Nishtar medical university, Multan 2025-01-31T14:18:49+00:00 Nadia Tufail drnadiaiph@gmail.com Numrah Saeed numrahsaeed07@gmail.com Taha Salim tahasalim2525@gmail.com Wusqa Sultana Wusqasultana@gmail.com Umair Umer umairumer365@gmail.com Moazma Batool moazmabatool1412@gmail.com Zamzama Sharif ainachoudhry123@gmail.com <p><strong>Background: </strong>Body image dissatisfaction is a widespread public health issue that is personified by a negative self-perception of one's physical appearance, frequently resulting from a disparity between one's ideal and perceived body composition. Research shows that young individuals in the South Asian region, including Pakistan, have a high prevalence of BID, especially in academic settings.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted on 316 students of Nishtar Medical University, Multan, to access knowledge and perception about body image dissatisfaction. The questionnaire developed includes maximum parameters/variables to access students’ perceptions about body image dissatisfaction.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of the examination of body image dissatisfaction (BID) among the 316 participants revealed that distinct body attributes were associated with varying degrees of satisfaction within the participants. This study identified 26 distinct elements that contribute to body image dissatisfaction. Particular issues included satisfaction with things like not looking slender (0.91) due to their mean score being below 0.96. According to the findings of the study, certain BID characteristics, such as having a distaste for the texture of the hair (1.30), and so on, have mean values that are greater than 0.96; it implies that they produce results for which they show dissatisfaction.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>BID refers to having unfavorable sentiments about one's own body. Body image dissatisfaction can be caused by a variety of circumstances. Mostly due to the fact that they are satisfied with their physical look and attributes.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13316 Predictors of knowledge, attitude and perception of diphtheria infection and vaccination among medical students in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi North-Eastern Nigeria 2025-01-31T14:22:05+00:00 Abubakar Musa habusari81@gmail.com Usman Abba habusari81@gmail.com Esther Adesina Oluwatobi habusari81@gmail.com Aishat Haruna Ojochenemi habusari81@gmail.com Abel Acheneje Abutu habusari81@gmail.com Muhammad Bashar Jibril habusari81@gmail.com Mohammed Kabir Abdullahi habusari81@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> Diphtheria is a highly contagious infection caused by <em>Corynebacterium diphtheriae </em>and other strains that affect respiratory system. Commonly transmitted through inhalation of airborne droplets or handling contaminated items. The main stay of prevention is vaccination. Hence, this study assessed the level of knowledge, attitude and perception of diphtheria infection and vaccination among medical students in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi State, Northeastern Nigeria.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among 210 Medical students in Bauchi State from April to November, 2024. A stratified sampling technique, semi-structured self-administered questionnaire were used and the data was analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. </p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The mean age among the respondents was 21±3. The study reveals poor knowledge 60.5%, then 90.5% and 99% of respondents had positive attitude and perception towards diphtheria infection and vaccination respectively. Age, religion and level of study were found to be statistically associated with knowledge of diphtheria infection with p=0.001, p=0.001 and p=&lt;0.001 respectively. Age, religion and level of study remained independent predictors of knowledge of diphtheria infection and vaccination.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The knowledge of diphtheria infection and vaccination among the respondents was poor with positive attitude and perception. Age, religion and level of study were the factors associated with knowledge of diphtheria infection. Age, religion and level of study remained independent predictors of knowledge of diphtheria infection and vaccination. There is need to strengthen campaign for diphtheria vaccination targeting students to prevent them from the infection and its effects.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13374 Pattern and treatment of Alzheimer's disease at different health care levels in Bangladesh: a hospital based survey 2025-01-31T14:21:47+00:00 M. Muhtamim Hussain Rifat muhtamim.hussain.official@gmail.com Most. Nazma Parvin nazmaparvin@stamforduniversity.edu.bd M. Lokman Hossain lokmanhossain08@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> More than 25 million people in the world today are affected by Alzheimer's disease. In both developed and developing nations, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has had tremendous impact on the affected individuals, caregivers, and society. This study investigates the current status of AD in Bangladesh in terms of complications associated with AD as well as treatment strategies.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional design was applied in the study. It involves the formulated questionnaires in four medical namely, Department of Neurology of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, National Institute of Neuroscience and Hospital and Alzheimer's society of Bangladesh from October 2022 to April 2023.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Total 153 Alzheimer’s disease patients (male 58.16% and female 41.84%) were recruited in this study. Though the causes of AD are still not fully elucidated, it may be claimed that person having a stressful profession have a high risk to develop AD. From the study, it was noticed that maximum number (73.85%) of patients were identified with manifestations at the moderate signs and symptoms. It was observed that Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI) (97.38%) and Computerized Tomography (CT) scan (93.46%) were most popular diagnosis procedure. It was observed that along with non-pharmacological treatment, drugs used to manage AD were combination of donepezil and memantine (47%), ginkgo biloba (38%), donepezil (9%), rivastigmine (4%) and memantine (2%). However, these drugs also have some adverse effects too.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Our population-based data may provide evidence to know about the conditions of AD in Bangladesh.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13552 Effect of information, education and communication activity on health literacy of diabetes among school going adolescents in Delhi 2025-01-10T01:03:24+00:00 Srishti Yadav syadav@ucms.ac.in Anita Khokhar khokharanita@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> Diabetes is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 3 million deaths annually. In India, it contributes to around 6-7 lakh deaths annually. Unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco consumption are the modifiable risk factors for diabetes. Many of these risk factors start from adolescence and continue till adulthood if no intervention is done. Diabetes can be treated and its consequences avoided or delayed with diet, physical activity, medication and regular screening and treatment for complications, however the decisions to take above steps needs certain level of health literacy.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> It was a school‑based interventional study conducted in two government schools of Delhi among students of classes 6 to 8. After the baseline data on level of knowledge regarding diabetes was collected, the educational interventions (three times) were done in the form of IEC using pamphlets, posters, and didactic lectures on diabetes. The post-intervention data were collected two weeks (immediate) after the first intervention and three months (long- term) after the last intervention.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> There were a higher proportion of students with satisfactory level of knowledge of diabetes both at two weeks and three months after the interventions in both the schools, and the results were found to be statistically significant after using Chi square test (p&lt;0.05).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The health literacy regarding diabetes had improved significantly after intervention in the form of IEC activities (posters, pamphlets and didactic lectures) when given repeatedly among school‑going adolescents.</p> 2025-01-09T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13569 Interventional study on effectiveness of attitude, ethics and communication module in improving communication skills of undergraduate medical students in Maharashtra 2025-01-10T01:03:21+00:00 Paritoshsingh Thakur drsatishdhage@gmail.com Satishkumar Dhage drsatishdhage@gmail.com Prashant Solanke drsatishdhage@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> Attitude, ethics, and communication are key attributes in the doctor-patient relationship and to strengthen these qualities, the National Medical Commission in India, has introduced a course called attitude, ethics and communication (AETCOM) in the undergraduate medical curriculum. This study aims to assess the baseline level of communication skills of third year MBBS students in Maharashtra and also evaluate the effectiveness of the AETCOM module in improving their communication skills.