International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health

Benefits of the ketogenic diet in postpartum psychosis

2026-04-01T01:50:20+00:00

Post-partum psychosis consists in the abrupt appearance of psychotic symptoms in this period. The treatment is a combination of multiple medications including lithium, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines and others. Ketogenic diet, is an intervention based on high fat, low carbohydrates, adequate protein aiming to generate ketosis, and recent studies shown promising benefits in several conditions besides the historically know in epilepsy. We presented a case of a patient with psychosis post-partum, who achieved a rapid, full remission of her symptoms with the standard medication plus the adoption of a ketogenic diet. A 22 year-old patient, 7 months postpartum of her third child, starts presenting manic behaviors, with delusions of grandiosity related to her religious beliefs and hallucinations and reduced need of sleep. It immediately started on medication, with benzodiazepines, olanzapine and lithium, with the adoption also of a strict ketogenic diet. In the following 3 weeks to achieve complete remission of her symptoms with no recurrence. In the treatment of postpartum psychosis, most used medications do not provide resolution in the totality of patients and also generate disturbances in the patients physical and mental health, as well as in breastfeeding and in the newborn’s health. Ketogenic diet can be an effective and safe intervention, which may help in reducing the need for medications, improve the rate of remission and recurrence. Further systematic research may be needed to determine the role of this diet in such a negatively impacting condition.

Shah-Waardenbrug syndrome type IV presenting with long segment Hirschsprung’s disease in a neonate: a case report

2026-04-01T01:49:52+00:00

Shah–Waardenburg syndrome, also known as Waardenburg syndrome type 4, is a rare genetic condition characterized by the combination of pigmentary abnormalities and Hirschsprung disease resulting from neural crest developmental defects. We present a case of a 5-day-old male neonate with dysmorphic features, bilious vomiting, abdominal distension, and failure to pass meconium, later confirmed to have total colonic aganglionosis. Early surgical intervention and histopathological evaluation were essential in confirming the diagnosis and guiding management. A 5-day-old male neonate born at term by normal vaginal delivery at home to a 20-year-old mother with limited antenatal care was referred with refusal to breastfeed since birth and progressive bilious vomiting beginning on the second day of life. The infant had not passed meconium spontaneously. There was no history of similar illness in the family. Shah–Warrensburg syndrome with total colonic aganglionosis is a rare but life-threatening condition that should be suspected in neonates presenting with intestinal obstruction and characteristic dysmorphic features. Early recognition and prompt surgical intervention are crucial to prevent morbidity and mortality. Histopathological confirmation remains the gold standard for diagnosis and guides definitive management. A multidisciplinary approach involving neonatology, pediatric surgery, and genetics is essential for optimal outcomes. Long-term follow-up is required to address surgical, nutritional, and developmental challenges.

The 2025 Myanmar earthquake: public health emergency responses and challenges in the post-disaster period

2026-04-01T01:50:21+00:00

The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, a lower-middle income country, is located in Southeast Asia between latitudes 90° 32' N and 28° 31' N and longitudes 92° 10' E and 101° 11' E, sharing borders with Bangladesh, India, China, Laos and Thailand, facing the Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal in the south and southwest. In terms of climate, Myanmar is located in a tropical region, experiencing hot temperatures, high humidity, and copious rainfall. The country’s total land area is 676,578 square kilometers, characterized by hilly and mountainous topography. Administratively, Myanmar is divided into seven States (Chin, Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Mon, Rakhine, and Shan - cover mainly the upland areas and are largely populated by national races/ethnic communities), seven Regions (Ayeyarwady, Bago, Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing, Tanintharyi, and Yangon - are situated mainly on the plains), and one Union Territory (Nay Pyi Taw). The current population is estimated at 51.3 million people and males accounted for 46.9% of the population. Two-thirds of the total population lives in rural areas and the larger urban populations are concentrated in Yangon and Mandalay.

Outcomes and complications after appendectomy and cholecystectomy in emergency surgical practice: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2026-03-11T03:10:09+00:00

Acute care surgery (ACS) was developed as a consultant led organizational framework designed to enhance the promptness and quality of emergency general surgical care. Appendectomy and cholecystectomy are considered standard ACS procedures; nevertheless, the reported rates of postoperative complications are varied, attributed to differences in patient demographics, illness severity, surgical care, and institutional policies. This meta-analysis, executed in alignment with PRISMA 2020 recommendations, assessed publications published from January 2010 to December 2025 that investigated postoperative outcomes following emergency appendectomy and cholecystectomy within the contexts of ACS or emergency general surgery. Eligible trials comprised adult or mixed-age groups with recorded perioperative outcomes. Independent reviewers did the data extraction and quality check. When it made sense, random-effects meta-analyses were done, and the I² statistic was used to measure heterogeneity. Evidence synthesis demonstrated that the application of ACS typically improves surgical speed, reduces hospital length of stay, and yields comparable or diminished postoperative complication rates in contrast to conventional on call systems. Infections at the surgical site, damage to the bile duct, bile leaks, and abscesses in the abdomen were all common problems. Comorbidity, illness severity, operating delay, and open surgical conversion were all factors that led to bad outcomes. On the other hand, early intervention and minimally intrusive methods were always linked to better results. In general, ACS-based care is a good and flexible way to handle emergency appendectomy and cholecystectomy. It follows the rules of quality, safety, and efficient use of resources. The ongoing diversity among studies highlights the necessity for defined care pathways and sustained high-quality research focused on ACS.

Exploring post-pandemic burnout and mental health among healthcare workers in India: a narrative review on prevalence, risk factors and impact

2026-03-07T01:07:20+00:00

Healthcare workers are essential to any health system, but often they face high levels of burnout and mental health issues. In India, problems such as workforce shortages, overworked health systems, and long hours could make it even more challenging. This narrative review looks at evidence about burnout, depression, anxiety, stress, and sleep problems among Indian healthcare workers and how these issues affect their daily lives and healthcare services. We conducted a thorough search for studies on this topic from January 2020 to January 2026 using PubMed and Google Scholar. The results show that a significant number of Indian healthcare workers experience burnout and have reported higher rates of anxiety and depression. Studies indicate that post-pandemic rates are increasing, causing a significant mental health burden and worsening health care delivery. Burnout is often linked to medical errors, lower-quality care, decreased life satisfaction, absenteeism, and workforce loss. Various factors can contribute to burnout, including individual circumstances, work conditions, institutional support, and cultural effects. Key contributors to burnout were found to include younger age, female sex, longer working hours, poor infrastructure, and mental health stigma. This review emphasizes the need for comprehensive strategies to support the mental health of India’s healthcare workers. Interventions should occur at multiple levels, including mental health screenings, well-being programs in healthcare institutions, workforce expansion, and digital mental health resources.

On the age-wise decomposition and measurement of life expectancy changes in Ethiopia: 1990-2019

2026-04-01T01:52:29+00:00

This study aimed to break down the life expectancies of Ethiopia and its regional states age wise, and to evaluate the relative contributions of different age groups, regions, and effect types. Data were collected from the UN-World Population Prospects 2022 online source and the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 and a system of Brass' logit model life tables that allowed for the estimation of abridged life tables and the subsequent extraction of life expectancies was built. Consequently, Arriaga method was used to break down the life expectancies age-wise into direct and other effects over 1990-2019. Results revealed life expectancy in Ethiopia rose by 16.977 years from 49.3 years in 1990 to 66.2 in 2019. Of the types of effect, the other effect, and of the age groups, infants and under five children, were the primary positive contributors to this increase. Regionally, no significant contribution differences were observed but Addis Ababa exhibited a negative other effect contribution in the old ages. Direct effect contribution was negligible in the 0-4 age group warns that improvements in life expectancy were due to indirect and interaction effects and thus further intervention is required to achieve direct effect improvements.

Qualitative research: where science meets philosophy – the way forward for researches in Ayurveda

2026-04-01T01:52:31+00:00

Researches in Ayurveda are in the limelight for decades for many reasons. There are positive and negative developments in this area from time to time. But the core issue is lack of clarity regarding the way in which research to be done in Ayurveda. There is no consensus hitherto regarding the smooth and fruitful conduction of researches in the field of Ayurveda. Also, the uncertainty and chaos in deciding the components of research and in connecting the research ideas into apt designs creates a huge divide among the researchers themselves as well as between researchers and clinicians. Under these circumstances, it becomes imperative to discuss the philosophical background of these issues and to find out their solutions from the grass root level. This article is an attempt to trace out the qualitative issues faced by Ayurveda researchers and their solutions from the philosophical as well as scientific background.

Screen-based media and verbal communication in toddlers with autism: a narrative review of content specific impacts

2026-03-11T03:10:13+00:00

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder increasingly diagnosed in early childhood. Concurrently, screen time exposure among young children has risen, prompting global concern. Understanding the potential association between early screen exposure and ASD risk is vital for informing parental guidance and policy. A narrative review was conducted using electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Studies published between 2010 and 2024 that assessed screen time exposure in children under five and its association with ASD or ASD-like symptoms were included. The review considered observational studies, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. Socio-economic status, parental education, and urban-rural differences were evaluated as confounding factors where data allowed. Most studies indicated a potential association between excessive screen time (particularly passive screen use beyond 2 hours per day) and ASD-like symptoms or delayed verbal communication in children under five. However, the evidence remains inconclusive due to variability in study designs and measurement tools. Socio-economic background emerged as a significant moderator, with children from lower-income families showing higher screen exposure and reduced interactive parenting. While excessive screen time may be associated with ASD-related developmental concerns, causality cannot be established due to potential confounders. Public health interventions should focus on promoting balanced screen use and parent-child interaction, especially in socio-economically disadvantaged settings. Further longitudinal research is needed to clarify causation and guide early intervention strategies.

Role of Ayurveda in integrated health system for sustainable development of global health

2026-04-01T01:51:33+00:00

The current global health systems are in the midst of a massive metamorphosis to address the complicated demands of the 21st century which include; increasing non-communicable diseases (NCDs), health disparities, environmental degradation, and economical in sustainability. The failure of conventional biomedicine to effectively deal with lifestyle-related and chronic disorders has brought new international attention to traditional systems of medicine (TSM). The old Indian medical system, Ayurveda is a preventive, personalized and an eco-centric model of holistic medicine that balances a human wellbeing, and social and environmental sustainability. Its focus on balance, lifestyle management and unity of mind and body is in line with the demand by the World Health Organization (WHO) to have integrated and people-oriented health systems. The aim of this review is to discuss how Ayurveda can assist in sustaining health on a global basis by incorporation into modern health care systems. It assesses how the Ayurvedic principles, therapeutic practices, and policy frameworks can help preventive care, health equity, ecological sustainability, which follow all the objectives outlined in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The literature review was conducted in a narrative style, whereby the information was synthesized using peer-reviewed journals, WHO documents, Ayurvedic policy papers and classical text Ayurvedic. PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and AYUSH research portals were used as data sources where the keywords were used using Ayurveda, global health, sustainable development, integrated medicine, and traditional medicine policy.

Recent trends in yoga therapies for psychiatric disorders

2026-04-01T01:51:31+00:00

Yoga practices date back to ancient times. It is a mechanism that connects our mind, body, and soul consisting of different movements and poses performed in coordination with controlling breath, meditation, relaxation, and lifestyle. In recent years, yoga therapy has gained a huge amount of attention and shown promising results as a complementary treatment for psychological disorders and improving overall well-being. This review paper focus on understanding how yoga therapy has positive implications on psychological disorders, acknowledge the underlying mechanisms leading to its effectiveness, identify areas for research and also outlines how yoga therapy has addressed the cognitive impairment of an individual prior to the onset of psychosis and its relationship with panchakoshas, trigunas. The authors conducted a literature search using the following databases PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and APApsycNet. The search strategy included phrases or search terms like “yoga,” “mental disorders,” “cognitive impairment,” “psychological disorders,” “panchakosha,” “Triguna,” and “yoga therapy.” The literature for a period of 10 years is covered from 2014-2024. Empirical studies have shown consistent results that yoga therapy with an integration of other forms of treatment reduces negative emotion, stress and improves cognitive functioning, symptoms of anxiety and depression. Secondly, yoga therapy develops self-awareness and relaxation in individuals. The results of yoga therapy may vary depending on several factors. From recent research it is also evidenced that the expression of gunas differs between individuals with psychological disorder patients and how therapeutic gain is established through yoga therapy.

Sammulfar pharmacological uses and toxicological effect on systemic organs a revive studies

2026-04-01T01:52:27+00:00

Sammulfar (Arsenic) is a versatile mineral. It is inorganic and organic compound, it belongs to group VA of the periodic table, arsenic is an anti-leukemic agent. In the form of sodium arsenite solution it was the first effective systemic chemotherapy for a neoplastic disease reported by Lissauer. The "arsenic" utilized by criminals and murderers is typically the trioxide form As₂O₃, also known as "white arsenic" or the mineral arsenolite, arsenic compounds are classified into three major groups based on their biology and toxicology like Inorganic arsenic compounds, organic arsenic compounds, Arsenic gas. It is used in Unani system of medicine pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses, many important Unani formulations like Kusta Sammulfar, Habb-e-Ahmar Tila-e-Ajeeb etc its temperament (Mizaj) garam khusk 4°. It is toxic element, arsenic have found acute and chronic toxicity effect on systemic organ likes immune system, skin, hepatic portal system, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal system, neurological system, genitourinary system, respiratory system etc.

