Dependent and independent causes of hypercalcemia

Authors

  • Rahmathulla Safiyul Rahman Department of Internal Medicine, Sameera Medical Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  • Hussain Fuad Al-Saffar College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  • Omar Abdu Alasiri Department of Emergency Medicine, Dhurma General Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • Nada Jameel Alata Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahad General Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  • Abdulaziz Abdulmajeed Almalki Department of Internal Medicine, Al Iman General Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • Mohammad A. J. Althenayan Department of Internal Medicine, Adan Hospital, Hadiya, Kuwait
  • Mohammad Mulaihan Althubaity College of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
  • Saleh Ibrahim AlGhammas Al-Khazan Primary Healthcare Center, Ministry of Health, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
  • Lojain Suweelim Alsubhi College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  • Baqer Mohammedsaeed Alwaheed College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  • Farah Abdulkareem Almomen College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20220019

Keywords:

Hypercalcemia, Etiology, Parathyroid, Parathormone, Vitamin D, Calcium

Abstract

Previous clinical studies show that the condition is significantly associated with mortality and increased cardiovascular morbidities. Accordingly, it is essential to conduct adequate diagnosis and evaluation to assess these cases properly. Studies show that different etiologies have been associated with hypercalcemia development with variable prevalence rates among different populations. Reduced PTH levels among patients with hypercalcemia indicate the presence of a non-PTH-dependant etiology for hypercalcemia. We have discussed various causes of hypercalcemia, including dependant and non-dependant causes. We found that malignancy-induced hypercalcemia is the commonest non-PTH-dependant etiology of hypercalcemia. Many malignancies were reported in the literature to attribute to the development of hypercalcemia. Vitamin D-mediated hypercalcemia was also reported as another common etiology for the condition. It might occur secondary to overdosing, immobilization, endocrine disorders, and granulomatous diseases. Other familial and congenital causes were also reported in the literature and discussed.

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Published

2022-01-28

How to Cite

Rahman, R. S., Al-Saffar, H. F., Alasiri, O. A., Alata, N. J., Almalki, A. A., Althenayan, M. A. J., Althubaity, M. M., AlGhammas, S. I., Alsubhi, L. S., Alwaheed, B. M., & Almomen, F. A. (2022). Dependent and independent causes of hypercalcemia. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 9(2), 958–963. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20220019

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Review Articles