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> An interventional study was conducted among 240 third year MBBS students from six medical colleges in Maharashtra over a period of seven months. Students' communication skills in seven core communication competencies were assessed before and after the implementation of the intervention, in the form of AETCOM communication skills training module, using a Kalamazoo essential elements communication adapted (KEECC-A) checklist. The difference in the means of pre-intervention scores and post-intervention scores were analyzed for statistical significance using ‘paired t-test’ (‘p’ value &lt;0.05 considered significant).</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Post-intervention, there was a highly significant improvement in total mean communication skills score of students to 94.4 (SD of 19.3) from the pre-intervention total mean communication skills score of 54.89 (SD of 11.55) and the difference was statistically significant. The statistically significant improvement was observed in all the seven core communication competencies assessed using KEECC-A checklist.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The AETCOM module demonstrated significant effectiveness in improving communication skills among undergraduate medical students in Maharashtra.</p> 2025-01-09T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13628 Understanding of menstruation among school going adolescent girls in Delhi: a cross-sectional study 2025-01-25T03:27:41+00:00 Divya P. Wangoo divya.wangoo@gmail.com Srishti Yadav syadav@ucms.ac.in Sahil Goyal goyalsahil603@gmail.com Priya Kataria priya.myselfpriya@gmail.com Chandrika Agarwal chandrika.agarwal27@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> Menstrual hygiene is a multi-dimensional concept. Social inhibitions and the negative attitude of people in discussing menstruation related issues openly prevents the adolescent girls from getting the right kind of information.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We conducted a school based cross sectional study in Sarvodaya Kanya Vidyalaya in North Delhi to assess the understanding of menstruation among school going adolescent girls by using a pre- designed, pre-tested, self - administered questionnaire in Hindi language from August to November 2023 (4 months). Students of classes 6th to 10th were included in the study.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The mean age of the study participants was 13.4±1 years and ranged from 11 to 16 years. Sixty-three percent of the girls had no or incorrect understanding of menstruation. Among the participants who remain absent during menses (45%), the most frequently reported reason is feeling uncomfortable (26.9%) followed by feeling ill (4.5%) and excessive bleeding (4.5%). As for the site of menstrual bleed, we got varied responses; 46 (29.5%) students reported it to be from vagina, 26 (16.7%) from uterus, 11(7.1%) from stomach and 47 (30.1%) reported it to be from urethra.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> There was a lack of understanding and awareness on menstruation among adolescent girls. To improve the knowledge of adolescent girls and address their hesitancy about menstruation, Balika Manch programs should be organized at school and in the community so that they may share the problems faced by them at various facets of life.</p> 2025-01-24T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13171 Clinico-epidemiological study among leprosy patients at Leprosy Referal Center Buldana: a retrospective study 2025-01-31T14:22:09+00:00 Kisan V. Rathod kisanrathod83@gmail.com Monika S. Masare kisanrathod83@gmail.com S. S. Thakre kisanrathod83@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> Leprosy has been officially eliminated from India since December, 2005; still, there are districts and blocks reporting high prevalence indicating ongoing transmission. The present study aimed at determining the current clinical profile of leprosy from a tertiary level hospital Leprosy Referral Centre (LRC) Buldana, Khamgao, Malkapur.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A retrospective, cross-sectional study was carried out on patients diagnosed and registered in the leprosy clinic of 3 LRC of Buldana district from 18 April to 31 December 2022. Data regarding demographic details, clinical features, treatment started and complications was analysed.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 904 patients were registered over distribution of three LRC a 6-year period, with M: F ratio of 1.3:1. 3.33% were children (≤14 years). Multibacillary leprosy was the most common clinical type (62.6%). Borderline tuberculoid leprosy was the most frequent morphologic type, seen in 44.6% followed by tuberculoid 25.33%, borderline-borderline (3.33%), borderline lepromatous (11.33%), lepromatous leprosy (8.66%), pure neuritic (2.00%), histoid and indeterminate leprosy (2.66%). 10.06 % patients presented in reaction. World Health Organization (WHO) grade II deformities were diagnosed in 0.66% with claw hand being the most common paralytic deformity.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Our study offers insight into the current status of the disease in an area of otherwise low prevalence. It is seen that multibacillary disease, leprosy reactions and deformities are commonly seen. Buldana has unique demography with a high degree of migrant workers, presenting to our centre (near border location) could be a possible contributing factor towards these aberrations. It highlights the need for continuation of targeted leprosy control activities and Surveillance active case detection.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13354 Evaluation of Mizāj in the students of KTCHRC and its association with their academic performances and BMI: a cross sectional study 2025-01-31T14:22:01+00:00 Shehilla drshaila.aslam@gmail.com Afshana Nabi afshananabi1293@gmail.com Khalid Rahim Wani khalidwani4470@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> <em>Mizāj </em>(Temperament) is the elementary fundamentals of Unani system of Medicine. Each person is born with innate <em>Mizāj </em>which is susceptible to variation through several influences. Upon this <em>Mizāj,</em> health and disease, diagnosis and treatment are based. This study aimed to assess the <em>Mizāj</em> of students at KTC-Hospital and Research Centre, examine its relationship with their academic performance, and explore the association between <em>Mizāj</em> and students' BMI.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Data was collected using a schedule and was analysed using statistical software namely Microsoft excel and SPSS Software.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Highest percentage was of <em>Mizāj Ḥārr Raṭab </em>with 22 (21.4%), followed by 21(20.4%) <em>Moatadil</em> <em>Yābis</em>, 15(14.6%) <em>Moatadil</em> <em>Raṭab</em>. Out of 103 students, 70 were having BMI of 18.5-25 in which 14 have <em>Mizāj Ḥārr Raṭab</em> while 14 have <em>Moatadil Wa Yābis</em>. Most of students had secured 80-90% marks in their last exam out of which 9 have <em>Moatadil Ratab</em>, 8 have <em>Ḥārr Yābis</em> and 6 have <em>Ḥārr Ratab Mizāj</em>.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> This study concludes that most students exhibited a <em>Ḥārr Ratab Mizāj</em>, aligning with descriptions in Unani literature for this age group. Furthermore, a notable correlation was observed between <em>Ḥārr Ratab Mizāj</em> and exceptional academic performance. Moreover, the findings support the Unani view on <em>Rutubat's</em> influence on weight, contrasting with the belief that obesity is mainly due to <em>Burudat</em> (coldness).</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13370 A study of clinical validation of Unani Pharmacopoeial formulation Habb-e-Hilteet in Zu‘f al-Ishtihā’ (anorexia)"at RRIUM, New Delhi: an open prospective clinical trial 2025-01-31T14:21:54+00:00 Mohd Talib Husain drtalibansari007@gmail.com Safder Husain shjafry65@gmail.com Salma Sultana salmastat83@gmail.com Noman Khan drnomankhan2nov@gmail.com Zaki Ahmed Siddiqui zasccrum@gmail.com Ziaul Haq Siddiqui shjafry65@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> Anorexia is a serious condition, especially in older adults, often leading to malnutrition, weight loss, and other severe health problems. <em>Habb-e-Hilteet</em> is a commonly prescribed Unani pharmacopoeial formulation for anorexia. However, no scientific data are available regarding its safety and efficacy. This study assessed the appetite-inducing effect and safety of <em>Habb-e-Hilteet</em> in <em>Zu‘f al-Ishtihā’</em> (anorexia) patients.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> An open prospective clinical trial was conducted in 82 clinically diagnosed anorexia patients of either gender (19-65 yrs old). The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee. <em>Habb-e-Hilteet,</em> one pill (500 mg), was administered orally to patients twice daily for 14 days. The safety of the formulation was assessed using important pathological and biochemical indices and by monitoring adverse events. Efficacy was assessed based on improvement in the Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) score.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> There were 82 participants enrolled in this study. The mean age of the study population was found to be 31.96±11.66years of male, and 31.67±10.81 years of female with a higher rate (69.5%) of occurrence in women. In relation to the Temperament of the Patients, our study found the most effective results in the categories of <em>Damvi</em> (SANGUINE) in 56% of the patients. Our study found a significant correlation (P &lt; 0.000) between the effects of drugs on clinical parameters.