Revised Kuppuswamy and Prasad scale 2026: new income categories

2026-04-01T01:49:58+00:00

Socioeconomic Status (SES) is a fundamental determinant of health outcomes. In India, the B.G. Prasad and Kuppuswamy scales are widely utilized tools for SES classification. However, their income-based components are highly sensitive to inflation, requiring regular updates to prevent the misclassification of study populations. This study aims to provide the updated income categories for the Modified B.G. Prasad and Kuppuswamy scales for the year 2026, based on the latest Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (CPI-IW). The income categories were recalculated using the All-India CPI-IW for January 2026 (148.2) with the base year 2016=100. For the B.G. Prasad scale, linking factors for 1960, 1982, and 2001 were applied to determine the new per-capita income thresholds. The new income thresholds reflect the inflationary changes of 2026. For the B.G. Prasad scale, the Class I (Upper Class) threshold is now ₹9,741. For the Kuppuswamy scale, the highest income score (12) now requires a monthly family income of ₹1,65,420. Periodic updates of SES scales are essential for accurate epidemiological research and equitable health policy formulation. These revised 2026 indices provide researchers with standardized tools for current field-based studies.

Learning from Brazil's dengue outbreak for Mumbai’s monsoon preparedness: a public health perspective

2026-04-01T01:49:51+00:00

The expansion of dengue fever is a growing concern globally, with over half a million cases and more than 100 deaths reported worldwide as of January 2024. Dengue is now present in 85% of Brazil's municipalities, spreading into regions where it was never seen before. The aim and objective of the study is to look into the dengue outbreak in Brazil searching for contributing factors and to compare the presence of similar factors in Mumbai region. The study involves comprehensive review of existing literature about Brazil outbreak in online. Attempting to search for articles based on relevance to dengue fever cases and its management in Brazil and potential implication for Mumbai. Conclusion were drawn from expert opinion. The expansion of dengue fever is a growing concern globally, with over half a million cases and more than 100 deaths reported worldwide as of January 2024. Dengue is now present in 85% of Brazil's municipalities, spreading into regions where it was never seen before. The aim and objective of the study is to look into the dengue outbreak in Brazil searching for contributing factors and to compare the presence of similar factors in Mumbai region. The study involves comprehensive review of existing literature about Brazil outbreak in online. Attempting to search for articles based on relevance to dengue fever cases and its management in Brazil and potential implication for Mumbai. Conclusion were drawn from expert opinion. Brazil's situation is dire, with over 1 million cases reported early this year 2024 and projections suggesting up to 4.2 million cases by year's end. But, between January to April 2024, 5.9 million of dengue cases reported. Due to the onset of El Nino and also due to extreme weather, untimely rainfall, flooding, stagnant water pools which leads to thriving of mosquito and prolongation of active transmission period. Steps were taken to reduce the Dengue outbreak. By prediction as per El Nino cyclicity, there will be no surge of dengue cases in Mumbai. But, in sprit of staying prepare and not to caught unaware, Mumbai is making precaution for dealing with dengue outbreak.with over 1 million cases reported early this year 2024 and projections suggesting up to 4.2 million cases by year's end. But, between January to April 2024, 5.9 million of dengue cases reported. Due to the onset of El Nino and also due to extreme weather, untimely rainfall, flooding, stagnant water pools which leads to thriving of mosquito and prolongation of active transmission period. Steps were taken to reduce the Dengue outbreak. By prediction as per El Nino cyclicity, there will be no surge of dengue cases in Mumbai. But, in sprit of staying prepare and not to caught unaware, Mumbai is making precaution for dealing with dengue outbreak.

Involvement of community health workers in the fight against vector-borne diseases: systematic review of malaria interventions

2026-03-25T02:53:26+00:00

Vector-borne diseases remain a major public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. Community health workers (CHWs) play a key role in vector control through community-based interventions. This systematic review examines CHWs involvement in malaria-related vector control programs and identifies factors influencing their effective integration and performance. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines by searching eight electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, African Journals Online [AJOL], and Cairn). Qualitative, quantitative, mixed-methods studies, and documentary reports published between 2015 and 2025 were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT), 2018 version. Out of 999 records identified, 27 studies were included. CHWs were involved in integrated community case management (rapid diagnosis, treatment, and referral), community surveillance, and prevention activities (mosquito-net distribution, health education, seasonal chemoprevention, and social mobilization). These studies reported improved access to diagnosis, reduced consultations at health centers, greater community adherence, and improved surveillance data quality. Facilitating factors included training, supervision, and logistical support, whereas barriers included low motivation, supply breakdowns, lack of an institutional framework, and reliance on external funding. CHWs play a central role in malaria-related vector control programs in Africa. Strengthening their institutional integration, supervision, motivation, and supply systems is essential to maximize their contribution and sustain impact.

Functional mapping of the central retina: a PRISMA-guided systematic review comparing microperimetry and standard automated perimetry

2026-04-01T01:51:15+00:00

Microperimetry (MP), also referred to as fundus-controlled perimetry, enables retinal sensitivity (RS) assessment with real-time eye tracking and direct fundus visualisation. Standard automated perimetry (SAP), commonly performed using the Humphrey field analyser (HFA), remains the clinical standard for visual field evaluation. A systematic literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted to identify adult human studies directly comparing MP (MP-1, MAIA, MP-3) with SAP. Inclusion criteria comprised within-subject comparative designs, quantitative RS outcomes, and peer-reviewed English-language publications. Data extracted included RS measures, fixation stability indices, structure, function correlations with optical coherence tomography (OCT), reproducibility metrics, and clinical applicability. Study selection and synthesis followed PRISMA guidelines. Due to methodological heterogeneity, a narrative comparative synthesis was performed. Comparative evidence across glaucoma, diabetic macular oedema, (DME) retinitis pigmentosa, and other macular disorders demonstrated good agreement between MP and SAP for central visual field sensitivity. MP consistently provided superior fixation control, improved test-retest reliability, and closer spatial correlation with OCT-derived structural parameters. In macular-predominant or early central disease, MP is frequently identified with localised functional deficits not evident on SAP. Conversely, SAP remained superior for peripheral visual field assessment and global disease staging. MP offers a precise and reproducible assessment of central retinal function, particularly valuable in macular disease and central glaucomatous damage. SAP remains indispensable for peripheral field evaluation. An integrated use of MP and SAP provides the most comprehensive strategy for clinical assessment and longitudinal monitoring.

Dual burden of mental health disorders and non-communicable diseases: implications for health systems and population well-being

2026-04-01T01:51:21+00:00

The global burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and mental health disorders represents one of the most significant challenges to contemporary health systems and population well-being. Mental health disorders, particularly depression and anxiety, frequently co-occur with major NCDs such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, and cancer, forming a complex dual burden that exacerbates morbidity, mortality, disability, and healthcare costs. This review synthesizes evidence on the epidemiology, mechanisms, health consequences, and system-level implications of the co-occurrence of mental health disorders and NCDs. Drawing on findings from large epidemiological studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized trials, and global policy documents, the review demonstrates that mental disorders act both as risk factors for the development and progression of NCDs and as consequences of living with chronic physical illness. Shared biological pathways, including chronic inflammation, neuroendocrine dysregulation, and metabolic disturbances, along with behavioral and social determinants such as unhealthy lifestyles, treatment non-adherence, stigma, and socioeconomic disadvantage, underpin these bidirectional relationships. Evidence indicates that integrated care models-particularly collaborative care and task-sharing approaches-are effective in improving mental health outcomes and enhancing chronic disease management, though large-scale implementation remains uneven, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The review highlights critical gaps in service integration, financing, workforce capacity, and research, and underscores the need for person-centered, health-system reforms that embed mental health within NCD strategies. Addressing the dual burden is essential for achieving universal health coverage and improving population well-being globally.

Unveiling the hidden threats: second-hand and thirdhand smoke's impact on health – a systematic review

2026-04-01T01:49:56+00:00

Cigarette smoking remains a significant global public health concern, contributing substantially to morbidity and mortality worldwide. This article examines the evolving understanding of the smoking epidemic, with particular emphasis on India, the world’s second-largest consumer of tobacco. Despite notable progress in tobacco control initiatives, substantial challenges persist. Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and the emerging concept of thirdhand smoke (THS) present serious health risks, especially within domestic environments. Drawing on a synthesis of existing research, this paper explores perceptions of THS among the Indian population and identifies demographic factors influencing these perceptions. The findings indicate that older adults, females, individuals with higher levels of education, and non-smokers are more likely to recognize the adverse health effects associated with THS. Furthermore, the study highlights the significant public health risks posed by exposure to SHS and THS, emphasizing the heightened vulnerability of children. These findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive smoke-free policies. The article recommends the implementation of targeted educational interventions, the strengthening of smoke-free regulations, and further research to better understand the health impacts of THS. Addressing THS alongside conventional tobacco control measures can enable policymakers and public health authorities to reduce tobacco smoke exposure and promote healthier environments for all.

When age becomes the risk factor: understanding catastrophic health expenditure among older adults in a resource limited setting

2026-04-01T01:51:20+00:00

Background: Catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) remains a hindrance to equitable healthcare access for older adults in resource limited countries. Little is still known about the demographic contributions to CHE among aging population in Nigeria. This study examined the prevalence and predictors of catastrophic health expenditure among older adults and assessed the contribution of demographic characteristics to financial burden.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among older adults receiving healthcare services at the outpatient clinic of a tertiary health facility. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, healthcare utilization and out-of-pocket expenditures were collected using a structured questionnaire. Catastrophic health expenditure was defined as out-of-pocket spending exceeding 20% of income. Multiple linear regression was performed to identify predictors of CHE.

Results: The prevalence of catastrophic health expenditure was high which indicates financial vulnerability among the study population. Age emerged as the only predictor of catastrophic health expenditure. Older age was associated with increased likelihood of experiencing CHE.

Conclusions: Catastrophic health expenditure is a major challenge among the study population and age stands out as an independent predictor of CHE. There is need for age-responsive health financing strategies and social security to mitigate the amplifying effect of aging on financial hardship.

Effects of a school-based group exercise program on depressive symptoms in adolescents with overweight and obesity: a quasi-experimental study

2026-03-14T02:21:22+00:00

Background: Adolescent obesity and depression are escalating public health concerns. However, evidence regarding the efficacy of supervised group-based exercise specifically for adolescents with comorbid overweight/obesity and depression remains limited. Objectives were to evaluate the effectiveness of a moderate-intensity group-based aerobic exercise program on depressive symptoms and nutritional status in high-risk adolescents.

Methods: This quasi-experimental study enrolled 48 junior high school students in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Thailand, who presented with overweight or obesity [BMI-for-age Z-score (BAZ) >+1 SD] and mild-to-moderate depression [Children’s depression inventory (CDI) score ≥16]. Participants engaged in a supervised aerobic exercise program (30 minutes/session, 3 times/week) for 4 weeks. Outcomes, including CDI scores, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference, were assessed at baseline, week 4, and week 12. Data were analyzed using the Friedman test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test with Bonferroni correction.

Results: At the 12-week follow-up, CDI scores significantly decreased compared to baseline (p=0.016). Similarly, a significant reduction in BMI was observed (p=0.002). Although a significant overall variation in waist circumference was detected (p=0.006), pairwise comparisons did not reach statistical significance after correction.

Conclusions: A school-based, supervised group exercise program effectively reduced depressive symptoms and BMI in adolescents with co-occurring obesity and depression. This intervention serves as a promising adjunctive strategy for integrated mental and physical health promotion within school health systems and primary care networks.

The impact of ambient air pollution on the respiratory health of healthcare workers at UNTH: a cross-sectional study on prevalence, symptomatology and mitigation strategies

2026-04-01T01:51:24+00:00

Background: Ambient air pollution is a growing public health concern, especially in low- and middle-income countries, where healthcare workers may be exposed despite operating in clinical environments. Sources such as generator fumes and vehicle emissions can contribute to chronic respiratory symptoms among hospital staff.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 332 healthcare workers selected through stratified random sampling. Data was obtained using a structured, pre-tested questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 27. Associations between variables were tested with statistical significance set at p<0.05.

Results: While over half of the respondents reported no symptoms, the most frequently experienced symptoms were headache, nasal congestion, and throat irritation. Symptoms were typically mild, occurred occasionally, and were often relieved when away from work. Although many respondents were aware of the health effects of air pollution, fewer adopted consistent protective practices. Generator fumes and car emissions were the most reported pollution sources. Age and work experience were significantly associated with the presence of symptoms.

