Halitosis as a key diagnostic factor to systemic diseases in the primary care

Authors

  • Marwah Yakoop Abdullah Department of Family Medicine, East Jeddah Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  • Anhar Abdullah Mansour College of Medicine, Ibn Sina National College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  • Abdulrahman Ahmed Abusallama College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • Faisal Thaib Alenazi General Physician, Ministry of Health, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
  • Hussain Ali Almumtin College of Medicine, Vision Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • Hamdan Ahmed Althubyani General Practitioner, Adham General Hospital, Adham, Saudi Arabia
  • Alhnoof Abdullah Alwimny College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
  • Haya Baher Aldamanhori College of Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  • Norah Abdulmohsen Alsuwailem College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  • Abeer Ali Aloufi College of Medicine, Ibn Sina National College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  • Gharam Moghdeb Alruwaili Almokhatat Primary Healthcare Center, Ministry of Health, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213268

Keywords:

Halitosis, Family medicine, Systemic diseases, Diagnosis

Abstract

Halitosis might be associated with reduced quality of life for the affected patients as a result of the personal and social embarrassments it might cause. The adequate identification and diagnosis of the underlying condition causing halitosis are important to achieve adequate treatment and prevention of many systemic diseases or even neoplasms. In this literature review study, we have discussed the potential role of halitosis in the diagnosis and identification of systemic diseases. We have discussed many diseases as diseases related to the gastrointestinal tract and liver, others related to metabolic and endocrinal disorders. Furthermore, psychological factors might attribute to pseudo-halitosis, while true halitosis comes secondary to oral and extraoral factors and physiological conditions. Poor oral hygiene might be the only reason for oral malodor, while many oral conditions might also contribute to the development of halitosis. Additionally, some conditions might have a characteristic bad smell, which might significantly enhance the diagnostic value and help clinicians. However, further examination and evaluation should also be conducted to prevent a potential overlap between the different conditions. On the other hand, some extra-oral disorders do not have a characteristic oral smell, which indicates that halitosis alone cannot adequately establish a proper diagnosis. Therefore, raising awareness about seeking medical attention when suffering from halitosis is recommended to achieve better outcomes and help clinicians draw efficacious prevention programs.

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Published

2021-08-27

How to Cite

Abdullah, M. Y., Mansour, A. A., Abusallama, A. A., Alenazi, F. T., Almumtin, H. A., Althubyani, H. A., Alwimny, A. A., Aldamanhori, H. B., Alsuwailem, N. A., Aloufi, A. A., & Alruwaili, G. M. (2021). Halitosis as a key diagnostic factor to systemic diseases in the primary care. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 8(9), 4561–4566. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213268

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Section

Review Articles