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The findings of the study suggest that Habb-e-Hilteet may be a safe and effective treatment for anorexia.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13371 Comparative evaluation of pediatric rotary file system and a single file technique on the quality of root canal preparation on deciduous teeth: a combined in-vivo and in-vitro study 2025-01-31T14:21:51+00:00 Hemangi Bhanushali hemangibhanushali2911@gmail.com Vasudha Sodani vasudhasodani@gmail.com Anvi Shah shahanvi@yahoo.com Bhumi Sarvaiya sarvaiyabhumi@gmail.com Devdatt Sharma devdattsharma24@gmail.com Parth Chhabria parthchhabria20@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> Pulpectomy is the conservative treatment that retains and preserves the primary tooth in the dental arch in its function and non-pathologic state until its exfoliation. Over recent years, pulpectomy has been performed using various instrumentation techniques. The aim of this study was to evaluate the instrumentation time, taper and quality of obturation using pediatric rotary file system and a single file technique.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Pulpectomy was performed on 40 patients and 40 3D printed models of primary second molar for the study. Kedo-S rotary files, Pro AF Baby Gold rotary file system, Pro Taper Sx rotary file and Neo Endo Flex Orifice Opener rotary file were used for instrumentation. Immediate post-operative digital radiographs were taken to evaluate the quality of root filing, taper of canal and root canal instrumentation time was also recorded.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> No significant difference was observed in taper and quality of obturation using pediatric rotary file system and a single file technique (p value &gt; 0.05). On comparing mean instrumentation time Neo Endo Flex Orifice Opener rotary file took least time for instrumentation, the highest time taken for instrumentation was seen in Pro AF Baby Gold rotary file system, this was statistically significant (p value &lt;0.001).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> With the use of modified rotary file system for pulpectomy in primary teeth, reduction in the instrumentation time has been appreciated.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13372 A study on IL-35 gene polymorphism and mRNA expression in patients with rheumatic heart disease 2025-01-31T14:21:49+00:00 Penagaluru Pardhanandana Reddy pardhananda.reddy@gmail.com Shehnaz Sultana shehnaz.sulthana@gmail.com Shiva Kumar Yerra shivakumar.yerra@gmail.com Pranay Krishna Penagaluru pranaypen@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a chronic heart valve condition affecting around 40 million people globally. Inflammatory cytokines, acting as messengers, play a role in immune responses in various rheumatic diseases. Anti-inflammatory cytokines, produced by B cells and T cells, act as regulatory molecules controlling pro-inflammatory responses. Among these, Interleukin-35 (IL-35) stands out as a promising target for potential therapies in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Genetic variations and expression levels of IL-35 genes might have an impact on individuals with RHD.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> This study is aimed to explore the connection between gene polymorphisms and mRNA expression levels in both RHD patients and control subjects. The investigation involved 135 RHD patients and 140 control subjects, utilizing RT-PCR as the methodology.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The findings revealed a significant association between RHD and heterozygous variant (GC) (OR-1.77, 95% CI 0.3-3.04) and minor allele (C) (OR-0.60, 95% CI 0.39-0.92) of the EBi3 (IL-35) gene. In addition, increased mRNA expressions were observed, with a mean of 2.23±1.14 for EBi3 and 2.50±1.53 for IL-12A, indicating a noteworthy association with RHD patients compared to the control subjects.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The current study propose that gene polymorphisms could impact IL-35 expression levels in RHD patients. However, further analysis involving a larger number of cases is needed to draw conclusive results.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13375 Patterns of lifestyle behaviors, self-efficacy for nutrition, and dietary diversity among adolescents of the Chamba and Mandi districts of Himachal Pradesh 2025-01-31T14:21:45+00:00 Gaurav Sethi gauravsethi@mamtahimc.in Priyanshu Rastogi priyanshu@mamtahimc.in Mansi Shukla mansishukla389@gmail.com Santosh Choudhary santoshchoudhary@mamtahimc.in Rishi Garg rishi@mamtahimc.in Gitanshu Sethi gitanshu@mamtahimc.in Sunil Mehra dr_mehra@mamtahimc.in Shantanu Sharma shantanusharma@mamtahimc.in <p><strong>Background:</strong> The growing unhealthy lifestyle among adolescents, including decreased vegetable intake, high calorie-rich diet, and inadequate physical activity, are posing challenges. However, there is a lack of data on how dietary diversity and self-efficacy, crucial in determining food intakes, are interlinked and affect body mass index (BMI), an indicator of malnutrition. Hence, we aimed to assess unmarried boys’ and girls’ (10-19 years) lifestyle behaviors, self-efficacy for nutrition, dietary diversity, and their association with BMI in Himachal Pradesh.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> It was a cross-sectional quantitative study conducted in the Mandi and Chamba districts using a structured questionnaire. Self-efficacy was measured using a five-point Likert-scale-based tool, and dietary diversity was calculated from 10 major food groups consumed in the last 24h. Besides socio-demographic details, weight and height measurements were obtained to calculate the BMI. We performed linear regression analysis to assess the associations of self-efficacy, BMI, and dietary diversity with socio-demographic determinants.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Out of 942 adolescents, 473 (50.2%) were girls and 469 (49.8%) were boys. Marginalized populations had lower dietary diversity than the non-marginalized. Girls had a lower dietary diversity than boys. Adolescents possessing below-the-poverty-line cards had a lower self-efficacy than those possessing above-the-poverty-line cards. Adolescents who had higher dietary diversity had a lower BMI compared to their counterparts (beta coefficient (95% confidence interval); p value -0.30 (-0.51, -0.10); 0.004). </p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Dietary diversity and BMI are affected by socio-demographic characteristics like education, income, religion, and social caste. BMI is inversely associated with dietary diversity and conversely, positively associated with self-efficacy.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13378 A cross-sectional analytical study to assess the psychological well-being and self-esteem among female sanitary workers in a selected tertiary care hospital, Puducherry 2025-01-31T14:21:42+00:00 Lalitha Kumari Baranikumar lalithamala223344@gmail.com Yamuna Thiruvathipuram Venkadesan yamuna30577@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), it was reported that atleast 57.8 million adults live with some kind of mental illness. The prevalence of any mental illness is higher in females (27.2%) than males (18.1%). By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A quantitative cross-sectional analytical study was designed to collect data from 384 female sanitary workers working on a contract basis at JIPMER using the convenient sampling technique. A validated self-structured questionnaire to assess socio demographic data, a standardized Ryff and Keyes Psychological well-being scale (1995) and Rosenberg Self-esteem scale (1965) were used.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> It was found that mean and standard deviation of psychological well-being score was found to be 78.24 and 13.03. The level of self-esteem was found to be normal among 318 (82.8%) female sanitary workers and found to be low among 66 (17.2%) female sanitary workers.<strong> </strong>It was found that there was a high positive correlation between psychological well-being and self-esteem among the study participants. Since p-value was &lt;0.001, there was a significant correlation.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Through this study, we came to know the demands and challenges of the female sanitary workers which is not only essential for the individual health but also for the broader community’s well-being and productivity.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13380 Evaluating the need for culturally sensitive communication training for doctors engaged in international medical tourism using the lens of communication accommodation theory 2025-01-31T14:21:38+00:00 Himanshu Tyagi himanshutyagi10091104@gmail.com Payal Mehra n_sowmya@aol.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> The exponential growth of the international medical tourism industry, especially in countries like India, has necessitated the need for effective communication between healthcare providers and international patients. Culturally sensitive communication is crucial in this context, as it directly impacts patient satisfaction, compliance, and overall health outcomes. This study evaluates the need for culturally sensitive communication training for doctors engaged in international medical tourism through the framework of Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT).</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,476 international patients at a leading healthcare institution in Delhi, India. Data were collected using a comprehensive questionnaire designed to capture cross-cultural communication nuances, focusing on both verbal and non-verbal communication. The study employed a post-positivist research approach, and data were analysed using SPSSv24, Smart PLS 3, and MGA-PLS to examine the relationships between communication styles, cultural sensitivity, and patient experiences.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The analysis revealed a strong positive relationship (path coefficient = 0.809) between patient expectation and patient experience, indicating that culturally competent communication significantly enhances patient outcomes. Additionally, patient expectations were found to mediate the relationship between outcome and patient experiences, emphasizing the importance of managing these expectations effectively.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The findings underscore the critical need for culturally sensitive communication training for doctors involved in international medical tourism. By adopting communication strategies that accommodate the cultural preferences of international patients, healthcare providers can significantly improve patient satisfaction and outcomes, thereby enhancing the global competitiveness of medical tourism destinations like India.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13385 Assessment of cataract blindness and cataract surgical outcome in rural and tribal population 2025-01-31T14:21:29+00:00 Alind V. Murkhe alumurkhe@gmail.com Ajay K. Shukla alumurkhe@gmail.com Azhar Sheikh alumurkhe@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> Assessment of cataract blindness and cataract surgical outcomes to determine the impact of cataract and the cataract control program on the rural and tribal population.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> 25 clusters each from rural and tribal area with population of minimum 100 people aged above 50 years were selected by stratified cluster sampling. Participants were evaluated for history, vision, and questionnaire regarding cataract surgery as per pre-designed proforma.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> In rural area, of 5300 eyes, Severe Visual Impairment (SVI) (visual acuity &lt;6/60 to ≥3/60) was noted in 151 (2.84%) eyes and 236 (4.45%) eyes were blind (visual acuity ≤3/60). Prevalence of cataract blindness noted in study population was 3.49%. whereas, in tribal area, of 5082 eyes, SVI was noted in 101 (1.98%) eyes and 134 (2.63%) eyes were blind. Prevalence of cataract blindness noted in study population was 2.14%. In rural area, out of 624 operated eyes, 431 eyes (69.07%) had good visual outcome (visual acuity ≥6/18), 132 eyes (21.15%) had borderline visual outcome (visual acuity &gt;6/18 to ≤6/60) while, 61 eyes (9.78%) had poor visual outcome (visual acuity &gt;6/60). In tribal area, out of 221 operated eyes, 139 eyes (62.89%) had good visual outcome, 59 eyes (33.62%) had borderline visual outcome, while 32 eyes (14.47%) had poor visual outcome.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Cataract was the major avoidable cause of blindness in rural and tribal population. The policies and programme should be strengthened and penetration of these services in rural as well as tribal area is necessary.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13388 Knowledge, attitude and practice of hemovigilance among health care professionals and hemovigilance study in a tertiary care hospital 2025-01-31T14:21:23+00:00 Syed Moqthadeer Ahamed syedmoqthadeer@gmail.com Poornachandra Somwarpet Manjunatha chandrapoorna39480@gmail.com Beulah Milton syedmoqthadeer@gmail.com Siva Ranjini syedmoqthadeer@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> Clinical staff’s wisely varying transfusion techniques result in the misuse of blood products and endanger patient safety. Hemovigilance seeks to improve the quality and safety of blood transfusions. This study aimed in order to find out the knowledge, attitude and practice of hemovigilance among HCP’s and to know the incidence and prevalence of ATR in a tertiary care hospital.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> An observational study of 120 HCP’s is planned to be conducted at Hospital. Pre-validated KAP questionnaire were issued. The frequency of ATR was recorded in TRRF form. At end of the study through collected data, we will subject it to statistical analysis.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> From the view of 120 HCP, only 40 % had knowledge on the hemovigilance, and a whopping 74% is not practicing Hemovigilance safety measures. But we are happy to see that 71% have a positive attitude. Out of 40 transfusion reactions, a majority of patients had encountered FNHTR and allergic reaction, that is of 30%. Followed by delayed haemolytic reaction, TACO, TAD of 10%. And 5% did get hypotensive reaction and TRALI. Coming to type of blood component administered PRBC (60%), whole blood and FFP 20% each were seen. Out of 40 ,30 female patients (75%) and 10 (25%) reported ATR.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Even though The HCP have positive attitude towards blood safety, the knowledge and practice of HCP is proven to be poor. The frequency of ATR showed although they are less severe if no strict monitory actions are not taken, they may turn life threatening.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13394 A qualitative evaluation of youth awareness and perception towards depressive mental disorders through utilization of case-based scenarios 2025-01-31T14:19:32+00:00 Harimu Bargayary harimu.bargayary.hb@gmail.com Seema Jain drseemajain11@gmail.com Ganesh Singh gsinghbhu@yahoo.com Sanjeev Kumar hodcm2018@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> Depression is a major contributor to global suicide rates and often coexists with substance abuse, complicating both treatment and outcomes. WHO reports that 3.8% of the global population suffers from depression, with the onset often occurring in adolescence or early adulthood. According to UNICEF, one in seven adolescents (aged 10-19 years) experiences a mental disorder, with anxiety and depression accounting for 40% of these cases, affecting approximately 166 million adolescents worldwide. In India, the National Mental Health Survey (2015-16) found that 5.3% of the population has experienced depressive disorders. 14% of Indian youth (aged 15-24) frequently feel depressed. Hence this study has been done to assess the awareness among youths regarding depressive mental disorders and their attitudes and perceptions regarding the conditions.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> This study was conducted in an urban area of Meerut district, Uttar Pradesh, India involving 475 youth participants, utilizing a case-scenario based questionnaire derived from the National Survey of Mental Health Literacy and Stigma Youth Boost Survey by Anthony F. Jorm and Nicola Reavley.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The study found that the rate of participants who could correctly identify the various depressive disorders based on the case-based scenarios presented to them were 236 (49.7%) for depression with suicidal ideation, 187 (39.4%) for depression alone, and 140 (29.5%) for depression with substance abuse.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Suicidal ideation increases the likelihood of identifying depression, whereas depression alone is often underrecognized. Substance abuse further complicates the identification of underlying depression, resulting in the lowest recognition rates.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13396 Prediction of 10-year cardiovascular disease risk among Nicobarese Tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2025-01-31T14:19:28+00:00 Manjunatha R. r.manjunatha@icmr.gov.in Muruganandam N. na.muruganandam@gmail.com Kannan T. kannan.t@icmr.gov.in <p><strong>Background:</strong> WHO data on increased CVDs in India is estimated to be one of the greatest of any country in the world. The Nicobarese tribes of India are indigenous tribes, habited in difficult to reach, rural, and remote Islands in the Bay of Bengal.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 365 Nicobar Tribes using WHO HEARTS risk prediction charts to study the distribution and determinants of NCD risk factors and to predict the 10-year CVD risk.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> 66.8% were obese, 24.4% were smokers. Smokeless tobacco use was prevalent among 74.8 and 62.5% reported alcohol consumption. Based on the non-laboratory component of the CVD risk assessment chart, 83 (22.7%) had a risk &lt;5%, 132 (36.2%) had a risk of 5-9%, 114 (31.2%) had a risk of 10-19%, 34 (9.3%) had a risk of 20-29%. Illiteracy (aRR: 2.24, 95% CI: 1.34 to 3.78, p=0.002) and lower vegetable consumption (aRR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.04 to 2.81, p=0.035) were associated with a CVD risk score of 10-19%. Employment and lower vegetable consumption were associated with a higher risk score of ≥20% (aRR: 2.59, 95% CI: 1.14 to 6.01, p=0.024).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The prediction of 10-year CVD risk levels shows moderate to high CVD risk levels are higher among Nicobarese tribes than reported levels among general populations. Illiteracy, lower level of educational status, consumption of alcohol, and low consumption of vegetables in the diet are the main predictors of such moderate to high CVD risk levels.