Conclusions: There is a moderate burden of respiratory symptoms among healthcare workers at UNTH linked to ambient air pollution, with older and more experienced workers at greater risk. While awareness is relatively high, a gap exists between knowledge and protective behavior, indicating a need for targeted interventions.

Correlates of family planning uptake among married men in Nyakach sub-county of Kisumu county, Kenya

2026-04-01T01:51:31+00:00

Background: Male involvement in family planning includes contraceptive use, supporting partners’ decisions, peer influence, and advocacy for male-centered policies. Despite evidence that men positively influence contraceptive uptake, progress in rural Kenya remains limited. This study aimed to determine the correlates of family planning uptake among married men in Nyakach sub-county, Kisumu county, Kenya.

Methods: Using Fischer’s formula, a sample of 404 respondents was obtained. A cross-sectional descriptive design with cluster sampling was employed, drawing participants from community health units in Nyakach. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, then cleaned and analyzed using microsoft excel and SPSS version 26. Results were presented as tables, frequencies, and percentages. Associations were tested using the chi-square test at a significance level of p=0.05.

Results: Education level was significantly associated with preference for healthcare providers (χ²=8.12, df=3, p=0.044). Cultural factors strongly influenced uptake (χ²=12.45, df=1, p=0.0004), with 45.8% preferring large families, 39.6% perceiving family planning as a woman’s responsibility, and 29.2% fearing stigma. Health system barriers—including limited male-specific methods (50%), long distances to facilities (33.3%), and inadequate information (29.2%)—also showed significant association (χ²=15.67, df=2, p=0.0004). Only 35.4% were aware of government policies, yet awareness significantly influenced uptake (χ²=10.23, df=1, p=0.0014).

Conclusions: Targeted, male-focused interventions are needed. Programs should strengthen education through providers, community actors, and media; address cultural norms through community leadership engagement; and enhance policy awareness tailored to men’s needs to improve uptake.

Caregiver knowledge and perceptions as determinants of growth monitoring and promotion service utilization in Kisumu County

2026-04-01T01:51:23+00:00

Background: Growth monitoring and promotion (GMP) is globally recognized for its role in early detection of growth faltering and providing timely nutrition and health interventions. Despite its benefits, utilization remains suboptimal in many low- and middle-income countries. In Kisumu County, Kenya, evidence suggests that caregiver-related factors, particularly knowledge and perceptions, significantly influence GMP service uptake. Using cross-sectional data from caregivers of children under five years, the study examines associations between caregiver understanding of GMP objectives, perceived benefits and attendance patterns.

Methods: This was a community-based descriptive cross-sectional study design. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire from a sample of 407 caregivers who participated in the survey. Study participants were identified through a multistage sampling method. Both descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. An adjusted odds ratio (aOR) (95% CI) was used to assess the strength of association.

Results: The median (IQR) age of caregivers was 28 (22, 34) years and the under-5s was 27 (17, 40) months. Most caregivers (91.2%) had good knowledge of GMP and 84.0% had a positive perception of the services. Caregivers with good knowledge on GMP services (aOR=5.01; 95%CI=1.67-15.05); Caregiver with good perception (aOR=4.96, 95%CI=2.20-11.17.

Conclusions: Caregiver knowledge and perception significantly influence GMP uptake. Tailored health education and enhanced service quality are necessary to improve attendance and ultimately child health outcomes.

Factors affecting AEFI reporting among vaccine recipients in Oyo State, Nigeria

2026-04-01T01:51:17+00:00

Background: Immunization has proved to be a worthy investment in reduction of morbidity and mortality related to vaccine preventable diseases. However, AEFI may deter people from assessing vaccines, leading to poor vaccine coverage and non achievement of herd immunity sufficient to break disease transmission. Despite the established vaccine safety framework, there are gaps in the reported cases of AEFI, whether by community members to health-system or HWs to the data-system.

Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study aimed at providing some answers to the missing aspect of AEFI reporting from the populace by conducting interview for 422 vaccine recipients from 3 randomly selected LGAs, 1 each from the 3 senatorial district in Oyo-State, Nigeria. Structured questionnaire was used in data collection and analysis was done with data subjected to descriptive (mean, range, standard deviation) and inferential (Chi-square (X2) and logistic regression) statistical analyses.

Results: The study demonstrated the odds of likelihood to report AEFI to be 38 times more in persons with good awareness about AEFI reporting compared to those without. Poor health workers support/reactions to previously reported AEFI cases influenced future reporting by community members negatively, resulting to lesser likelihood to report. The community member who reported that based on their experience, AEFI management cost was borne by the cases and that HWs dismiss complaints about AEFI as unnecessary report, were seen to be less likely to report AEFI.

Conclusions: Good awareness about the reporting system, perception about vaccine safety and satisfactory memorable experience are important at ensuring optimal AEFI reporting.

Factors associated with antibiotic prescribing at the outpatient, Nanyuki teaching and referral hospital, Laikipia County-Kenya

2026-04-01T01:50:19+00:00

Background: There are factors that play a vital role in determining the prescribing patterns of antibiotic which include, prescriber and institution factors. Understanding this is important for tackling irrational prescribing of antibiotics. This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with antibiotic prescribing at the outpatient department in Nanyuki Teaching and Referral Hospital, Laikipia.

Methods: Knowledge, attitude and practice tool was administered to prescribers, pharmacists and clinical microbiologist to determine the factors that influence antibiotic prescribing. Qualitative analysis was used for the while important variables had data represented in frequency tables and graphs.

Results: Most respondents reported having between 1-4 years and 5-9 years at 40.0% of practice experience. 82% participants reported receiving information on rational antibiotic use within the past year that changed their views on irrational use. 96% participants showed strong agreement that antimicrobial stewardship improves quality of care while 98% universally valued infection control. 94% showed strong concern about AMR with nearly 9 in 10 having prescribed them in the past week. Most source of information was local clinical guidelines. 52% identified organizational awareness campaigns as initiative for antimicrobial stewardship awareness. Overall, pharmacists’ involvement in AMS appeared limited, with stewardship roles underutilized.

Conclusions: There is need of continuous medical education and stronger supervision to improve rational prescribing practices. Recommendation of the utilization of quality improvement project on antimicrobial stewardship adopted in various departments.

Effect of an educational intervention on knowledge and attitude of antimicrobial resistance among school children in Nay Pyi Taw union territory: a quasi-experimental study

2026-04-01T01:50:10+00:00

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to health and human development by interrupting the efforts and investments of countries to effectively combat the infectious diseases. The overuse and misuse of antimicrobial agents has been recognized as the main cause of AMR. Children of today are antibiotic consumers and prescribers of tomorrow. Building foundational knowledge early shapes their future decisions regarding antibiotic use. Therefore, educational intervention programs targeting them can be effective and have a long-term impact.

Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted among grade-10 students attending public schools during the academic year 2025-26 in Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory, Myanmar. This study consisted of a baseline assessment, the educational intervention using Power point slides, discussion, game and group activities and post-intervention assessment among students in the intervention group compared to a control group using the validated knowledge and attitude questionnaires adapted from the questionnaires of lesson plans, worksheets and activities of e-Bug.

Results: A total of 300 students participated in the study. There was statistically significant change in students’ knowledge and attitude. The mean knowledge and attitude scores were increased in the intervention group compared to the control group. The mean difference in knowledge scores was 2.7 (95% CI=2.3 to 3.2) and the mean difference in attitude scores was 1.2 (95% CI=0.7 to 1.7).

Conclusions: Educational intervention on knowledge and attitude of antimicrobial resistance among school children is an effective strategy to enhance our younger generation's responsible antibiotic use.

Association between sleep quality and glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study in a Thai primary care setting

2026-03-18T02:26:47+00:00

Background: Sleep is a vital homeostatic process linked to circadian rhythms. Sleep deprivation or misalignment can impair insulin sensitivity; however, while studies in urban Thai settings exist, data in primary care remains limited and inconclusive. This cross-sectional study investigated the association between sleep quality and glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) at a primary care unit in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Hospital.

Methods: A total of 109 patients with T2DM were enrolled. Sleep quality was assessed using the Thai version of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression to identify independent predictors of glycemic and blood pressure control.

Results: Multiple logistic regression revealed no significant association between sleep quality and glycemic control (Adjusted OR=0.77; 95% CI: 0.35-1.71; p=0.523) or blood pressure control. However, insulin therapy was significantly associated with poor glycemic control (Adjusted OR=7.31; 95% CI: 1.33-40.15; p=0.022). Regarding blood pressure, female gender was a protective factor (Adjusted OR=0.19; p=0.003), while elevated body mass index (BMI) (Adjusted OR=3.76; p=0.034) and insulin use (Adjusted OR=4.72; p=0.049) were significant risk factors.

Conclusions: Sleep quality was not associated with glycemic or blood pressure control in T2DM patients in this primary care setting. Clinical management should prioritize other significant determinants, including gender, BMI, and insulin therapy, to optimize patient outcomes.

Enhancing utilization of antenatal care services through home-based life-saving skills education among pregnant women in rural Marsabit County, Kenya

2026-04-01T01:50:07+00:00

Background: Low uptake of antenatal care (ANC) contributes significantly to preventable maternal and neonatal deaths, particularly in developing countries. This study evaluated the effectiveness of home-based life-saving skills (HBLSS) education on ANC utilization among pregnant women in rural Marsabit County, Kenya.

Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted among 256 pregnant women (128 intervention, 128 control). The intervention group received HBLSS education through structured household visits by trained community health promoters, while the control group received standard care. Data were collected at baseline and endline after nine months of the intervention. Key outcomes included ANC uptake, frequency of ANC visits and early initiation of ANC (≤16 weeks of gestation). Chi-square test and Difference-in-Differences analysis were used to determine the intervention effect.

Results: ANC utilization at baseline was comparable between groups (p>0.05). At endline, ANC uptake increased significantly in the intervention group (97.6%) compared with the control group (91.7%, p=0.037). Attendance of ≥4 ANC visits increased to 82.9% in the intervention group, while it decreased slightly in the control group (p<0.001). Early initiation of ANC increased to 82.8% in the intervention group versus 57.3% in the control group (p<0.001). Difference-in-Differences analysis indicated a significant positive impact of the intervention across all ANC indicators.

Conclusions: HBLSS education delivered at the household level improved ANC utilization, frequency of visits and early initiation of antenatal care services among the pregnant women. Community-based educational interventions can enhance maternal health service uptake in pastoralist and other underserved populations.

Prevalence and determinants of type 2 diabetes mellitus among adults in rural communities of Rivers State, Nigeria

2026-04-01T01:50:00+00:00

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasingly recognized in rural populations, yet data on prevalence and determinants in rural communities in Rivers State, Nigeria, remain limited. Understanding these factors is essential for planning targeted interventions. This study determined the prevalence and independent determinants of T2DM among adults.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between March and September 2025 among 602 adults aged ≥18 years in nine rural communities across three rural Local Government Areas. Multistage probability sampling selected households and one eligible adult per household. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle behaviours, and family history were collected using a pretested WHO STEPwise questionnaire. Anthropometry, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose were measured using standard protocols. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and multivariable logistic regression were performed. Model diagnostics included multicollinearity assessment, Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.

Results: Prevalence of T2DM was 9.3%, with 41.1% previously undiagnosed. Age ≥45 years (AOR=3.12; 95% CI: 1.68–5.78), obesity (AOR=2.84; 95% CI: 1.49-5.42), physical inactivity (AOR=2.17; 95% CI: 1.16-4.05), hypertension (AOR=2.63; 95% CI: 1.38-5.02), and family history of diabetes (AOR=3.41; 95% CI: 1.72-6.78) were independently associated with T2DM. The model demonstrated good fit (Hosmer-Lemeshow p=0.64) and discrimination (ROC=0.78).

Conclusions: T2DM is prevalent in rural communities of Rivers State, with undiagnosed cases common. Modifiable and non-modifiable factors predict T2DM, supporting screening and lifestyle interventions.

Haematological profile of HIV positive adults co-infected with pulmonary tuberculosis: a nested cross-sectional study in Uganda

2026-04-01T01:51:32+00:00

Background: Tuberculosis an endemic disease in Uganda contributes to over 30% of deaths among people living with HIV (PLHIV). Challenges in early diagnosis and monitoring common in limited resource settings underscore the need for more cost effective and reliable methods to improve patient outcomes. Hematological parameters have emerged as potential markers for predicting and monitoring TB disease. This study aimed to evaluate the hematological parameters among HIV/TB co-infected patients enrolled from both outpatient and inpatient health facility settings in Uganda.

Methods: A nested cross-sectional study involving 120 participants (active-TB-40; latent-TB-25; no-TB-55) was conducted from June 2024 to May 2025 at Kisenyi HCIV (outpatient) and Kiruddu Hospital (inpatient) in Uganda. Venous blood was collected in ethylene diamine tetra acetic (EDTA) tubes and analyzed using flow cytometry technique. C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured using the immunoturbidimetry and nephelometry method. Data obtained was analyzed using Stata version 23.

