Clinical outcomes and complications of patients undergoing surgery during the COVID-19 incubation period
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20214839Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2, Death, Mortality, Complications, COVID-19, SurgeryAbstract
Conducting surgery might be challenging during the pandemic, especially for COVID-19 patients. This is because of the high transmissibility rate of the infection, which might lead to spreading the infection. Moreover, surgery might be associated with further risk over affected patients, a significant contributor to the operated patients' impaired immunity and generalized inflammatory state. Surgery is usually associated with an increased risk of high-stress levels and a generalized inflammatory state flare-up. The present literature review discusses the mortality rates and associated factors for COVID-19 patients during the incubation period. Our findings show that these patients have higher mortality rates as surgery influences the release of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Besides, surgery might impair the immune functions leading to progressive deterioration of COVID-19. On the other hand, it has been reported that COVID-19 can also worsen the outcomes and increase the risk of morbidities and mortality among patients undergoing surgery. Different factors have been identified to contribute to this risk, including old age, being male, and the presence of comorbidities. Therefore, avoiding surgery during infection is suggested to reduce the risk of mortality, especially among patients with multiple risk factors. However, it should be noted that this evidence needs further validation.
References
Bulut C, Kato Y. Epidemiology of COVID-19. Turk j med sci. 2020;50(SI-1):563-70.
Zhai P, Ding Y, Wu X, Long J, Zhong Y, Li Y. The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. Int j antimicrobial agents. 2020;55(5):105955.
Huang X, Wei F, Hu L, Wen L, Chen K. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of COVID-19. Arch Iranian med. 2020;23(4):268-71.
Gupta A, Madhavan MV, Sehgal K. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nature Med. 2020;26(7):1017-32.
Balch CM, Shanafelt T. Combating stress and burnout in surgical practice: a review. Advances in surgery. 2010;44:29-47.
Helander EM, Webb MP, Menard B. Metabolic and the Surgical Stress Response Considerations to Improve Postoperative Recovery. Current pain headache rep. 2019;23(5):33.
Desborough JP. The stress response to trauma and surgery. British journal of anaesthesia. 2000;85(1):109-117.
Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet (London, England). 2020;395(10223):507-13.
Amodeo G, Bugada D, Franchi S. Immune function after major surgical interventions: the effect of postoperative pain treatment. J pain res. 2018;11:1297-305.
Ni Choileain N, Redmond HP. Cell response to surgery. Arch surg (Chicago Ill: 1960). 2006;141(11):1132-40.
Zhou J, Chu H, Li C. Active replication of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and aberrant induction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in human macrophages: implications for pathogenesis. J infect dis. 2014;209(9):1331-42.
Law HK, Cheung CY, Ng HY. Chemokine up-regulation in SARS-coronavirus-infected, monocyte-derived human dendritic cells. Blood. 2005;106(7):2366-74.
Chien JY, Hsueh PR, Cheng WC, Yu CJ, Yang PC. Temporal changes in cytokine/chemokine profiles and pulmonary involvement in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Respirology (Carlton, Vic). 2006;11(6):715-22.
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet (London, England). 2020;395(10223):497-506.
Lei S, Jiang F, Su W. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing surgeries during the incubation period of COVID-19 infection. E-Clin Med. 2020;21:100331.
Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239-42.
Kumar P, Renuka MK, Kalaiselvan MS, Arunkumar AS. Outcome of Noncardiac Surgical Patients Admitted to a Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit. Indian j cri care med. 2017;21(1):17-22.
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061-9.
Nahshon C, Bitterman A, Haddad R, Hazzan D, Lavie O. Hazardous Postoperative Outcomes of Unexpected COVID-19 Infected Patients: A Call for Global Consideration of Sampling all Asymptomatic Patients Before Surgical Treatment. World j surg. 2020;44(8):2477-81.
Doglietto F, Vezzoli M, Gheza F. Factors Associated With Surgical Mortality and Complications Among Patients With and Without Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Italy. JAMA surg. 2020;155(8):691-702.
Abate SM, Mantefardo B, Basu B. Postoperative mortality among surgical patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Patient safety surg. 2020;14:37.
Wang K, Wu C, Xu J, et al. Factors affecting the mortality of patients with COVID-19 undergoing surgery and the safety of medical staff: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;29:100612.
Seeliger B, Philouze G, Cherkaoui Z, Felli E, Mutter D, Pessaux P. Acute abdomen in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection or co-infection. Langenbeck's arch surg. 2020;405(6):861-6.
Son PT, Reda A, Viet DC. Exchange transfusion in the management of critical pertussis in young infants: a case series. Vox sanguinis. 2021;116(9):976-82.
Nguyen TM, Huan VT, Reda A. Clinical features and outcomes of neonatal dengue at the Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. J clin virol. 2021;138:104758.
Seddiq N, Al-Qahtani M, Al-Tawfiq JA, Bukamal N. First Confirmed Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in the Kingdom of Bahrain: In a Saudi Gentleman after Cardiac Bypass Surgery. Case rep infect dis. 2017;2017:1262838.
El-Qushayri AE, Dahy A, Reda A. A closer look to the high burden of the psychiatric disorders among health care workers (HCWs) in Egypt during COVID-19 outbreak: A meta-analysis of 3137 HCWs. Epidemiol health. 2021:e2021045.
El-Qushayri AE, Ghozy S, Reda A, Kamel AMA, Abbas AS, Dmytriw AA. The impact of Parkinson's disease on manifestations and outcomes of COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Reviews med virol. 2021:e2278.
Thieu H, Bach Dat B, Nam NH. Antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori infection in a children's hospital in Vietnam: prevalence and associated factors. Minerva medica. 2020;111(5):498-501.
COVIDSurg Collaborative. Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study. Lancet (London, England). 2020;396(10243):27-38.