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13402 Effect of training in infection prevention and control on knowledge of healthcare professionals in a medical college, Kerala 2025-01-31T14:19:27+00:00 Swathi V. Koramboor swathivipinan@gmail.com Akshay Kalathil Rejikumar akshayrnair30@gmail.com Anuja Ushakumari anujabalan1968@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> 1 in 10 patients die from healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Infection prevention and control (IPC) aims to prevent infections, including those from antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, to improve patient and worker safety. Though training is essential for effective IPC program according to WHO guidelines, training is often limited, especially in low-resource settings. This study aims to assess the effect of IPC training on healthcare professionals' knowledge at a medical college in Kerala.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A quasi-experimental pretest/post-test study among 339 healthcare students at Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram (November to December 2023), evaluated IPC training on standard precautions, sterilization, infection prevention, and needle-stick injury management. Knowledge improvement was assessed through a 25-question pre and post-test, with scores categorized as excellent (&gt;90), good (80-90), average (70-80), and poor (&lt;70). Change in knowledge was analysed using paired t-test.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Majority participants were in poor (38.1%) and average categories (46.3%) in pretest while in post-test, majority participants were in good (34.5%) and excellent categories (40.1%) indicating an improvement in knowledge after the training. Statistically significant improvement in scores was observed in the total score of pretest and post-test as well as the individual topic wise scores.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The training led to significant improvements in infection prevention and control knowledge among healthcare professionals, highlighting the need for mandatory orientation and regular refresher trainings. To prepare for pandemics, prevent nosocomial infections, and combat antimicrobial resistance, hospitals should prioritize capacity building through ongoing training.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13403 Screening for nasal carriage of methicillin resistance Staphylococcus spp. among housekeeping personnel in a tertiary care hospital 2025-01-31T14:19:24+00:00 Yogita Mistry dryogitamistry@gmail.com Summaiya Mullan mullasummaiya@gmail.com Nirav Gondaliya dryogitamistry@gmail.com Kristi Sarkar dryogitamistry@gmail.com Komal Kanani dryogitamistry@gmail.com <p><strong>Background: </strong>Methicillin resistance <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and coagulase negative <em>Staphylococci</em> are commonly isolated pathogens from nosocomial infections. Colonized hospital personnel may be an important factor in dissemination of infection to patients and vice- versa. Among the various cadres of healthcare workers, housekeeping personnel are the most significant source of pathogen dissemination compared to other hospital staff, such as doctors, nurses, and lab technicians. This study aimed to determine the rate of methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus spp.</em> colonization among housekeeping personnel at a tertiary care institute.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> This study was a prospective study. Approximately 150-200 Housekeeping personnel were working in Hospital setting at the time of study period. Those with upper respiratory tract infections and those with history of intake of antibiotics in previous 3 months were excluded. A single nasal swab was used to take the mucosal samples from both the anterior nares by the study investigators.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> A total 40 housekeeping personnel had participated and agreed to give nasal samples. Out of 40 Housekeeping personnel nasal swab, 12 (30%) had shown gram positive cocci in clusters. Out of 12 isolates, only 1 (8%) isolate was <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, all other 11 (92%) isolates were Coagulase Negative <em>Staphylococcus</em>. Out of 11 Coagulase Negative <em>Staphylococci</em>, 4 (36%) were MRCoNs. And no MRSA found in housekeeping personnel.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Colonized Housekeeping personnel may be an important factor in the dissemination of infection from them to patients and vice-versa. Policies and guidelines should be framed to create awareness among HCWs regarding the screening methods for the detection and treatment of nasal carriage.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13404 Evaluation of undergraduate medical students at a government medical college in Patna (Bihar), for depression and related factors - a cross-sectional study 2025-01-31T14:19:20+00:00 Pragya Sinha pankhurisingh02@gmail.com Pankhuri Singh pankhurisingh02@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> Medical curriculum can be both mentally and physically taxing. While depression can strike anyone at any time, research has shown that medical students experience depression at a higher rate than their age-matched peers. The lack of mental health screening regimes for students significantly contribute to the paucity of information regarding their mental wellness and necessitates conduction of studies for their mental health evaluation.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional study was conducted in a government medical college and undergraduate students were screened using the 9-item patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) and a structured questionnaire, for depression and its associated factors respectively. A cut-off score of 10 was used to define depression in this study at which respondents were most likely to meet diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition (DSM IV) criteria for major depressive disorder (likelihood ratio ≥7.1).</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 368 students responded to the survey questionnaire. 49.4% (124/251) male and 44.4% (52/117) female students had a score ≥10. There was a 47.8% (176/368) prevalence of depression indicating additional clinical evaluation. As the year of MBBS study increased, the number of depressed students increased; with a significant association between them. Risk factors such as stress due to impending PG entrance exams, body image dissatisfaction (BID) and insufficient time for leisure activities had significant association with depression. An alarming 70.1% (258/368) of the students screened expressed reluctance to seek mental health care services.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Regular evaluations, awareness campaigns and student counsellors could be of great assistance to students in addressing their concerns, hesitation and stigma.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13407 Effectiveness of family based educational program on burden of care and stress among family caregivers of young adults with chronic mental disorders: a pilot study report 2025-01-31T14:19:17+00:00 Suja Chungathil Mathew sujaraj.7@gmail.com Thereza Mathias sujaraj.7@gmail.com <p><strong>Background: </strong>Living with and caring for a young adult with mental disorders is often challenging and induce enormous amount of burden and stress to Family Care Givers. This area has not received adequate attention in India.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>Caregiver’s Stress Scale (KSSC) was used to assess the stress and Burden Assessment Schedule was used to assess the burden of care. The family care givers in the intervention group were provided with family-based intervention on two alternative days and the standard care group received only routine care. A post test was conducted on 30th, 90th and 180 days. Independent t-test was applied to establish the effectiveness of family-based intervention on burden and stress. X<sup>2</sup> test and Fisher’s test was computed to find the association of burden and stress with selected demographic variables.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Family based educational program was found to be effective in reducing the burden of care and stress among the FCGs (p≤0.001). The study revealed statistically significant association between the age and gender of caregiver to burden and financial support of the caregivers to stress.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings of the study suggest family based educational program on home care of young adults with chronic mental disorders was found to be effective in reducing the burden of care and stress among the family caregivers.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13446 Menstrual hygiene practices among rural adolescent girls in a north Karnataka village: a cross-sectional study 2025-01-31T14:19:02+00:00 Rachel Sushmita Daniel rachelsdnl@gmail.com Pooja Todalabagi pooja.todalabagi@bldedu.ac.in <p><strong>Background:</strong> Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) is vital for adolescent girls' health and participation in education and society. However, rural girls face unique challenges due to cultural taboos, poor infrastructure, and limited access to menstrual products. This study aimed to assess the menstrual hygiene practices of adolescent girls in Ukkali village, Karnataka, and identify factors influencing their behaviors and social restrictions during menstruation.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional study was conducted among 280 school-going adolescent girls aged 12-17 years in Ukkali village, Karnataka, from September to October 2024. Participants were selected using systematic random sampling across six schools. Data were collected through a validated self-administered menstrual hygiene questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 26.