Results: The active-TB group showed lower red blood count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean cell hemoglobin and mean cell volume compared to the latent-TB and no-TB groups (p=0.001). CRP was significantly higher in the active TB group (p=0.001). The active-TB group had high total WBC count (p=0.02) with increased neutrophil count (p=0.003). No significant differences were observed in lymphocyte counts across the 3 patient groups (p=0.217).

Conclusions: Hematological parameters provide a reliable tool for risk profiling and monitoring among PLHIV coinfected with TB especially in resource limited settings. Therefore, integrating these parameters in routine care and management for TB/HIV patients may improve patient outcomes.

Work performance, work-life balance and physiological well-being among nurses on night shift duty

2026-04-01T01:49:56+00:00

Background: Healthcare delivery requires continuous operation, making night shift nurses essential to sustaining patient care. However, night work disrupts circadian rhythms and may adversely affect work performance, work-life balance, and physiological well-being. This study examined these variables and their interrelationships among night shift nurses in a public hospital in southwestern Philippines.

Methods: A descriptive-correlational design was employed among 120 night shift nurses selected through stratified and simple random sampling from a public hospital in the southwestern Philippines. Data were collected using three pilot-tested, researcher-made questionnaires assessing work performance (28 items), work-life balance (21 items), and physiological well-being (28 items), all rated on 4-point Likert-type scales. Descriptive statistics summarized variable levels, while Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses examined relationships and predictors of physiological well-being. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained prior to data collection.

Results: Night shift nurses demonstrated effective task performance and adaptability, while contextual performance was fair and counterproductive behaviors were more evident. Work-life balance was generally favorable, with minimal work–personal conflict. In contrast, physiological well-being was low, marked by poor sleep quality, fatigue and physical symptoms despite moderate recovery. Physiological well-being was significantly associated with both work performance and work-life balance, with selected dimensions emerging as significant predictors.

Conclusions: Despite maintaining acceptable work performance and work–life balance, night shift nurses exhibited compromised physiological well-being. The findings underscore the need for institutional strategies that support recovery, reduce physiological strain and promote sustainable night shift nursing practice.

Enhancing quality of care: the role of supportive supervision and mentorship in the female health worker program in Somalia’s hard to reach and fragile context

2026-03-11T03:10:04+00:00

Background: Supportive supervision and mentorship are critical to the improvement of community health worker performance. However, their specific functions in achieving health outcomes are often overlooked. This study analyzes the implementation of supportive supervision and mentorship approach within Somalia's female health worker (FHW) program to define and quantify its impact through distinct operational roles.

Methods: A longitudinal program evaluation was conducted using retrospective analysis of routine health program data from the FHW program in Somalia from January 2022 to December 2025. Trends were analyzed for process indicators (number of active FHWs, percentage receiving timely supervision) and outcome indicators [antenatal care (ANC) contacts, pentavalent vaccination referrals].

Results: The scaling of the supportive supervision and mentorship activities to over 90% coverage was associated with a 63% increase in the active FHW workforce (from an estimated 500 in January 2022, to >1,388 by December 2025). Cumulative ANC contacts exhibited exponential growth from 695 in 2022 to 80,782 in 2025, alongside a marked increase in children receiving Penta1 vaccination from approximately 1,478 in 2022 to over 198,820 in 2025. The supportive supervision and mentorship activities addressed different systemic weaknesses, contributing collectively to these outcomes.

Conclusions: The supportive supervision and mentorship approach served not as a single activity but as a synergistic framework performing multiple critical functions. While mentorship improved service quality, the aspect of performance monitoring drove output accountability. In addition, it motivated and stabilized the FHWs and enhanced overall program responsiveness. This multi-layered framework provides a model for implementing supportive supervision and mentorship to achieve substantial health gains in fragile settings like Somalia.

Intrinsic capacity, frailty, fall risk and environmental setting among older adults in India

2026-03-25T02:53:20+00:00

Background: Falls are a major cause of disability in India’s ageing population. The World Health Organization emphasizes maintaining intrinsic capacity (IC) and preventing frailty in older adults. However, urban–rural differences in these associations remain underexplored. This study examined the relationships among IC, frailty, and fall risk in older Indian adults, including urban–rural differences.

Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis using Wave 1 (2017–2018) data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI), including 31,902 individuals aged ≥60 years. IC was measured using a composite score (0–10) across five WHO-ICOPE domains, and frailty was assessed using the Fried phenotype. Multivariable logistic regression accounts for complex survey design and covariates, estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for falls, high IC, and frailty.

Results: Fall prevalence was higher in rural areas (12.5%) than in urban areas (9.5%; p<0.001). Urban residence was associated with lower odds of falling (aOR 0.73; 95% CI 0.67–0.80) and higher odds of high IC (aOR 1.91; 95% CI 1.78–2.05). High IC was associated with lower odds of falling (aOR 0.80; 95% CI 0.67–0.96), while frailty increased fall risk (aOR 1.24; 95% CI 1.10–1.40). Depression and multimorbidity, which refers to the presence of multiple chronic health conditions, were associated with lower independence in daily activities (IC) and higher frailty.

Conclusions: IC and frailty contribute to fall risk among older adults in India, with urban–rural differences suggesting an important role for environmental context.

Admission time regarding palliative care consultation among cancer and non-cancer inpatients: a cross-sectional study

2026-03-20T03:03:02+00:00

Background: Palliative care is a critical component of modern healthcare, yet disparities may exist in its application. A knowledge gap persists regarding the timing of palliative care consultation for non-cancer patients compared to cancer patients, particularly in non-academic hospital settings. This study aimed to address this gap.

Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Hospital. Data were collected from medical records and consultation logs of 136 inpatients referred for palliative care between September and November 2024. Participants were selected via quota sampling and divided into two equal groups: 68 cancer patients and 68 non-cancer patients.

Results: The median time from admission to palliative care consultation was 5.5 days for the cancer group and 7 days for the non-cancer group; this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.26). Similarly, no significant differences were found in the median total length of stay (10 vs. 11 days, p=0.59) or the median length of stay from consultation to discharge or death (3 vs. 2 days, p=0.11).

Conclusions: This study found no statistically significant difference in the timing of palliative care consultation between cancer and non-cancer patients in a regional hospital setting. However, non-cancer patients were more critically ill upon consultation, as indicated by lower performance scores and greater reliance on life support, suggesting that referrals still occur late in their illness trajectory.

Factors influencing HIV-free survival among exposed infants in Homa Bay County: a qualitative analysis

2026-04-01T01:49:44+00:00

Background: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission programs significantly reduce the transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) from mothers to children. However, uptake remains low in high-prevalence areas such as Homa Bay County, Kenya. Socio-economic, cultural, and logistical factors limit integration of prevention of mother-to-child transmission into maternal and child health services.

Methods: This study explored barriers and enablers to uptake of prevention of mother-to-child transmission services among human immunodeficiency virus-positive mothers. Data were collected from 13 key informant interviews with healthcare providers and eight focus group discussions with human immunodeficiency virus-positive mothers across seven sub-counties of Homa Bay County. The Gioia methodology guided thematic analysis to identify first-order concepts, second-order themes, and aggregate dimensions.

Results: Participants identified major barriers including stigma, economic hardship, transportation challenges, cultural norms, misinformation, and gaps in the referral system. Enablers of service uptake included male partner involvement, effective service delivery models, peer support systems, and community sensitization. Emotional and nutritional support, alongside consistent health education, were considered essential to improving adherence to prevention of mother-to-child transmission protocols.

Conclusions: Improving uptake of prevention of mother-to-child transmission in high human immunodeficiency virus-prevalence settings requires addressing both systemic and sociocultural barriers. Interventions should enhance male participation, community engagement, service integration, and referral coordination. These findings support need for multifaceted, context-sensitive strategies to strengthen prevention of mother-to-child transmission outcomes in Homa Bay County.

Prevalence of refractive error among urban and rural middle school children in Tindivanam Taluk, Tamil Nadu – a cross-sectional study

2026-03-07T01:07:21+00:00

Background: Refractive errors are one of the major public health issues of school children and remain the important causes of preventable visual impairment. When left unnoticed, these vision problems can have a negative effect on a child's learning, social relationships and general wellbeing. Objectives were to find the prevalence of refractive error among urban and rural middle school children.

Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 456 school-going children aged 11–13 years who were sampled in a selected group of government schools. The approach used in the selection of participants was cluster sampling. Data were gathered with a pretested semi-structured questionnaire on socio-demographic information, ocular history and eye care practices. Visual acuity evaluation was done using the application World Health Organization (WHO) eyes, followed by basic ocular examination. Data was described with descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results: The prevalence rate of refractive error was 13.8% with the most common type of refractive error being myopia (10.8%), astigmatism (2.2%) and hypermetropia (0.9%). Ocular complaints were reported by 32.7% of the students, and they were mostly blurring of vision (13.8%). Most children had normal unaided visual acuity (86.2%). Refractive errors were significantly linked with ocular complaints, spectacle use, past ocular morbidity, previous eye treatment.

Conclusions: Refractive errors particularly myopia are common in school aged children, therefore the need for regular school-based vision screening, early detection and correction is essential in order to prevent long term visual problems.

A study to assess the knowledge of human papillomavirus vaccine among school girls of Bhopal city

2026-03-14T02:21:09+00:00

Background: Objectives of the study were to assess the existing knowledge of the human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine and the impact of educational intervention among school girls.

Methods: This study is a Quasi-experimental study conducted on 150 girls of 9^thto 12^thstandard studying in a school. A pre-test questionnaire was used to assess the baseline knowledge, following which an interactive educational session was held and a post-test questionnaire was used to collect data. The impact of the intervention was analysed using a paired t-test. A Chi-square test was used to assess the willingness towards HPV vaccine pre and post-test.

Results: Lack of awareness (96.67%) was the primary barrier to knowledge regarding HPV vaccine. There was a significant increase in the mean knowledge scores from the pre-test (2.4±0.5) to the post-test (18.66±1.83) and the difference was statistically highly significant (p<0.0001).

Conclusions: After the educational intervention, the mean knowledge of the study participants improved drastically with the majority of them showing willingness regarding the HPV vaccination.

A cross-sectional study on the resilience quotient among medical students of Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru

2026-03-21T02:36:13+00:00

Background: Resilience is the capacity to adapt positively and recover from stress and adversity. Medical training is inherently demanding, exposing students to intense academic pressure, emotional stress, and clinical challenges, which may affect their psychological well-being. Assessing resilience among medical students is essential to design interventions that promote mental health and prevent burnout. Objectives of the study were: to assess the resilience quotient among undergraduate medical students of Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital (RRMCH), Bengaluru, and to identify socio-demographic factors influencing resilience levels.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over three months among second, third, and fourth-year MBBS students at RRMCH. Using simple random sampling, 261 students were selected from a total population of 750 (sample size calculated using at 95% confidence level). Data were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire comprising socio-demographic details and the validated Connor–Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC-25). Data were analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) v23. Descriptive statistics were expressed as frequencies and percentages. The chi-square test was used to assess associations, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results: Among 261 participants, 51% were female and 49% male. The majority (61%) demonstrated moderate resilience, 32% had low resilience, and 7% showed high resilience. Moderate resilience predominated across gender, year of study, type of family, and place of stay. Although fourth-year students showed relatively higher moderate and high resilience levels, no statistically significant association was found between resilience levels and socio-demographic variables (p>0.05).

Conclusions: While most students demonstrated moderate resilience, nearly one-third exhibited low resilience, indicating vulnerability to stress. Since no significant socio-demographic predictors were identified, institution-wide resilience-building interventions are recommended to enhance coping skills and promote mental well-being among medical students.

Delayed availability of new antimicrobials in India

2026-03-14T02:21:08+00:00

Background: Considering the interplay of multiple factors involved in regulatory drug approvals, commercial market launching, patent regulations and drug pricing regulations on the accessibility to new antimicrobial drugs, their affordability and availability and the consequent impact on efforts to tackle antimicrobial resistance (AMR), it is prudent to examine the regulatory approvals of new antimicrobial drugs and their availability in India compared to U. S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA).

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India between January 2025 and December 2025. Information on new antimicrobial agents (AMAs) approved for marketing by USFDA and CDSCO during the period 1970 to December 2025 were sourced from their respective websites.

Results: The number of antimicrobials approved in India is considerably less compared to U. S. (74.0%-182/246) vs (90.7%-223/246). Antibacterials comprise about 52.2% (95/182) total AMA approvals, antivirals 27.5% (50/182). About 27.5% (36/131) antibacterials not approved in India vs 9.9% (13/131) in U. S. About 25.4% (17/67) antivirals not approved in India vs 4.5% (3/67) in U. S. About three fourth (72.3%-115/159) CDSCO approvals were delayed compared to FDA approvals. More than three fourth (76.6%) antivirals (36/47), (73.2%) antibacterials (60/82), (80%) anti TB drugs (4/5), (100%) antifungals (10/10), (40.0%) antimalarials (2/5)-CDSCO approval delayed. Median delay in CDSCO approval among antimicrobials approved after FDA approval was 4.0 years. The median delay was 5.0 years for antibacterials, 3.0 years for antifungals, 3.0 years for antivirals, and 9.0 years for anti-tuberculosis drugs.

