Human and environmental risk factors of leptospirosis in Gunungkidul, Indonesia: a case-control study

Authors

  • Sulistyawati Sulistyawati Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  • Righa Pradana Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  • Sandheep Sugathan Faculty of Medicine, Quest International University Perak, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20203371

Keywords:

Environmental, GIS, Human, Indonesia, Leptospirosis

Abstract

Background: Leptospirosis is a bacterial, zoonotic disease associated with environmental factors and human behavior related to occupation. This research aimed to investigate the association between human behavior and leptospirosis. Case mapping and topographical mapping were done for a comprehensive visualization.

Methods: A matched case-control study design was conducted in Gunungkidul, Indonesia, from December 2017 to January 2018. Cases were selected from those reported as suspicious of leptospirosis by the Gunungkidul District Health Office during 2017 and controls were matched according to sex and age. Chi-squared, Fisher exact test, and Odds ratios were employed to find out the association between exposure and outcome for a significance level of 0.05. Quantum GIS-Web Map-Stamen terrain was used to overlay case and landscape.

Results: Bivariate analysis showed that four exposure variables that enhanced the risk for leptospirosis though not significantly associated were history of injuries, habit of taking a bath or wash the clothes in the river, not using personal protection during work and presence of an animal fence surrounding the house. Most of the leptospirosis cases (>70%) resided in a hilly area. This finding assists in developing prevention strategies concerning leptospirosis infection.

Conclusions: Human behaviour is vital in leptospirosis prevention. Accordingly, this study can broaden the understanding horizon, particularly for a decision-maker where and how to implement the Leptospirosis prevention program. Prevention should address the current situation in the field and based on population and local wisdom to result in the successful implementation.

References

Costa F, Hagan JE, Calcagno J, Kane M, Torgerson P, Silveira MS, et al. Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(9):0-1.

Lehmann J, Matthias M, Vinetz J, Fouts D. Leptospiral pathogenomics. Pathogens. 2014;3(2):280-308.

Haake DA, Levett PN. Leptosporis in humans. Curr Top Microbiol Immunilogy. 2015;387:65-97.

Kamath R, Swain S, Pattanshetty S, Nair NS. Studying risk factors associated with human leptospirosis. J Glob Infect Dis. 2014;6(1):45-9.

Goarant C. Leptospirosis: risk factors and management challenges in developing countries. Res Rep Trop Med. 2016;7:49-62.

Goris MG, Boer KR, Duarte TAT, Kliffen SJ, Hartskeerl RA. Human Leptospirosis Trends, the Netherlands, 1925–2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(3):55-9.

Wiwanitkit V. The importance of accurate diagnosis of dengue fever. Future Virol. 2012;7(1):53-62.

Alavi L, Alavi SM, Khoshkho MM. Risk factors of Leptospirosis in Khuzestan, South West of Iran, 2012. Int J Enteric Pathog. 2015;1(2):68-71.

Kusmiyati, Noor SM, Supar. Animal and human Leptospirosis in Indonesia. Wartazoa. 2005;15(4):213-9.

Rakebsa D, Indriani C. Nugroho SW. Epidemiology of leptospirosis in Yogyakarta and Bantul. Ber Kedokt Masy.2018;34(4):153-8.

Prihantoro T, Siswiendrayanti A. Characteristics and environmental conditions of leptospirosis patients in the Pegandan Pusandmas working area, Semarang city. J Heal Educ. 2017;2(2):185-91.

Rampengan NH. Leptospirosis. J Biomedik. 2016;8(3):143-50.

Sakundarno M, Bertolatti D, Maycock B, Spickett J, Dhaliwal S. Risk factors for leptospirosis infection in humans and implications for public health intervention in Indonesia and the Asia-Pacific region. Asia Pacific J Public Heal. 2014;26(1):15-32.

Sofiyani M, Dharmawan R, Murti B. Risk factors of leptospirosis in Klaten, Central Java. J Epidemiol Public Heal. 2018;03(01):11-24.

Pratamawati S, Ristiyanto R, Handayani F, Kinansi R. Risk factors of community behavior in leptospirosis extraordinary events in Kebumen district, 2017. Vektor dan Reserv Penyakit. 2018;10(2):133-40.

Rahim A, Yudhastuti R. Mapping and analysis of environmental risk factors leptospirosis incidence based Geographic Information System (GIS) In Sampang Regency. J Kesehat Lingkung. 2015;8(1):48-56.

WHO. Flooding and communicable diseases fact sheet. WHO. World Health Organization; 2012.

Ahmed, A, P. Grobusch, M. Molecular approaches in the detection and characterization of leptospira. J Bacteriol Parasitol. 2012;03(02):63-9.

Naing C, Reid SA, Aye SN, Htet NH, Ambu S. Risk factors for human leptospirosis following flooding: a meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):1-15.

Sulistyawati S, Nirmalawati T, Mardenta RN. Spatial analysis of leptospirosis disease in Bantul Regency Yogyakarta. KEMAS. 2016;12(1):111-9.

Gunungkidul District Government. Kondisi Umum . 2019. Available at https://gunungkidulkab.go. Accessed on 1 May 2019.

Sunaryo S. Image-based remote sensing studies and geographic information systems for mapping and analyzing risk factors for leptospirosis. Gadjah Mada. 2009;8:32-6.

Wijayanti DK. Analysis of environmental factors for mapping leptospirosis vulnerability using remote sensing and geographic information systems (cases of Bantul, Jetis, and Imogiri Districts, Bantul Regency). Universitas Gadjah Mada. Cartography and remote sensation. 2014.

CDC. Prevention 2015. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis/prevention/index. Accessed on 15 May 2019.

Bovet P, Yersin C, Merien F, Davis CE, Perolat P. Factors associated with clinical leptospirosis: A population-based case-control study in the Seychelles (Indian Ocean). Int J Epidemiol. 1999;28(3):583-90.

Araújo WN, Finkmoore B, Ribeiro GS, Reis RB, Felzemburgh RDM, Hagan JE, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to leptospirosis among urban slum residents in Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;88(2):359-63.

Wongbutdee J, Saengnill W, Jittimanee J, Daendee S. Perceptions and risky behaviors associated with leptospirosis in an endemic area in a village of ubon Ratchathani province, Thailand. Afr Health Sci. 2016;16(1):170-6.

Samekto M, Hadisaputro S, Adi MS, Suhartono S, Widjanarko B. Factors that Influence the Event of Leptospirosis (Case Control Study in Pati Regency). J Comm Health Epidemiol. 2019;4(1):27.

Garoussi TM, Mehravaran M, Abdollahpour G, Khoshnegah J. Seroprevalence of leptospiral infection in feline population in urban and dairy cattle herds in Mashhad, Iran. Vet Res. 2015;6(4):301-4.

Major A, Schweighauser A, Francey T. Increasing incidence of canine leptospirosis in Switzerland. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(7):7242-60.

Lau CL, Clements ACA, Skelly C, Dobson AJ, Smythe LD, Weinstein P. Leptospirosis in American Samoa - estimating and mapping risk using environmental data. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(5):76-9.

Gunungkidul District. Profil Daerah Kabupaten Gunungkidul 2012. Gunungkidul: Agency for Regional Development of Gunungkidul; 2012. Available at: https:// gunungkidulkab. go.id/pustaka/SIPD. Accessed on 1 May 2019.

Downloads

Published

2020-07-24

How to Cite

Sulistyawati, S., Pradana, R., & Sugathan, S. (2020). Human and environmental risk factors of leptospirosis in Gunungkidul, Indonesia: a case-control study. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 7(8), 2967–2971. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20203371

Issue

Section

Original Research Articles