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The mean age of participants was 13.9 years, with a mean age of menarche of 12.85 years. Most participants (75%) used disposable sanitary pads, 22.5% relied on cloth, and 26.4% reused materials. Hygiene practices were suboptimal, with only 35.7% washing genitals once daily and 6.1% washing only at the end of their period. Social restrictions during menstruation included avoiding places of worship (39.3%) and discontinuing physical exercise (28.6%). Significant associations were observed between menstrual flow and restrictions (p=0.010) and between genital washing frequency and restrictions (p&lt;0.001).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Suboptimal menstrual hygiene practices and restrictive social norms persist among rural adolescent girls in Ukkali village. Comprehensive strategies, including education, enhanced access to menstrual products, and improved infrastructure, are essential to promote health, dignity, and gender equality.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13453 Morbidity pattern of admitted neonates at selected district hospital special newborn care units in Odisha, India 2025-01-31T14:18:57+00:00 Dayasis Sahu dayasis@gmail.com Naresh R. Godara nareshgodara53@gmail.com <p><strong>Background: </strong>To provide focused recommendations to reduce neonatal fatalities, the study intends to evaluate the patterns of morbidity among admitted neonates in special newborn care units (SNCUs).</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>Through secondary data from the SNCU portal of ten SNCUs at district hospitals in Odisha, we performed a cross-sectional descriptive retrospective analysis on all admitted neonates over three calendar years (2020-2022). We profiled the age, gender, birth weight, admission indication, maturity, mortality profile, referral, and type of admission. Excel 2021 was used to extract the data, while Epi info and excel were used for analysis.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>The 24383 (or 48.5%) of the 50226 newborns admitted to the SNCU were inborn. Of the newborns, 58.4% were male. Of the 50226 newborns, 58.5% had low birth weights (LBWs) (less than 2500 gm); 995 babies (2.0%) weighed less than 1000 gm. Three days was the median length of stay in the SNCUs. 28.7% of admissions are due to perinatal asphyxia (n=14421), which is followed by newborn jaundice (n=9616, 19.1%), LBW (n=6757, 13.5%), refusal to feed (n=5327, 10.6%), and prematurity (n=4363, 8.7%). Out of the total, 74.8% were discharged, 11.3% were referred, 9.7% passed away, and 4.1% defied medical advice and left the SNCU. Birth asphyxia, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), infection, and preterm were the main causes of death<strong>.</strong></p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The main reason for neonates' morbidity and mortality is birth asphyxia. Early referrals, successful intervention, and superior prenatal care are crucial to avoid it.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13456 A study on fall incidences affecting patient’s safety in a multispecialty hospital 2025-01-31T14:18:55+00:00 Sonal Sophia Fernandes fernandessonalsophia@gmail.com Jyothi Seema Moras jyothimoras11@gmail.com Alvita Lurdin Saldanha alvitalurdin96@gmail.com Shyni Cardoza shynicardoza80@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> Falls in healthcare settings are a significant concern, resulting in fear, pain, injuries, extended hospital stays, patient discomfort, and diminished quality of life. Several risk factors for falls have been identified, including age, gender, medications, mental status, chronic conditions, and environmental factors. This study aimed to determine fall risk-related activity patterns in patients during hospitalization and identify and describe the incidences of falls, circumstances of falls, and fall-related injuries.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A retrospective, time-bound study was conducted, collecting data from fall incidence reports, patient medical records, and nursing department data using a mixed-methods approach (quantitative data) over a 9-month period (January 2023 to September 2023). The study included all fall patients from January 2023 to September 2023, with a total of 12,673 inpatients and 11 reported fall incidences.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The study found that the age group 61-80 years had the highest fall risk incidences, with most falls occurring at night due to patients not wanting to disturb relatives or call nurses for assistance. Additionally, a lack of education regarding fall risk from nurses to patients and relatives was observed, and in some cases, relatives were not present, and nurses were unaware of the patient’s solitude.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Fall interventions should be linked to each etiologic factor, and accidental falls can be prevented by ensuring a safe environment. Healthcare and nursing teams play a crucial role in fall prevention, interacting with patients the most, and proper training and autonomy are essential for implementing and assessing individualized preventative measures using information technology systems and tools.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13480 Awareness of physical changes occurring in adolescent period: an interventional study among girls 13-17 years of age in rural field practice area Government Medical College, Amritsar 2025-01-31T14:18:47+00:00 Kamal Jyoti drdhalwinder32@gmail.com Sanjeev Mahajan drsanjeev@gmail.com Dhalwinder Singh drdhalwinder34@gmail.com Arti Gupta drdhalwinder32@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> Adolescence is a crucial period of life having stress and storms. It is the important period of development that follows the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from a child into an adult. During this transitional stage that extends from 10-19 years, there occurs physical and psychological development that follows the period of puberty leading to adulthood. This study aimed to assess the awareness of physical changes among adolescent girls to assess the awareness of physical changes among adolescent girls.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> This interventional study was carried out in the rural area of Amritsar, two government senior secondary schools were selected by simple random technique. In these schools adolescent girls of the age group 13 to 17 years were included and out of school adolescent girls of the same age group who were residents of these two villages were also included in the study. The study was carried out in three phase pre intervention, intervention and post intervention phase.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Before intervention 45.21% of the respondents did not know and after intervention 68.26% came to know that 10-19 is the age group under adolescence periods. Before intervention respondents 32.17% had no knowledge and after intervention 53.34% had good knowledge.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Information education and communication sessions significantly increases the knowledge of adolescent girls about physical changes occurring in this period.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13493 Impact of night shift work on sleep quality and dietary pattern: a study among IT professionals in Puducherry, India 2025-01-31T14:18:44+00:00 M. Bharath Bala bharathbala64@gmail.com G. Savitha savirocks4@gmail.com E. Shree Sruthi shreesruthi20@gmail.com S. Andrew John Silvester director.sahspdy@vmu.edu.in <p><strong>Background:</strong> Night shift work is prevalent in various industries such as healthcare, manufacturing, emergency services, and call centres, especially in regions with 24-hour operations. Health issues often arise due to the disruption of circadian rhythms that shift workers endure. The main objective of the study to assess the prevalence of poor sleep quality among IT professionals, to assess the dietary pattern among IT professionals and to assess the association between dietary pattern and sleep quality among night shift IT professionals.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> It is a quantitative, cross-sectional study conducted among 163 IT professional in a Puducherry India. Simple random sampling technique was used for selection of participants.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The present study reveals that all 163 participants (100%) have a PSQI score of 5 or greater, indicating "Poor sleep quality." No participants were classified as having "Good sleep quality," highlighting the prevalence of poor sleep quality in this group. This relationship is statistically significant (p=0.015), suggesting that the observed correlation is unlikely due to chance.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The study concludes that night shift work among IT professionals in Puducherry, India, has a significant adverse impact on sleep quality, with all participants exhibiting poor sleep quality as indicated by a PSQI score of 5 or greater. The disruption of natural circadian rhythms due to irregular working hours is a primary contributor to deteriorating sleep patterns.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13533 Patient safety at risk: non compliance with drug regulations among community pharmacies in Chennai, Tamil Nadu 2025-01-31T14:18:41+00:00 Prabakaran S. shakthipraba777@gmail.com Santhoshkumar S. G. s.g.santhoshkumar18@gmail.com Deepika S. U. deep40601@gmail.com Vishnu T. vichuvasanth458@gmail.com Guru Prasad Mohanta gpmohanta@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are available for consumer purchase without prescriptions, whereas Schedule H medications require valid prescriptions from registered medical practitioners. This pilot study assesses the dispensing practices of community pharmacists in Chennai using the simulated client method.