Conclusions: Along with a decrease in the number of new antimicrobial approvals in India, there appears to be delays in regulatory approval of antimicrobials as well when compared to USFDA. A reduction in the number of antimicrobials approved per year in India compared to U. S. may be interpreted as a reduction in the number of new antimicrobials submitted by pharmaceutical companies for CDSCO approval or increased time taken for the regulatory approval.

Quality of work life and job satisfaction: an exploratory study among factory workers in Jammu city of union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India

2026-03-14T02:21:07+00:00

Background: Quality of work life (QWL) is the degree to which work in an organization contributes to material and psychological well-being of its members. Work organisation, working condition, work type, level of competence, facilities available at working place all have a bearing effect on the workers wellbeing and QWL. The present study aimed to assess QWL, job satisfaction and associated factors among the factory workers, working in the Industrial areas of Jammu district.

Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted among industrial Estate factory workers. Using two step simple random sampling technique, a sample of 300 factory workers was selected. Data was collected using socio demographic proforma and QWL questionnaire. Analysis of data was done using Epi Info version 3.0.

Results: Majority (99.33%) of the workers were males and most (61.66%) of them were illiterate. Age was found to be a significant predictor of job satisfaction. Among job related indicators, only climate/culture at workplace effected the level of job satisfaction. Furthermore, factories with higher concerns for health and safety of workers showed higher levels of job satisfaction among workers.

Conclusions: Among sociodemographic factors age and marital status of the workers had impact on level of job satisfaction and with increasing age, job satisfaction increased. Among other factors culture at work place, factories with higher level of stress, constant supervision and promotions had negative impact on the levels of job satisfaction. Thus, approaches to improve workers well include adequate social support, proper working conditions, good remuneration and psychological support need to be incorporated to improve their QWL.

Heat waves and health: an observational study on heat related illnesses among medical students in north Karnataka

2026-03-20T03:03:16+00:00

Background: Heat-related illnesses (HRIs) are a critical public health issue in India, particularly as increasing temperatures and routine heat waves which occur as a result of climate change exacerbate the situation. In recent years, Karnataka has experienced an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves. The aim was to assess the perceptions on HRIs in medical students of Karnataka as they are prone to heat related illness while on family adoption programme field visits, field survey and field data collection activities.

Methods: it was a cross-sectional study, done on 325 medical students of Vijayapura District from April to May 2024. The participants were chosen using simple random sampling technique. Data was obtained using a structured questionnaire, that assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practice on HRIs, which was distributed via Google forms.

Results: The mean score based on knowledge was 14.12 (with range =4-18, SD=2.652), mean attitude and practice score was 1.81 (range =0-4, SD=1.194).

Conclusions: Study revealed that 83% of medical students recognized the risk posed by heat related illnesses and that it can lead to fainting while on field work. Considering the proportion of the level of KAP, 52% had good knowledge, 36% had average and 12 % had poor knowledge. Only 31% had good attitude, 24% had average knowledge and 45% had poor attitude. 34% had poor practice, 38% had average practice, and 28% had poor practice with respect to heat related illnesses.

Exploring reasons for non-utilization of healthcare services among older adults with non-communicable diseases in India: evidence from a nationally representative study

2026-03-20T03:03:07+00:00

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among Indian older adults, accounting for over two-thirds of the national disease burden. Despite increased access to healthcare, disparities in utilization and treatment-seeking behaviour remain. This study explores the reasons for non-utilization of healthcare services among older adults with NCDs.

Methods: This study used 2,598 samples aged 60 and above who reported major reasons for not-visiting healthcare facilities despite their disease diagnosis, from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) wave-1, a nationally representative dataset. The self-reported reasons for non-utilization of healthcare services were used as the dependent variable. Bivariate analysis and multinomial logistic regression were employed to examine the association between non-utilization of healthcare service and NCDs, while socio-demographic and economic characteristics were used as covariates in the analysis.

Results: The most cited reasons for not seeking care were illness not serious (41.3%), followed by having medicine at home (32.3%), and financial and work constraints (13.7). Regression results revealed that the elderly with cancer (RRR 47.54), stroke (RRR 8.28), arthritis (RRR 3.46), and lung disease (RRR 2.37) were more likely to report low treatment effectiveness, while psychological issues were more frequently reported reasons due to financial/work constraints (RRR 3.03), and family/other constraints (RRR 4.29) significantly.

Conclusions: The findings highlight the reliance on private facilities and the non-utilization of disease-specific healthcare among the elderly. Policies should prioritize financial protection, decentralized chronic care, and interventions to address socioeconomic inequalities, thereby advancing health coverage for India’s ageing population.

Prevalence and factors associated with caregiver burden in palliative care in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Hospital: a cross-sectional study

2026-03-14T02:21:21+00:00

Background: Caregiver burden significantly impacts the physical health and quality of life (QoL) of those looking after palliative care patients. Identifying the prevalence and specific determinants of this burden is crucial for developing effective supportive interventions. Objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of caregiver burden and identify factors associated with higher burden levels among primary caregivers of palliative care patients.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 190 caregivers at Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Hospital. Data were collected using a two-part structured questionnaire: socio-demographic characteristics of caregivers and patients, and the Thai version of the Zarit burden interview (ZBI) to assess caregiving burden. Participants were categorized into "no-to-mild burden" and "moderate-to-severe burden" groups for comparative analysis.

Results: Of the 190 participants (46 males, 144 females), the prevalence of no-to-mild burden was 86.84%, while 13.16% experienced moderate burden; notably, no cases of severe burden were reported. Statistical analysis revealed that factors significantly associated with increased caregiver burden (p<0.05) included caregivers who were married, widowed, or divorced; caregiving duration exceeding 16 hours per day; patients aged under 60 years; and patients with a bachelor’s degree or higher.

Conclusions: Although the majority of caregivers reported low burden levels, a significant minority faced moderate distress. Clinical focus should be directed toward high-risk groups, particularly those providing intensive care (>16 hours/day) and those caring for younger or highly educated patients. Implementing support systems, such as caregiver rotation and tailored communication strategies regarding disease progression, is essential to mitigate anxiety and optimize palliative care outcomes.

Tobacco use among adults in India, healthcare provider advice and quit attempts: analysis of NFHS-5

2026-04-01T01:49:49+00:00

Background: Tobacco use is a leading preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in India and contributes substantially to cancers and other non-communicable diseases. Both smoked and smokeless tobacco products are widely used. Advice from healthcare providers is a proven, cost-effective intervention to promote tobacco cessation, yet its coverage and impact at the population level remain suboptimal. This study assessed patterns of tobacco use, receipt of healthcare provider advice to quit, and quit attempts among adults in India.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional secondary data analysis using the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5), conducted during 2019-21. The analysis included men and women aged 15 years and above. Current tobacco use (smoked and/or smokeless), receipt of advice to quit tobacco from a healthcare provider in the past 12 months, and self-reported quit attempts were examined. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate prevalence, and associations with socio-demographic characteristics were assessed.

Results: A considerable proportion of adults reported current tobacco use, with smokeless tobacco use being more prevalent than smoked forms. Among current tobacco users, only a small proportion reported receiving advice to quit from a healthcare provider. Quit attempts were more frequent among individuals who had received professional advice compared to those who had not. Significant variations were observed in tobacco use, receipt of advice, and quit attempts across age groups, sex, education levels, place of residence, and wealth quintiles.

Conclusions: Tobacco use remains highly prevalent in India, while the delivery of healthcare provider-initiated cessation advice is inadequate. Expanding routine tobacco cessation counselling within healthcare settings, particularly at the primary care level, could enhance quit attempts and reduce the long-term burden of tobacco-related diseases.

Infant mortality in India: a statistical study using survival and regression methods based on national family health survey data

2026-04-01T01:49:47+00:00

Background: Although infant mortality in India has declined substantially over the past three decades, large social and regional inequalities persist. This study examines long-term trends in infant mortality and quantifies caste-based differentials in infant survival, with special focus on Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra.

Methods: Data from all five rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-1 to NFHS-5; 1992-2021) were used to assess trends in infant mortality. Survival and regression analyses were conducted using NFHS-5 (2019-21). The study included live births occurring in the five years preceding the survey. Infant survival was examined using Kaplan-Meier estimates and log-rank tests. Binary logistic regression models assessed the association between caste and infant mortality after adjusting for socio-economic, demographic, and healthcare factors, accounting for survey design.

Results: At the national level, infant mortality in 2019-21 was higher among Scheduled Tribes (ST) (41.6 per 1,000) and scheduled castes (SC) (40.7 per 1,000) than among non-SC/ST infants (32.8 per 1,000). Survival analysis showed significant caste differences in infant survival (χ²=15.02, p<0.001), with higher hazards concentrated in the early months of life. In unadjusted models, SC infants had significantly higher odds of death (OR=1.26; 95% CI: 1.19-1.33), which remained modest but significant after full adjustment (OR=1.09; 95% CI: 1.01-1.18). ST disadvantage was attenuated after adjustment. Maternal education, household wealth, ≥4 antenatal care visits (OR≈0.65), and institutional delivery were strongly protective. Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh showed persistently high infant mortality, while Maharashtra exhibited lower overall risk but residual tribal disadvantage.

Conclusions: Despite sustained declines in infant mortality, caste and regional inequities remain pronounced in India. Strengthening equitable access to quality maternal and newborn care is essential for further reductions.

Prevalence of daytime sleepiness and internet addiction among college going students in Bangalore

2026-04-01T01:52:30+00:00

Background: In recent years, the dual burden of excessive internet use and daytime sleepiness has emerged as a growing concern among college students. Balancing academic responsibilities with prolonged screen time often disrupts sleep patterns and affects students' overall well-being.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 280 college students in Bangalore. Data were collected using two validated tools: the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) to assess daytime sleepiness, and Young’s Internet addiction test (IAT) to evaluate internet usage patterns. The data were entered into Microsoft excel and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Descriptive statistics were used to present frequencies and percentages, and chi-square tests were applied to determine associations.

Results: Of the 280 participants, 180 were female and 100 males. The ESS results showed that 10 students (3.5%) had pathological daytime sleepiness, while 121 (43.2%) had normal levels. The IAT revealed that 47 (16.7%) students had moderate internet addiction, 69 (24%) had mild addiction, and 165 (59%) used the internet appropriately. A statistically significant association was found between internet addiction and daytime sleepiness (Chi-square=25.8, p<0.05). No significant association was found between gender and either internet addiction or daytime sleepiness.

Conclusions: A considerable proportion of college students in Bangalore experience internet addiction and daytime sleepiness. The significant correlation between the two underscores the need for awareness programs and interventions promoting healthy sleep and responsible internet use among students.

A study to assess the level of knowledge and attitude regarding prevention of child abuse among rural mothers

2026-04-01T01:52:28+00:00

Background: Child abuse is a severe social and public health issue that negatively affects children’s physical, emotional, and mental well-being. Parents have unique opportunity to identify early signs of abuse and take preventive measures because of their frequent and close encounters with children. Their level of knowledge and attitude must be assessed to enhance child protection efforts and create a safer environment.

Methods: A descriptive study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge and attitude regarding the prevention of child abuse among rural mothers from March 2025 to May 2025. A quantitative approach, descriptive cross-sectional research design was adopted. 100 samples were selected using convenience sampling technique. A self-structured questionnaire and Likert scale were used to collect data.

Results: The majority of the samples 52% had an average, 36% had below average and 12% had above average level of knowledge. In terms of attitude, the majority (66%) had favourable and 34% had unfavourable attitude. There was a positive correlation (0.28) between level of knowledge and attitude, which was significant at p<0.05 level. There was a significant association between education and level of knowledge and there was a significant association between age and level of attitude.

Conclusions: Strengthening training and awareness programs can significantly enhance child protection and create a safer environment for children.

Gender-based variations in autogenous bone block graft availability within the mandibular ramus: a cone beam computed tomographic comparative analysis

2026-04-01T01:51:35+00:00

Background: Alveolar ridge resorption following tooth loss often necessitates regenerative procedures prior to implant placement. Autogenous bone grafts, particularly from the mandibular ramus, are widely used due to their favourable properties. However, anatomical variations influenced by gender and age can affect graft suitability. Objective was to evaluate gender- and age-related differences in the volume, density, cortical thickness, and vertical height of harvestable bone from the mandibular ramus using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study analyzed CBCT scans of 40 patients (20 males, 20 females) aged 20-60 years. Measurements of bone volume, density (gray values), cortical plate thickness, and vertical height were taken. Data were statistically analyzed, significance level set at p<0.05.

