Etiology and risk factors of early and late onset neonatal sepsis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20214840Abstract
Neonatal sepsis is a systemic disease caused by bacterial organisms, viral infections, or fungus that causes hemodynamic abnormalities and other clinical symptoms resulting in severe complications and may progress into mortality. Parturition can be used to diagnose organisms caused by the premature onset of sepsis in some cases, but only after an average of three days of life. Clinical manifestations of infection may also diagnose the organisms caused by the early onset of sepsis. Late sepsis can refer to any incident of sepsis from delivery to discharge in high-risk newborns, and the majority of them have been hospitalized for a lengthy period. Late-onset Guillain-Barré syndrome infections generally refer to the infections that occur between one week and up to three months post-labor. The precise load fraction for newborn sepsis varies by context, with differing load estimations between nations with varying lead levels. With the diversity of treatments utilized, explaining the degree of obstetric palsy is crucial and complicated. When comparing birthing sepsis rates, it is critical to understand if a tiny figure represents a total birth rate or another rate, such as a hospital admission number. As stated, it is critical to evaluate if population estimates based on the numbers of neonatal sepsis episodes have been recorded. This article aims to review the literature regarding neonatal sepsis from different aspects including, the etiology, risk factors, and different types and onset of neonatal sepsis.
Metrics
References
Wynn JL, Wong HR, Shanley TP, Bizzarro MJ, Saiman L, Polin RA. Time for a neonatal-specific consensus definition for sepsis. Pediatr cri care med. 2014;15(6):523.
Van Den Hoogen A, Gerards LJ, Verboon-Maciolek MA, Fleer A, Krediet TG. Long-term trends in the epidemiology of neonatal sepsis and antibiotic susceptibility of causative agents. Neonatology. 2010;97(1):22-8.
Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Sánchez PJ. Early onset neonatal sepsis: the burden of group B Streptococcal and E. coli disease continues. Pediatrics. 2011;127(5):817-26.
Lukacs SL, Schrag SJ. Clinical sepsis in neonates and young infants, United States, 1988-2006. J pediatr. 2012;160(6):960-5.
Rampersaud R, Randis TM, Ratner AJ. Microbiota of the upper and lower genital tract. Paper presented at: Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Med. 2012.
Read JS, Cannon MJ, Stanberry LR, Schuval S. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of viral infections. Curr problems pediatr adolescent health care. 2008;38(9):274-97.
Wortham JM, Hansen NI, Schrag SJ. Chorioamnionitis and culture-confirmed, early-onset neonatal infections. Pediatrics. 2016;137:1.
Goldenberg NM, Steinberg BE, Slutsky AS, Lee WL. Broken barriers: a new take on sepsis pathogenesis. Sci translational med. 2011;3(88):88ps25.
Higgins RD, Saade G, Polin RA. Evaluation and management of women and newborns with a maternal diagnosis of chorioamnionitis: summary of a workshop. Obstetri gynecol. 2016;127(3):426.
Bizzarro MJ, Jiang Y, Hussain N, Gruen JR, Bhandari V, Zhang H. The impact of environmental and genetic factors on neonatal late-onset sepsis. J pediatr. 2011;158(2):234-8.
Mcgee L, Schrag S. Division of bacterial diseases NCFI respiratory diseases CFDC prevention of perinatal group B Streptococcal disease revised guidelines from CDC. MMWR Rec Rep. 2010;59:1-36.
Kaufman DA, Coggins SA, Zanelli SA, Weitkamp J-H. Congenital cutaneous candidiasis: prompt systemic treatment is associated with improved outcomes in neonates. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64(10):1387-95.
Lee B, Newland JG, Jhaveri R. Reductions in neonatal listeriosis: “Collateral benefit” of Group B Streptococcal prophylaxis? J Infect. 2016;72(3):317-23.
Bizzarro MJ, Shabanova V, Baltimore RS, Dembry L-M, Ehrenkranz RA, Gallagher PG. Neonatal sepsis 2004-2013: the rise and fall of coagulase-negative Staphylococci. J pediatr. 2015;166(5):1193-9.
Marchant EA, Boyce GK, Sadarangani M, Lavoie PM. Neonatal sepsis due to coagulase-negative staphylococci. Clin Developmental Immunol. 2013;2013.
Khetsuriani N, LaMonte A, Oberste MS, Pallansch M. Neonatal enterovirus infections reported to the national enterovirus surveillance system in the United States, 1983-2003. Pediatr infect dis j. 2006;25(10):889-93.
Modlin JF. Treatment of neonatal enterovirus infections. J Pediatric Infect Dis Society. 2016;5(1):63-4.
Verboon-Maciolek MA, Krediet TG, Gerards LJ, de Vries LS, Groenendaal F, van Loon AM. Severe neonatal parechovirus infection and similarity with enterovirus infection. Pediatric infect dis j. 2008;27(3):241-5.
Trofa D, Gácser A, Nosanchuk JD. Candida parapsilosis, an emerging fungal pathogen. Clinical microbiology reviews. 2008;21(4):606-25.
Cetinkaya M, Cekmez F, Buyukkale G. Lower vitamin D levels are associated with increased risk of early-onset neonatal sepsis in term infants. J perinatol. 2015;35(1):39-45.
Stoll BJ. Infections of the neonatal infant. Textbook of pediatrics. 2007:794-811.
Organization WH. WHO guidelines on drawing blood: best practices in phlebotomy. World Health Organization; 2010. Available at: https://www. euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/268790/WHO-guidelines-on-drawing-blood-best-practices-in-phlebotomy-Eng.pdf. Accessed on 3 June 2021.
Stoll BJ, Hansen N, Fanaroff AA. To tap or not to tap: high likelihood of meningitis without sepsis among very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2004;113(5):1181-6.
Malcolmson C, Ng K, Hughes S. Impact of matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight and antimicrobial stewardship intervention on treatment of bloodstream infections in hospitalized children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Society. 2017;6(2):178-86.
Salimnia H, Fairfax MR, Lephart PR. Evaluation of the FilmArray blood culture identification panel: results of a multicenter controlled trial. J clin microbiol. 2016;54(3):687-98.
Arora HS, Asmar BI, Salimnia H, Agarwal P, Chawla S, Abdel-Haq N. Enhanced identification of group B Streptococcus and Escherichia coli in young infants with meningitis using the biofire filmarray meningitis/encephalitis panel. The Pediatric infectious disease j. 2017;36(7):685-7.
Ruangkit C, Satpute A, Vogt B, Hoyen C, Viswanathan S. Incidence and risk factors of urinary tract infection in very low birth weight infants. J neonatal-perinatal med. 2016;9(1):83-90.
Greenwood C, Morrow AL, Lagomarcino AJ. Early empiric antibiotic use in preterm infants is associated with lower bacterial diversity and higher relative abundance of Enterobacter. The Journal of pediatrics. 2014;165(1):23-9.
Sullins AK, Abdel-Rahman SM. Pharmacokinetics of antibacterial agents in the CSF of children and adolescents. Pediatric Drugs. 2013;15(2):93-117.
Chiu C-H, Michelow IC, Cronin J, Ringer SA, Ferris TG, Puopolo KM. Effectiveness of a guideline to reduce vancomycin use in the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatric infect dis j. 2011;30(4):273-8.