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Two Pharm.D. students, trained to role-play as simulated clients, visited 25 community pharmacies in Chennai to request Tab. Prednisolone 40 mg. Each interaction was documented using a data collection form focusing on control, compliance, and complications. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Out of 25 pharmacies, 52% agreed to dispense the medication without justification, while 44% strongly disagreed even after explanations were provided. Only 36% asked for a prescription, and a concerning 64% did not prioritize its necessity. Only 12% of respondents provided information about the medication, with location statistically significant in relation to prescription requests (p=0.027). Notably, two pharmacies allowed unqualified personnel to dispense medications.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The pilot study reveals inappropriate practices among community pharmacists in Chennai, emphasizing the urgent need for awareness programs and regulatory revisions. The high rates of non-compliance raise concerns about patient safety and highlight the necessity for strategic public health initiatives similar to Kerala’s Operation AMRITH. Immediate action is essential to improve pharmacy practice standards and ensure safe dispensing of medications.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13565 Cross-sectional observational study of occurrence and correlation of the risk-factors of hypertension among medical students in Ahmedabad, Gujarat 2025-01-31T14:18:38+00:00 Ansh Maheshwari ansh.maheshwari@hotmail.com Om Shah ohs8@icloud.com Gurusharan Dumra gurusharandumra@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of hypertension in students of a medical college associated with a tertiary care teaching hospital and identify the risk factors in this group.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Participants answered a structured questionnaire and underwent a physical screening. Automated (Omron HEM-7121J) sphygmomanometers were used to measure blood pressures. Standardised digital weighing scales were used to measure weight. Standardised stadiometers were used to measure height. Hypertension grades were defined under the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Society of Hypertension (ESH) 2023 guidelines. Appropriate statistical analysis was performed to test the correlation and significance of the risk factors of hypertension.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The sample of this study comprised of 247 students out of which 52.6% were females and 47.4% were males. This study found the occurrence of hypertension to be 13.4%. Furthermore, a significant association was found between hypertension and various risk factors like body mass index (BMI), dietary salt intake, physical activity, duration of sleep per night, habit of smoking, alcohol consumption and family history of hypertension.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> This study highlights the occurrence of hypertension among medical students, providing valuable insight for targeting intervention programs at this early stage. By incorporating education on hypertension occurrence and its risks into the educational curriculum, these programs can effectively address the issue within this population.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13684 Treatment seeking behaviour and control status of selected parameters among non-communicable disease patients 2025-01-31T14:18:33+00:00 Jayakrishnan Thayyil nivyapnk@gmail.com Karthika Rejani nivyapnk@gmail.com Nivya Noonjiyil Kaithery nivyapnk@gmail.com Sruthikrishna Punathukandi nivyapnk@gmail.com Durgesh Kumar Kannamvayal nivyapnk@gmail.com Sujesh Palakkunnath nivyapnk@gmail.com <p><strong>Background:</strong> Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represent a growing health burden worldwide, particularly in India, where access to healthcare is limited. These chronic conditions, including diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, require continuous management to prevent complications. This study explores the treatment seeking patterns and current health control status of NCD patients in a rural setting, aiming to identify gaps in healthcare utilization and areas for improvement. To assess treatment seeking behaviour and to determine the control status of selected parameters among NCD patients.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> This is a community based cross-sectional study conducted among individuals residing in Chathamangalam Grama Panchayat of Kozhikode district in Kerala, India. A total of 120 sample participants, aged 35 and above, were selected from the NCD register regarding their diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stroke, coronary artery disease (CAD) and other NCDs. The study collected demographic, behavioural and clinical data, including laboratory results and the treatment adherence status to identify barriers to effective disease management. The data was collected by direct interview using a pretested semi structured questionnaire.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Among 120 NCD patients, about 80% of the hypertensives and 78% of the diabetics were under control. Majority of the patients (60%) were having medical insurance and about 43% rely on public healthcare facilities as their source for medications. The study highlights that only 3.33% of the patients had good treatment adherence, while 42.5% of the participants had poor treatment adherence.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The study findings reflect the inadequate treatment adherence of NCD patients especially hypertension and diabetes in rural settings. There is a present need for comprehensive public health strategies focusing lifestyle modification, regular follow up and direct monitoring.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13363 Experiences of family adoption program by a medical student 2025-01-31T14:21:56+00:00 Samruddhi Godbole swatijarole@gmail.com Swati Jarole swatijarole@gmail.com <p>In India, around 65.5% of population resides in rural settings (as per 2020 statistics) whereas availability of healthcare facilities is skewed towards urban setups. Though adequate healthcare supplies exist in the community, it is the access to healthcare to the rural citizen that is a major concern. Issues like health illiteracy, ignorance about communicable and non-communicable disease, means to reach healthcare facilities, services, take time off from their daily wages work and workforce shortages are some of the barriers that limit timely and quality health related awareness and care leading to scenario of scarcity in abundance. Hence, there is a need to take measures to make healthcare more accessible to the rural and needy population and impact community based and community oriented training to budding healthcare professionals.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13429 A rare incidence of multiple abnormally positioned supernumerary impacted upper teeth: a case report and literature review 2025-01-31T14:19:10+00:00 Sarah Mohammed Aldosari Saraldosari1@gmail.com Bader Fatani bfatani99@gmail.com AlJoharah Khalid AlShathry AlJoharah.K.AlShathry@gmail.com Rahf Zeiad AlSayed Rahf.afierce@gmail.com Waleedah Burhan AlMasri waleedahalmasri@gmail.com Hamad Mohammed Bakhashwain hamadbakhashwain@gmail.com <p class="li1">Teeth that do not emerge into the dental arch within the typical timeframe are referred to as impacted teeth. The third molars, being the last teeth to develop and erupt in the permanent dentition, are the most frequently impacted. They often become impacted either because of an abnormal position during their development, insufficient space in the dental arch, or a combination of both factors. In this case, we present multiple third molars and supernumerary teeth that are abnormally positioned and impacted. The patient was treated by extracting all third molars and associated impacted supernumerary teeth under general anesthesia.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13387 Unravelling the hidden struggles: the impact of neurofibromatosis on adolescent mental health and well-being 2025-01-31T14:21:25+00:00 Parinda Parikh drparikh@2ndarc.com Dilbeste Sir dilbestesir@gmail.com <p>Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder characterized by benign tumors and various psychosocial challenges, particularly in adolescents. This case vignette details a 14-year-old female with NF1 who presents with significant academic struggles, emotional instability, and social withdrawal, exacerbated by bullying and low self-esteem. Despite a comprehensive medication regimen, including Gabapentin, Methylphenidate, Aripiprazole, and Sertraline, her symptoms persist, highlighting the complexity of managing NF1's multifaceted impact. The interplay between her physical condition and psychiatric manifestations underscores the necessity for a holistic management approach that integrates medical treatment with targeted psychiatric support. This case emphasizes the importance of early identification and intervention for mental health issues in adolescents with NF1, advocating for multidisciplinary strategies that involve healthcare providers, mental health professionals, and families to enhance overall quality of life and facilitate effective coping mechanisms. Further research is essential to refine management practices and address the unique needs of this population.