Results: No significant gender-based differences were observed in bone volume (males: 2.0±0.22 cm³; females: 1.92±0.25 cm³), cortical thickness, height, or density (p>0.05). However, age had a significant inverse relationship with bone quality. Participants aged 20-40 years demonstrated higher bone density (1212.2±157.7 GV) and cortical thickness (2.32±0.18 mm) compared to those aged 41-60 years (975.8±59.6 GV; 1.80±0.12 mm), with p<0.001 for both. Bone volume and height were not significantly affected by age.

Conclusions: Mandibular ramus offers a reliable intraoral donor site for autogenous bone grafting across genders. However, bone quality parameters such as density and cortical thickness decline significantly with age, highlighting the importance of age-specific assessment during preoperative planning.

A study on nutrition, knowledge, attitude and practice towards breast cancer prevention among female college going students in Lucknow City

2026-04-01T01:51:34+00:00

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is common in Indian women, often detected late due to low awareness. BC risk is influenced by obesity, inactivity, lifestyle changes including weight management and Mediterranean diet rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains, may improve outcomes for survivors. Diet plays a measurable role in BC prevention, to assess knowledge, attitude, practice, and nutrition regarding BC and examine dietary habits and socio-demographic influences among female college students.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 145 female students from IT college of Lucknow. A pre-tested self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the participants' knowledge, attitude, practice (KAP) and nutrition-related BC prevention. A total of 137 students completed the survey.

Results: The results indicate a strong association between age and the performance of breast self-examination (p=0.000). Education significantly correlates with fruit consumption (p=0.0000) and antioxidant intake (p=0.0032). A positive correlation exists between family income and belief in family history affecting BC risk (p=0.000). Additionally, family income significantly influences fruit consumption frequency (p=0.020) and awareness of breast self-examination (p=0.000), emphasizing the impact of socioeconomic factors on BC prevention practices.

Conclusions: In conclusion, nutrition KAP regarding BC prevention is influenced by factors like age, field of study, and family history. While increasing knowledge alone is insufficient for behavior change, it remains essential. Public health and nutrition education programs in institutions can enhance knowledge, improve food habits, and reduce BC risk.

Screening of non-communicable diseases in outpatient department of government tertiary care hospital in Maharashtra: a cross-sectional study

2026-04-01T01:51:30+00:00

Background: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases. A total of 55.4 million deaths occurred worldwide during 2019. Of these, 41 million were due to NCDs. Detection, screening, treatment and palliative care are key components of the response to NCDs. Objectives were to estimate the magnitude of non communicable diseases in patients attending government tertiary care hospital. To determine the association between non communicable diseases and socio demographic factors. To study the health seeking behavior for non communicable diseases.

Methods: A hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in out patient department of a tertiary care hospital in Maharashtra. All eligible patients who attended the screening OPD for 2 months period were included in this study. Blood pressure, random blood sugar and BMI were checked. Females were screened for breast lesion with iBeastExam. Data was analysed for statistical significance using Chi square test.

Results: Among the total 1241 individuals screened, 63.58% of population had at least one NCDs. Magnitude of hypertension, diabetes, obesity and breast lesion was 51.97%, 21.11%, 17.89% and 5.35% respectively. 41.55% of hypertensive and 23.28% of diabetic patients were newly diagnosed. 59.68% of hypertensive and 46.76% of diabetic patients were inadequately treated.

Conclusions: The present study concluded that, even today a significant number of patients with NCDs remain unaware of their condition and a considerable percentage of them are not adequately treated.

Enhancing fire safety readiness in a medical college: faculty training outcomes and fire drill performance evaluation

2026-04-01T01:51:29+00:00

Background: Fire safety is a critical component of tertiary healthcare infrastructure, and recurring hospital fire incidents in India highlight the urgent need for improved institutional preparedness. Faculty members play an important role in maintaining a safe clinical and academic environment; however, effective preparedness also requires functional systems, coordinated staff response, and regular fire drills.

Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional interventional study analyzed routine fire safety activities conducted at Dr. B.R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences, Mohali. The study assessed fire safety knowledge, awareness, and preparedness among faculty members (n=42) and evaluated institutional readiness through structured mock fire drills conducted across major hospital departments (n=10). Faculty members underwent a structured 30-35-minute PowerPoint-based training session, and knowledge was assessed using a pretested Google Form questionnaire. Institutional preparedness was evaluated using a standardized Fire Drill Checklist applied during the drills. Pre-post comparisons were analyzed using the Chi-square test for knowledge and paired t-test for drill performance.

Results: Significant improvements were observed in key domains. Awareness of fire emergency numbers increased from 64.7% to 100% (p<0.01), the ability to correctly use a fire extinguisher improved from 33.3% to 85.7% (p<0.05), and understanding of fire classifications increased from 0% to 83.3% (p<0.01). Mean fire drill scores improved from 1.40±0.699 to 4.90±0.876 across 10 drills (p<0.001).

Conclusions: Structured training significantly improves faculty knowledge and awareness, while routine mock drills strengthen institutional preparedness. Integrating mandatory training, periodic simulation drills, and regular safety audits is essential to enhance fire safety readiness in medical colleges and hospitals.

Relationship between diabetes-related distress and control of diabetes in type 2 diabetes patients in primary care units in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya

2026-03-14T02:21:15+00:00

Background: This study aimed to study the association between diabetes-related distress (DRD) and glycemic control, as well as to identify factors influencing glycemic controlled among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) attending a primary care unit in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province.

Methods: Data were collected from 60 patients with type 2 diabetes at a primary care facility in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya from December of 2024 to May of 2025. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationships between the variables.

Results: The study found that total 60 participants, 33 achieved good glycemic control, while 27 had uncontrolled levels. The analysis revealed no statistically significant association between diabetes-related distress and glycemic control (multivariable marginal OR 2.40; 95% CI: 0.36–16.21; p value=0.368). However, factors significantly associated with uncontrolled glycemic levels included age under 65 years (multivariable marginal OR 2.88; 95% CI: 1.04–7.97; p value=0.041) and a duration of diabetes exceeding 10 years (multivariable marginal OR 5.88; 95% CI: 1.93–17.93; p value=0.002).

Conclusions: This study found no significant association between diabetes-related distress and glycemic control. However, two factors were significantly linked to uncontrolled blood sugar levels: being under 65 years old and having diabetes for more than 10 years.

State-wise forecasting of cancer incidence in India using a moderated exponential regression model incorporating healthcare system determinants

2026-04-01T01:51:29+00:00

Background: Cancer incidence in India varies substantially across states and union territories, posing a significant and growing public health challenge. Accurate projections of future cancer burden are essential for effective health planning, resource allocation, and strengthening health systems. However, conventional forecasting approaches largely rely on historical incidence trends and often ignore regional differences in health-care capacity, which influence disease detection and reporting. Variations in infrastructure, oncology services, screening coverage, and health expenditure can significantly affect observed cancer incidence. This study proposed a moderated forecasting framework that integrates key state-level health-care indicators to generate more realistic and policy-relevant projections.

Methods: A moderated exponential regression model was developed using state-wise cancer incidence data from the National Cancer Registry Programme (ICMR-NCRP) for 2019-2022. The model incorporated multiple health system moderators, including cancer hospitals, oncologist availability, screening coverage, CHC/PHC density, health infrastructure index, per-capita health expenditure, and hospital-bed availability. Three projection scenarios were constructed: short-term (2026) using health-care facility density, medium-term (2030) incorporating infrastructure and workforce variables, and long-term (2045) including all seven moderators.

Results: The moderated models revealed substantial inter-state variation in projected cancer incidence. States with stronger health systems exhibited slower increases, whereas those with weaker infrastructure showed more rapid growth. Model fit and predictive accuracy improved significantly compared to conventional exponential models.

Conclusions: Incorporating health-care system factors enhances the reliability of cancer incidence projections. The proposed framework offers a robust, evidence-based tool for policy planning and targeted health system strengthening in India.

Spatial determinants of child undernutrition in Chitrakoot: integrating NFHS-5 evidence with district nutrition committee insights

2026-04-01T01:51:28+00:00

Background: Child undernutrition remains a major public health concern in many districts of rural India, and Chitrakoot represents one of the most persistent high-burden areas. Despite national progress, NFHS-5 shows that 47.5% of children in the district are stunted, 24.8% are wasted, and 12% are severely wasted substantially higher than state and national averages. Understanding the structural and behavioral drivers of this stagnation is essential for strengthening district-level action.

Methods: This study draws exclusively on secondary data, including NFHS-5 district, state, and national fact sheets, supplemented with administrative insights from the District Nutrition Committee (DNC) meeting held in December 2023. A descriptive and comparative analytical approach was used to examine nutrition, IYCF practices, WASH indicators, maternal health, and socio-economic conditions. Interpretation was guided by four established pathways influencing child nutrition: dietary utilization, WASH and infection risk, socio-economic capability, and health system access.

Results: Findings highlight consistently poor complementary feeding, low dietary diversity, and weak exclusive breastfeeding practices. Sanitation coverage remains inadequate, contributing to recurrent infections and high wasting. Maternal capability indicators education, ANC uptake, and IFA adherence are markedly low. Programme gaps identified by the DNC, including stock-outs, irregular VHNDs, and weak convergence, further constrain progress.

Conclusions: Child undernutrition in Chitrakoot is shaped by overlapping vulnerabilities that extend beyond food availability. Addressing these requires integrated action across nutrition, WASH, maternal health, and local governance systems.

Sociodemographic determinants of early and late presentation of breast cancer: a hospital-based cross-sectional study from a tertiary care centre in Western Uttar Pradesh, India

2026-04-01T01:51:28+00:00

Background: Breast cancer is the leading cancer among women in India, with late presentation substantially worsening treatment outcomes. Understanding sociodemographic profiles of early versus late presenters is essential for designing targeted interventions in tertiary care settings.

Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, from 2023 to 2025, enrolling ninety-five breast cancer patients (≥18 years) attending OPD. Early presenters had no delay in seeking treatment after symptom recognition, whereas late presenters reported a delay. Sociodemographic characteristics (age, education, occupation, marital status, parity, family income) were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed using chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression, with p<0.05 considered significant.

Results: Of 95 patients, 31 (32.6%) were early presenters and 64 (67.4%) late presenters. The mean age was 39.2±11.8 years; most were housewives, married and from lower-income families. Late presenters had a higher mean number of children (2.67±1.31 vs 1.87±1.01), and 53.1% had ≥3 children compared with 22.6% among early presenters. Illiteracy was independently associated with 5.2-fold higher odds of late presentation (95% CI 1.54–17.4). Homemaker status also significantly predicted delay, while breast self-examination practice and screening awareness were more common among early presenters.

Conclusions: Illiteracy, homemaker status and higher parity independently predicted late breast cancer presentation, with education level emerging as the strongest sociodemographic determinant. Greater reproductive burden was significantly associated with delays, underscoring the need for empowerment-focused, culturally sensitive interventions targeting low-literacy homemakers with higher parity, alongside structural health system strengthening to facilitate timely care.

Effectiveness of community-based screening and counselling in reducing burden of non-communicable diseases and associated risk factors: a follow-up study in tribal Jharkhand, India

2026-04-01T01:51:27+00:00

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension and diabetes have become major contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Initially labelled as diseases of affluence, NCDs are a rising concern in tribal populations due to delayed diagnosis, low health literacy, and poor access to healthcare. This study evaluated the impact of a community-based screening and counselling intervention on the burden of NCDs and risk factor modification in Boram block, Jharkhand.

Methods: A pre-post interventional study was conducted on individuals screened in 2024 under the non-communicable diseases control initiative. 400 adults (>30 years) from a tribal population were followed up after 6 months by TATA steel Foundation. Anthropometry, blood pressure, and random blood sugar were measured using standard tools. Risk behaviours and treatment adherence were reassessed.

Results: Significant improvements were observed in drug adherence, reduction in salt and tobacco use, increased physical activity, and improved awareness of hypertension/diabetes status. Blood pressure and waist circumference showed modest reduction post-intervention. Mean systolic BP reduced from 149.1±21.0 to 134.8±16.9 mmHg; diastolic BP from 91.5±11.1 to 82.8±10.1 mmHg; RBS from 146±56.3 to 132±36.2 mg/dl. Waist circumference and weight decreased significantly. Medication adherence improved from 35% to 72%; physical activity rose from 28% to 65%. All changes were statistically significant (p<0.001).

Conclusions: Community-based screening with structured counselling and referral improves NCD control and lifestyle behaviours in tribal settings. Future studies should include control groups and longer follow-up.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning diabetes self-management education among medical students: a cross-sectional study

2026-04-01T01:51:26+00:00

Background: Diabetes self-management education (DSME) is crucial for optimal diabetes care, yet medical students' preparedness to provide such education remains poorly understood. This study has been done to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning diabetes self-management education among senior medical students and identify factors associated with competency levels.

Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 200 medical students (4th and 5th year) aged 22-25 years from Tertiary Care Hospital and Medical College of Maharashtra. A validated questionnaire assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding DSME across multiple domains. Scores were categorized as poor or good based on predetermined cutoffs. Associations between demographic factors and KAP scores were analyzed.

Results: Mean knowledge score was 6.51±1.39, attitude score was 3.17±0.83, and practice score was 4.03±0.89. Knowledge was classified as good in 74% of students, attitudes as good in 91%, and practices as good in 72%. Males comprised 55.5% of participants. Fourth-year students (51.5%) showed slightly better knowledge scores compared to fifth-year students (48.5%). Age distribution showed 37.5% were 23 years old. Significant associations were found between academic year and attitude scores, with fourth-year students demonstrating better attitudes toward DSME (p<0.05).

Conclusions: While most medical students demonstrated positive attitudes toward diabetes education, knowledge and practice domains showed concerning gaps. The study reveals a need for enhanced diabetes education curricula that bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application. Structured DSME training programs should be integrated into medical education to better prepare future physicians for comprehensive diabetes care.

Nutritional knowledge, dietary behaviors and physical activity among undergraduate medical students: a cross-sectional study

2026-04-01T01:51:25+00:00

Background: Medical students undergo lifestyle transitions that may compromise healthy eating and exercise habits, potentially affecting their role as future health advocates. This study is done to assess nutritional knowledge, dietary behaviors, physical activity patterns, and body mass index (BMI) distribution among undergraduate medical students.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 200 medical students (110 males, 90 females; aged 18-21 years) from Tertiary Hospital and Medical College of Navi Mumbai, India, surveyed from June-November 2023. A structured questionnaire assessed nutritional knowledge, meal patterns, food preferences, exercise frequency, and fast-food consumption motivations. BMI was calculated using WHO Asian population criteria.

Results: Mean age was 20.42±1.50 years with no significant gender difference. Adequate nutritional knowledge was reported by 79.5% of students (males 78.2%, females 81.1%, P=0.611). Daily exercise was practiced by 78.0% of participants, though 16.0% never exercised. Despite good knowledge, 52.5% preferred junk food over fruits/vegetables. Breakfast was regularly consumed by only 81.0% of students. BMI distribution showed 41.5% underweight, 37.0% normal weight, 13.5% overweight, and 8.0% obese. Social eating with friends (78.0%) was the predominant context, with group dining being the primary fast-food motivation (43.5%).

Conclusions: A significant knowledge-behavior gap exists among medical students regarding nutrition. Despite adequate knowledge and exercise habits, unhealthy food preferences and irregular meal patterns persist. Social influences strongly impact dietary choices. Comprehensive interventions addressing social and environmental factors, beyond traditional knowledge-based education, are needed to promote healthy behaviors among future healthcare providers.

Prevalence of text neck syndrome among Anganwadi workers: a cross-sectional study from Chalisgaon, Maharashtra

2026-04-01T01:51:22+00:00

Background: Anganwadi workers (AWWs) play an essential role in community health and nutrition services. Digital initiatives such as Poshan Abhiyan have led to increased smartphone use among AWWs. Prolonged smartphone use with sustained neck flexion predisposes individuals to text neck syndrome (TNS). However, limited evidence exists regarding the prevalence of TNS among Anganwadi workers. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of text neck syndrome among AWWs.

Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 76 Anganwadi workers from the Chalisgaon-2 sector, Jalgaon district, Maharashtra. Participants aged 18-60 years with a minimum of six months of work experience were included using simple random sampling. Data were collected using the neck disability index (NDI), numerical pain rating scale (NPRS), and text neck questionnaire assessing smartphone usage patterns and neck- and shoulder-related symptoms. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were performed.

Results: The prevalence of text neck syndrome was 78.94%. Based on the NDI, 39.47% of participants had moderate disability and 32.89% had severe disability. Moderate pain was reported by 38.15%, while 10.52% experienced severe pain. Severe text neck symptoms were present in 56.57% of participants. A significant association was observed between daily smartphone usage duration and NDI scores, as well as between text neck questionnaire and NDI scores (p<0.001).

Conclusions: Text neck syndrome is highly prevalent among Anganwadi workers. Prolonged smartphone use and poor neck posture appear to be key contributing factors, emphasizing the need for ergonomic education and preventive interventions.

Prevalence of depression among healthcare workers of primary healthcare centre in northern Kerala

2026-04-01T01:51:19+00:00

Background: Depression is projected to be leading psychiatric disease in India by 2030. Depression among health care workers (HCWs) can potentially be disastrous to health care system. Objective was to estimate the prevalence and to study demographic factors associated with depression among healthcare workers.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done in primary health care centres at Tirurangadi taluk, Malappuram District, Kerala and the study period was 1 month (15^th July 2023 to 15^th August 2023). Sample size selection was done by simple random sampling, purpose method. Hospital anxiety depression scale was used to assess depression among health care workers.

Results: The overall magnitude of depression was found to be 44% and which was statistically not significant with demographic factors such as gender, age and occupation.

Conclusions: In present study shows among 150 participants, 66 were found to be depressed and there is no association with demographic factors such as gender, age and designation. Depression was seen slightly higher among nurses than Asha workers and doctors.

Post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 IgG spike antibody responses and risk factors among healthcare workers: a cross-sectional serological study

2026-04-01T01:49:55+00:00

Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are considered at high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection due to direct exposure to patients. Vaccination has been recommended as the main protective strategy against SARS-CoV-2 severity and even death among HCWs and the geriatric population.

Methods: In the current cross-sectional serological study, demographic details, risk factors and blood samples were collected from 1044 HCWs working at Government Medical College and its associated hospitals (GMC&AHJ), Jammu (J&K). Levels of SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody levels assay were determined after six months of the 2nd dose of the COVISHIELD vaccine using the chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay method (CMIA).

Results: SARS-CoV-2 IgG spike antibodies were detected in 97.4% of HCWs. SARS-CoV-2 IgG spike seropositivity was found to be higher among females than males. SARS-CoV-2 IgG spike antibody levels were found to be statistically significantly higher in age group 1 (18–30 years) compared to age group 2 (18–50 years) and age group 3 (50 years and above) (both p<0.01) in males and females. IgG spike antibody titers were found significantly higher in those who were SARS-CoV-2 positive before vaccination than those who were not, whereas the presence of comorbidity, high BMI and smoking has adversely lowered the SARS-CoV-2 IgG spike antibody titer in the present study.

Conclusions: It was observed that SARS-CoV-2 IgG spike seropositivity remained in almost all participants even after six months of vaccination. However, it was observed that risk factors such as smoking, High BMI, and comorbidity have detrimental effects on IgG spike antibody titer.

Correlation between forward head posture and cervical proprioception in physiotherapy students wearing eyeglasses in Navi Mumbai: a correlational study

2026-04-01T01:51:18+00:00

Background: The widespread use of digital devices in daily life has led to an increasing prevalence of forward head posture (FHP), which has emerged as a significant musculoskeletal concern among young adults. Although cervical proprioception plays an essential role in maintaining postural control, it often receives little attention until functional impairment occurs. Visual impairments represent a growing global health issue, especially among younger population. The present study aims to examine the association between cervical proprioception and forward head posture among physiotherapy students who regularly wear eyeglasses.

Methods: Total 48 participants were included in the study with eyeglasses. Kinovea software (2023.1.2) was used to assess forward head posture in the participants. Cervical proprioception was assessed using head laser beam device. The data was compiled in MS excel sheet (V 2021), (Microsoft Redmond campus, Redmond, Washington, united states). The study showed weak to moderate negative correlation between forward head posture and cervical proprioception in physiotherapy students wearing eyeglasses.

Conclusions: This study shows that forward head posture and cervical proprioception are correlated to each other in physiotherapy students wearing eyeglasses.

Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding tobacco-free educational institution guidelines among personnel of tribal ashram schools: a cross-sectional study

2026-04-01T01:51:16+00:00

Background: Tobacco use remains a major global public health challenge, with initiation commonly occurring during adolescence. School personnel significantly influence students’ health behaviors, including tobacco use. However, data on awareness and compliance with Tobacco-Free Educational Institution (TOFEI) guidelines among tribal ashram school personnel are limited. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of school personnel in tribal ashram schools regarding TOFEI guidelines and determine the prevalence of tobacco use among them.

Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among 138 personnel working in tribal ashram schools of the Nagpur Division, Maharashtra. A prevalidated World Health Organization Global School Personnel Survey (GSPS)-India questionnaire was used. Data were analysed using SPSS v22. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied, and p≤0.05 was considered significant.

Results: Most respondents were aged 40-49 years (47.8%), with 55.1% females. Teachers constituted 40.6%, clerical staff 35.5%, and caretakers 23.9%. Tobacco use was significantly higher among males (53.2%) than females (1.3%) (p<0.001). About 37.1% of male personnel reported tobacco use within school premises. Although 80% knew about tobacco-control policies, only 42% had access to training or teaching materials.

Conclusions: Despite adequate awareness and positive attitudes toward tobacco control, high tobacco use among male staff especially caretakers undermine the implementation of tobacco-free norms. Strengthening policy enforcement, training, and cessation support can promote a healthier, tobacco-free educational environment.

Burden of osteoarthritis and associated risk factors in tribal communities of central India

2026-04-01T01:50:17+00:00

Background: Osteoarthritis is a major public health problem among older adults, leading to pain, functional limitation, and disability. Its prevalence increases with age and is higher among women. Rural and tribal populations engaged in physically demanding occupations may be particularly vulnerable due to socioeconomic disadvantage, poor nutrition, and limited access to healthcare. This study aimed to assess the burden of osteoarthritis among the rural tribal population of Burhanpur district, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Methods: A community-based observational study was conducted among patients attending mobile healthcare outpatient services under the Tribal Sub-Plan in five tribal villages of Burhanpur district. A total of 801 patients diagnosed with osteoarthritis were included. Sociodemographic, occupational, nutritional, and clinical details were recorded and analysed using descriptive statistics. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and are presented as frequencies and percentages.

Results: Osteoarthritis was more prevalent among women and individuals engaged in agricultural labour. The majority of affected patients belonged to Scheduled Tribe communities with low socioeconomic status and poor nutritional profiles. A higher proportion of patients exhibited Balghami Mizāj (phlegmatic temperament).

Conclusions: Osteoarthritis constitutes a significant health burden among the rural tribal population of Burhanpur. Female gender, agricultural occupation, low socioeconomic status, poor nutrition, heavy physical workload, and excessive joint use appear to increase vulnerability. Targeted preventive, nutritional, and rehabilitative interventions through tribal health programmes are warranted.

Cognitive health and quality of life among older adults: a community-based cross-sectional study

2026-04-01T01:50:09+00:00

Background: The ageing population is rapidly increasing, especially in countries like India. Cognitive health is essential for independence, and its decline can reduce quality of life (QoL). This study assessed cognitive health, QoL, and their relationship among community-dwelling older adults.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to August 2025 among 200 adults aged ≥60 years in selected communities of the Delhi-NCR region using convenience sampling. Cognitive health was assessed with the Mini-Cog tool, and quality of life was measured using the CASP-19 scale. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews after informed consent, and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including Chi-square tests and Pearson’s correlation.

Results: The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 39%. Most participants (57%) reported a moderate level of quality of life, while 32% had a high QoL. A significant positive correlation was observed between cognitive health and quality of life (r=0.388, p<0.001). Cognitive health showed no significant association with demographic variables, whereas quality of life was significantly associated with place of residence.

Conclusions: A substantial proportion of older adults exhibited early cognitive impairment, which was significantly associated with quality of life. Routine community-based screening for cognitive health may facilitate early intervention and improve quality of life among the elderly.

Parental attitude and knowledge towards saving primary teeth in Ahmedabad: a questionnaire-based survey

2026-04-01T01:50:08+00:00

Background: Primary teeth play a crucial role in a child's growth, development and oral health. Despite their importance, many parents perceive them as temporary structures that do not require adequate care, leading to increased risks of early childhood caries and associated complications. This study aims to evaluate parental knowledge and attitude toward saving primary teeth using a structured questionnaire-based survey.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 582 parents of children under 12 years. The validated questionnaire assessed socio-demographic data, knowledge about primary teeth and attitudes toward their treatment. The questionnaire was distributed via Google Forms to parents visiting dental college, local schools and community centers. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data.

Results: It was observed that of the total 582 participants, a majority (63.2%) were females that aged between 26-30 years (33.5%) and 52.1% held postgraduate degrees. While 66.3% correctly identified primary teeth as the first dentition, only 55.3% knew the correct number and 61.3% the eruption timeline. Although 66% acknowledged the need to treat decayed primary teeth, 57.7% sought care only when problems arose. Willingness to spend on treatment was reported by 42.3%, with 41.1% being symptom-dependent.

Conclusions: The present study concluded that parental knowledge regarding primary teeth is inadequate and observed association between parental age, education and occupation with knowledge and attitude towards saving primary teeth highlighting the significant influence of sociodemographic factors on parental decision-making.