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13311 Reconstruction of mandibular defect with extended temporomandibular joint prosthesis: a case report 2025-01-31T14:22:08+00:00 Yasser S. Alali yalali@ksu.edu.sa Faisal F. Alotaibi Dr.faisalod@gmail.com Shatha A. Almuarik Shathaalmuarik@gmail.com Raghad F. Almuqrin Raghad99f@gmail.com <p>Mandibular defects resulting from tumor resection or traumatic injuries can lead to considerable functional and aesthetic limitations on the patients. These defects disrupt a range of mandibular functions, primarily compromising mastication by impeding the mandible ability to form a stable opposition to the maxilla. Furthermore, it affects speech, swallowing, breathing, and alters lower facial contour which negatively changes facial aesthetics. Extended temporomandibular joint reconstruction (eTMJR) presents a helpful surgical modality in such complex presentations with significant bony involvement. This technique surpasses the limitations of conventional TMJ reconstruction by including the reconstruction of concomitant mandibular and/or temporal bone abnormalities. This case report is for a 42-year-old male who underwent extended total mandibular joint replacement surgery to address a significant left mandibular defect extending to the midline. Preoperative planning incorporated advanced techniques involving 3D printing, digital planning, and surgical guidance. The patient received a transitional removable partial denture to replace missing teeth and to achieve the planned occlusion intraoperatively. At the six-month follow-up, the patient demonstrated outstanding clinical outcomes.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13575 An approach for reduction of pan-facial fractures using bi-coronal flap: a case report and a literature review 2025-01-31T14:18:36+00:00 Bader Fatani bfatani99@gmail.com Reem A. Abuhaimed reemiabdulaziz16@gmail.com <p>Pan-facial trauma represents 4% to 10% of facial fractures, involving complex injuries across the upper, middle, and lower facial regions. These fractures present significant management challenges for even experienced maxillofacial surgeons. Treatment should commence with airway stabilization, as obstruction can be fatal. Various techniques exist for addressing pan-facial fractures, with no consensus on the ideal approach. The open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) method predominantly utilizes coronal flap incisions, offering optimal access to intracranial injuries and critical facial structures like the frontal sinus and zygomatic-maxillary complex. Conversely, the anterior approach using lynch incisions may reduce risks of postoperative complications such as scarring and sensory deficits.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13451 Management and clinical challenges of lupus nephritis presenting with hypotension: a case report 2025-01-31T14:19:00+00:00 Karra Geetha geetabiokarra@gmail.com G. Sasanka gollasasanka@gmail.com Meraj Unnisa Banu merajunnisabanu@outlook.com Pridvineel Reddy pridvineel15@gmail.com T. Rama Rao geethabiokarra@gmail.com <p>Lupus nephritis (LN), a grave sequel of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), precipitates substantial renal impairment and engenders noteworthy clinical morbidity. This case report delineates the presentation of a 39-year-old female with antecedent diagnoses of SLE and rheumatoid arthritis, who presented with severe dyspnea (Grade 4), retrosternal chest pain radiating posteriorly, and oliguria. Physical examination unveiled profound hypotension, while initial diagnostic evaluations were congruent with acute kidney injury indicative of LN. Despite robust fluid resuscitation, the patient hypotension persisted, necessitating intricate clinical deliberations. This case encapsulates the multifaceted challenges inherent in the management of lupus nephritis, particularly when complicated by refractory hypotension and multi-organ involvement. It accentuates the imperativeness of prompt diagnostic acuity and an integrative therapeutic paradigm. Additionally, it elucidates the rationale underpinning pivotal clinical decisions while addressing the nuances of such a formidable clinical scenario.</p> 2025-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13568 Efficacy of metformin versus lifestyle modifications in preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials 2025-01-10T01:03:23+00:00 Salman A. Alotifi salmanalotifi@gmail.com Fatimah A. D. Alshehri dr.fatimah1412@gmail.com Salman Q. Y. Mashyakhi salman.mashiaki@hotmail.com Mohammed S. F. Alyahya mfy45624@gmail.com Abdulrahman A. S. Alqahtani abdulrhman.algahtan@gmail.com Mohammed R. A. Asiri mohd-raiy@hotmail.com Saif S. S. Alkhidhran Alkhidhran@hotmail.com <p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) poses a growing global health burden. Prevention strategies typically focus on lifestyle modifications or pharmacological interventions, such as metformin, but their comparative efficacy remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate and compare the efficacy of metformin versus lifestyle modifications in reducing the incidence of T2DM among high-risk individuals. A comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted. Systematic searches of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were performed. Eight RCTs involving 4,684 participants (2,324 in the metformin group and 2,360 in the lifestyle modification group) were included. The primary outcome was the incidence of T2DM, measured as odds ratio (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistics. The pooled analysis demonstrated no significant difference in the incidence of T2DM between metformin and lifestyle modification groups (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.64 to 1.65). Substantial heterogeneity was observed (I²=78%, p&lt;0.0001). In conclusion, metformin and lifestyle modifications are similarly effective in preventing T2DM among high-risk individuals. These findings support the use of both interventions, with lifestyle modifications preferred for broader health benefits and metformin as a viable alternative for individuals unable to sustain lifestyle changes. Future studies should explore factors contributing to heterogeneity and assess long-term outcomes.</p> 2025-01-09T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13553 Incidence of deep vein thrombosis following oral and maxillofacial surgery: a systematic review of reported cases and risk factors 2025-01-24T01:15:20+00:00 Widad Alodaib Widad.m@gmail.com Bader Fatani Bfatani99@gmail.com Muzun Alatyan Muzon20@hotmail.com <p>Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common and serious complication after surgery which can lead to significant health deterioration. VTE includes deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Around 30 to 50% of DVT cases are symptomless, leading to possible underdiagnosis or misdiagnosis. This oversight can cause severe complications like acute pulmonary embolism and even death, along with chronic issues like post-thrombotic syndrome. DVT post-oral and maxillofacial surgery is uncommon, with few studies on its occurrence. This systematic review assesses published papers on DVT incidence after oral and maxillofacial surgery.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> 2025-01-23T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/13637 Evaluating the effectiveness of enhanced recovery after surgery protocols on outcomes in general surgery: a systematic review 2025-01-25T03:27:38+00:00 Salman A. Aljubouri Dr.sal-abd@gmail.com Emad A. Alsaedi emadd862@gmail.com Meaad A. Alrehaili Meaadxa@gmail.com Hussam K. Aloufi hussam14401@gmail.com Reham M. Alsubhi Drxnl2@gmail.com Mohammed W. Aljayyar mohammedaljyyar@hotmail.com Abdurrahman S. Seraj asaseraj@gmail.com Hasan M. Samman hasan.m.samman@gmail.com Amal N. Alharbi dr.amalalharbi443@gmail.com Waleed K. Kaki ww14201@icloud.com Heba A. Mohammad Hebamargelani@gmail.com Nawaf H. Alharbi Nwaf1294@gmail.com Mohammed N. Almarwani m.bin.nayaf@gmail.com <p>Multimodal treatment pathways called enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs are intended to lessen surgery's physical and emotional impacts. In many surgeries, patient outcomes are linked to better compliance with ERAS protocols. To investigate the effectiveness of ERAS protocols on outcomes in general surgery. The systematic review used PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Clinicaltrial.gov as data sources. Randomised clinical trials comparing any traditional protocol with ERAS. Protocols for general surgical procedures, published from January 2015 to January 2025, were included based on preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 1860 study titles were identified. Only randomised control trials were included, so 230 titles were produced as randomized controlled trial (RCT). Researchers chose 145 abstracts for screening after removing the papers that did not fit the original search criteria; only 13 qualified for final review. Three reviewers independently identified the relevant trials and extracted data on study details, outcomes, and efficacy from included studies. The overall hospital stay, pain score, medical cost, post-operative complications, morbidity, and inflammation were significantly reduced in the ERAS group (p&lt;0.05), and improved quality of life, comfort level, and immunity. The study concluded that ERAS protocol helps to improve patient well-being after surgery and should be implemented in general surgery. Further longitudinal studies should also be conducted.</p> 2025-01-24T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health