Impact of tea consumption frequency on hemoglobin and ferritin levels: a comparative analysis

2026-04-01T01:50:05+00:00

Background: Tea is the second most widely consumed beverage in the world, appreciated for its cultural value and biological compounds with antioxidant and cardioprotective properties. Nevertheless, its polyphenolic composition, especially tannins, has been demonstrated to impair non-heme iron absorption, thereby posing a question about its influence on iron status.

Methods: The study was conducted at the Department of Medical Lab Science, IIAHS&R, Lucknow, performed from a period of three month. A total of 60 subjects, aged 18-60 years, were selected and equally distributed into regular tea consumers (consuming a minimum of 1 cup daily for the past 3 months) and occasional tea consumers. Hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations were assessed and statistically analysed employing the independent samples t-test.

Results: The results showed significantly lower mean hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations in regular tea consumers compared to occasional tea consumers.

Conclusions: These results indicate that regular tea consumption may affect iron absorption, resulting in reduced iron stores and capacity to transport oxygen.

Development of a clinical risk score for early prediction of hepatorenal syndrome in hospitalized cirrhotic patients with acute kidney injury: a retrospective study from India

2026-04-01T01:50:02+00:00

Background: Hepatorenal syndrome–acute kidney injury (HRS-AKI) is a severe and potentially reversible complication of advanced cirrhosis associated with high short-term mortality. Early identification of patients at risk remains challenging and currently available prognostic models are not specifically designed to predict the onset of HRS-AKI. Therefore, early risk stratification using simple clinical parameters is essential to facilitate timely therapeutic interventions. This study aimed to develop and internally validate a simple clinical risk score for early prediction of HRS-AKI among hospitalized cirrhotic patients presenting with acute kidney injury (AKI).

Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 260 hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis and AKI admitted between February 2022 and August 2023. Demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters recorded at admission were analyzed. Independent predictors of HRS-AKI were identified using multivariable logistic regression analysis. A weighted clinical risk score was derived from the regression coefficients and internally validated using bootstrapping techniques. The discriminatory ability of the model was compared with established prognostic scores including MELD, MELD-Na and CLIF-C ACLF.

Results: HRS-AKI developed in 80 patients (30.7%). Independent predictors included mean arterial pressure<80 mmHg, serum sodium <130 mmol/l, serum bilirubin ≥6 mg/dl, serum albumin ≤2.8 g/dl and presence of infection at admission (all p<0.01). The derived clinical risk score (range 0–12) demonstrated good discrimination (AUC 0.83; 95% CI 0.78–0.87) and calibration (Hosmer–Lemeshow p=0.46). The incidence of HRS-AKI increased across low- (0–3), moderate- (4–7) and high-risk (≥8) groups (9%, 29% and 67%, respectively, p<0.001). The model outperformed MELD, MELD-Na and CLIF-C ACLF scores.

Conclusions: A simple bedside clinical risk score using routinely available parameters can accurately predict HRS-AKI in hospitalized cirrhotic patients and may aid early risk stratification and timely management to improve renal and survival outcomes.

A comparative cross-sectional study on the prevalence of spousal concordance of hypertension and diabetes among the inhabitants of urban and rural field practice areas

2026-04-01T01:49:59+00:00

Background: The burden of non-communicable diseases, particularly diabetes and hypertension, is increasing globally, affecting nearly 1.8 billion people. In India, around 77 million individuals have diabetes, and nearly 30% of adults are hypertensive. “Couple concordance” refers to the presence of the same disease in both partners. As couples often share similar lifestyles, studying concordance helps in understanding shared risk factors. Objectives were to assess the prevalence of couple concordance for hypertension and diabetes and to identify associated factors.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 316 married couples in rural and urban field practice areas of a tertiary care centre from May to June 2025. Couples with both partners aged ≥40 years were included. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire through interviews, employing systematic random sampling. Analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.0.

Results: The prevalence of couple concordance was 10.8% for diabetes and 13% for hypertension, while 8.6% of couples had both conditions. Higher concordance was significantly associated with lower socioeconomic status and lower educational levels.

Conclusions: A notable prevalence of spousal concordance for diabetes and hypertension was observed, especially among disadvantaged groups. These findings emphasize the need for couple-based preventive strategies, including lifestyle modification, health education, and early screening, to reduce the shared burden of NCDs.

Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding needle stick injury among medical and nursing interns in a tertiary care hospital in India

2026-04-01T01:49:59+00:00

Background: Needle stick injury (NSI) is one of the most potential hazards for health care workers. They pose a significant risk of occupational transmission of blood borne pathogens. This study was conducted with the objectives to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding needle-stick Injury among medical and nursing interns in a tertiary care hospital.

Methods: A total of 218 medical and nursing interns were invited to participate in the study and a predesigned, self-structured questionnaire was distributed amongst them.

Results: A total of 216 participants completed the questionnaire. Knowledge regarding diseases transmitted through needle stick injuries was high in both the groups (>97%). Nursing interns were significantly more likely to perceive consistent adherence to safety protocols in their departments compared to medical interns (p=0.04). Nursing interns experienced a significantly higher proportion of needle stick injuries in the preceding year compared to interns (p=0.03). Reporting of NSIs was also significantly higher among nursing interns (p=0.04).

Conclusions: No significant knowledge gap was identified between medical and nursing interns. Nursing interns, however, observed better safety protocols. Despite sharing the same environment, nursing interns reported a higher incidence of needle stick injuries within the preceding year.

Prevalence and related factors for pre-hypertension and hypertension amongst school going adolescents in a rural area of central India: a cross-sectional study

2026-04-01T01:49:58+00:00

Background: Adolescence is a critical period of rapid growth and development, marked by significant physical and metabolic changes. During this stage, many risk factors for adult diseases begin to emerge. In India, both undernutrition and increasing rates of overweight and obesity among adolescents have become important public health concerns. Rising obesity levels are associated with an increased prevalence of high blood pressure in this age group, which may persist into adulthood and contribute to cardiovascular diseases. Early identification through regular monitoring of blood pressure, height, and weight, along with promotion of healthy lifestyle practices, is essential to prevent these long-term health problems.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescents studying in randomly selected government schools in a rural area of central India. Age was determined using birth dates recorded in school registration records. Information from each student was collected using a pretested questionnaire. All eligible adolescents were included in the study through universal sampling.

Results: Adolescents aged 15-16 years constituted the majority of participants, with females slightly predominating. The prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension was 15.92% and 9.95%, respectively. Higher BMI, frequent consumption of junk or salty foods, physical inactivity, and a family history of hypertension showed a statistically significant association with elevated blood pressure.

Conclusions: A considerable proportion of rural adolescents had pre-hypertension or hypertension. Elevated blood pressure was significantly associated with modifiable lifestyle factors and nutritional status. Early screening, health education, and school-based interventions promoting healthy diet, regular physical activity, and weight management are essential to prevent future cardiovascular morbidity.

Burden of depression among housewives residing in an urbanised village of Delhi: a cross sectional study

2026-04-01T01:49:54+00:00

Background: Depression is a common yet under-recognised mental health disorder among women, particularly housewives in urbanized settings facing social and economic stressors. The current study aims to estimate the prevalence of depression and its associated psychosocial environment, financial status, domestic environment, family responsibilities, physical restriction and safety among housewives of an urbanized village in Delhi.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 490 housewives in Aliganj, New Delhi, selected through systematic random sampling. Data were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire and PHQ-9 for depression screening.

Statistical Analysis used: Statistical analysis included the Chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression, with significance at p<0.05.

Results: The mean age of participants was 37.4±11.11 years. The prevalence of depression (PHQ-9≥10) was 15.5%. Factors significantly associated with depression included lack of domestic support (AOR=2.42, 95% CI: 1.58–3.72), physical abuse (AOR=1.81, 95% CI: 1.40–2.10), family debt (AOR=1.92, 95% CI: 1.66–2.81), housewife by choice (AOR=3.35, 95% CI: 2.82–4.20) and verbal abuse (AOR=2.22, 95% CI: 1.35–3.60).

Conclusions: Depression among housewives was found to be substantial in the present study. Strengthening psychosocial support, improving domestic environments and community-level mental health interventions are crucial to enhancing women’s well-being.

Prevalence and determinants of postpartum depression among rural and urban women in South India: a comparative cross-sectional study

2026-04-01T01:49:53+00:00

Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a significant public health concern affecting maternal wellbeing, infant development and family health, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Evidence comparing the burden of PPD between rural and urban populations in India remains limited. This study aimed to assess and compare the prevalence of postpartum depression and its associated socio-demographic and obstetric factors among rural and urban women in Bengaluru.

Methods: A community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted over two months among 150 postpartum women (75 rural and 75 urban) in Bengaluru. Women between 4 weeks and 1 year postpartum were selected using a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire including socio-demographic and obstetric details and the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS). Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used for analysis.

Results: The prevalence of PPD was 76% among rural women and 69% among urban women. Mild depression was more common in urban participants, whereas moderate and severe depression were more prevalent among rural women. Significant associations were observed between PPD and housing status, husband’s employment and place of delivery (p<0.05).

Conclusions: The study revealed a high burden of postpartum depression in both rural and urban settings, with greater severity among rural women. Routine screening for postpartum depression at primary healthcare facilities and strengthening maternal mental health services under national programs are urgently required.

Revamping socioeconomic assessment: 2026 updates to the B. G. Prasad and modified Kuppuswamy scales

2026-03-14T02:21:08+00:00

Socioeconomic status (SES) is a key determinant of health and well-being, influencing access to resources, services, and opportunities. In India, the B. G. Prasad and modified Kuppuswamy scales are widely used tools for classifying SES in public health research. However, due to inflation and ongoing economic changes, these scales require periodic revision to maintain their relevance and accuracy. The B. G. Prasad scale, which is based on per capita income, is updated using the consumer price index for industrial workers (CPI-IW), incorporating established linking factors from 1960 to 2016. Similarly, the modified Kuppuswamy scale, which assesses SES based on education, occupation, and total family income, undergoes regular revisions in which income thresholds are adjusted using the latest CPI-IW values. Based on the financial inflation data for January 2026, the revised B. G. Prasad scale categorizes socioeconomic classes with an updated upper-class per capita income threshold of ₹9,769 and above. Correspondingly, the modified Kuppuswamy scale reflects revised household income categories, with the highest socioeconomic class defined by a monthly family income of ₹66,007 and above. These updates improve the accuracy of socioeconomic classification, thereby supporting more reliable research findings, effective public health interventions, and informed policy formulation. Nevertheless, limitations remain, particularly with regard to regional variations in cost of living and the broader multidimensional nature of socioeconomic status, highlighting the need for continued refinement of these classification tools to enhance their applicability across diverse Indian settings.

Mismatches between program components and the community components in the implementation of rabies control programme in an urban context in Kerala: a complaints-based qualitative study

2026-04-01T01:52:30+00:00

The National Rabies Control Program (NRCP) reported 6,644 clinically suspected Human rabies cases and deaths between 2012 and 2022. The increasing rabies cases and growing stray dog population indicates a potential gap exists in the NRCP implementation that requires immediate attention. In this context, the present study aims to assess the key strengths, weaknesses and constraints in the NRCP implementation at the municipality and veterinary hospital level; document community experiences and perceptions; Identify gaps between program components and community needs; and recommend context specific improvements. This qualitative cross-sectional study was conducted in Varkala municipality and includes purposively selected 16 program staffs and 18 community participants identified through complaints received in the municipality. One focus group discussion with 10 participants was also conducted. Data were analysed using thematic analysis as per the JBI critical appraisal checklist for qualitative study. The study highlights successes and gaps crucial for the ultimate goal of rabies elimination by 2030.While general understanding of rabies transmission and treatment exists, awareness of post-exposure prophylaxis remains limited. Inadequate facilities and stringent rules have hindered the ABC program, fuelling rise in the stray dog population and human-dog conflicts. Additionally, lack of community responsibilities further worsens the situation. The challenges can be tackled through a multi-pronged approach to strengthen community awareness and involvement, infrastructures, and coordination among municipality, veterinary department, health sectors, and the public.

Assessing community-driven healthcare schemes: evidence from villages of Leng, Lungdai and Nisapui in Mizoram, India

2026-04-01T01:51:32+00:00

This study examines the functioning, governance, and impact of community-based health care schemes in three villages of Mizoram: Leng, Nisapui, and Lungdai. Employing qualitative methods, primary data were collected through structured personal interviews and focus group discussions with Village Council members, scheme beneficiaries, and other local stakeholders. The research highlights the unique features of each scheme, including financial management, enrolment criteria, claim procedures, record-keeping practices, and civil society participation. Findings reveal that while all three schemes provide crucial financial support for hospitalization and enhance access to health services in rural areas, differences exist in governance structures, initial funding, external audits, and reimbursement procedures. Beneficiaries report that the schemes are largely beneficial and fair, though improvements are needed in technological adoption, financial literacy, and medical verification. The study underscores the importance of local self-governance, community participation, and collective responsibility in sustaining grassroots health protection mechanisms, and offers recommendations for enhancing efficiency, transparency, and scalability of such schemes across rural Mizoram.