Risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among women with gestational diabetes mellitus in semi-urban area, Thiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu: a case control study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20200942Keywords:
Early onset, Gestational diabetes, Risk factor, Type 2 diabetesAbstract
Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hence early detection by screening and management of GDM is very essential to reduce the burden of type 2 diabetes. Objectives was to evaluate the strength of association of GDM and type 2 diabetes among women aged 30 to 35 years in Thiruvallur District, to find the association of other risk factors with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: A study was conducted among 160 women with 44 cases and 116 controls aged 30-35 years attending NCD clinics in Thiruvallur District between March and September 2016. The cases and controls were matched for age and time period between last delivery and the time of screening as 5 years or more. GDM exposure was ascertained if their venous blood glucose levels during their antenatal and postpartum period exceeded the oral glucose tolerance test criteria recommended by national guidelines.
Results: In the study it was found that women with history of GDM are 4.65 times higher at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. There was significant association (p=0.000) between type 2 diabetes and risk factors like family history of diabetes, co-morbidities like hypertension, hypothyroidism.
Conclusions: Gestational diabetes is a predictor of type 2 diabetes, as the women are registered in the pregnancy and infant cohort monitoring and evaluation system, it has the potential to identify women at risk of type 2 diabetes and intervene at the earliest.
References
Harris M, Zimmet P. Classification of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. In Alberti K, Zimmet P, Defronzo R, editors. International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus. Second Edition. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 1997:9-23.
Whiting DR, Guariguata L, Weil C, Shaw J. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;94(3):311-21.
Anjana RM, Pradeepa R, Deepa M, Datta M, Sudha V, Unnikrishnan R, et al, Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) in urban and rural India: phase I results of the Indian Council of Medical Research. ICMR-INDIAB collaborative study group. Diabetologia. 2011;54(12):3022-7.
Seshiah V, Balaji V, Balaji MS, Paneerselvam A, Arthi T, Thamizharasi M, et al. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in South India (Tamil Nadu) a community based study. J Assoc Physicians India. 2008;56:329-33.
Rajput R, Yadav Y, Nanda S, Rajput M. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors at a tertiary care hospital in Haryana. Indian J Med Res. 2013;137(4):728-33.
Rajput M, Bairwa M, Rajput R. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in rural Haryana: A community-based study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;18(3):350-4.
Bhavadharini B, Mahalakshmi MM, Anjana RM, Maheswari K, Uma R, Deepa M, et al, Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in urban and rural Tamil Nadu using IADPSG and WHO 1999 criteria (WINGS 6). Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;2:8.
Raja MK, Baba TA, Hanga AJ, Bilquees S, Rasheed S, Haq IU, et al. A study to estimate the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellites in an urban block of Kashmir valley (North India). Int J Med Sci Public Health. 2014;3(2):191-5.
Bhatt AA, Dhore PB, Purandare VB, Sayyad MG, Mandal MK, Unnikrishnan AG. Gestational diabetes mellitus in rural population of Western India-Results of a community survey. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2015;19:507-10.
Kayal A, Anjana RM, Mohan V. Gestational diabetes an update from India. Diabetes Voice. 2013;4:58.
Torres MA. The importance of gestational diabetes beyond pregnancy. Nutrition Reviews. 2013;71(1):37-41.
Haroush BA, Yogev Y, Hod M. Epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus and its association with Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2004;21(2):103-13.
Sivaraman SC, Vinnamala S, Jenkins D. Gestational diabetes and future risk of diabetes. J Clinical Med Res. 2013;5(2):92-6.
Tamiladu health system project. Available at. http://www.tnhsp.org/. Accessed on 15 August 2015.
List of health initiative. Available at https://www.nhp.gov.in/e-health-initiatives-in-tamil-nadu-_pg. Accessed on 15 August 2015.
Training Manual for VHN/ANM/CHN/SHN, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu.
Health of pregnant women in Tamil Nadu. Available at http://ehealth.eletsonline.com/2012/11/software-helps-tamil-nadu-tracks-health-of-pregnant-women/ Accessed on 15 August 2015.
Feig DS, Zinman B, Wang X, Hux JE. Risk of development of diabetes mellitus after diagnosis of gestational diabetes CMAJ. 2008;179(3):229-34.
Zhu1 Y, Zhang C. Prevalence of gestational diabetes and risk of progression to type 2 diabetes: a global perspective. Curr Diab Rep. 2016;16:7.
Kim SY, Sappenfield W, Sharma AJ, Wilson HG, Bish CL, Salihu HM, et al. Racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and maternal overweight and obesity, by nativity, Florida, 2004-2007. Obesity. 2013;21(1):33-40.
Catherine K, Katherine MN, Robert HK. Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(10):1862-8.
Kim HS, Shin AM, Kim MK, Kim YN. Comorbidity study on type 2 diabetes mellitus using data mining. Korean J Intern Med. 2012;27:197-202.
Hariri S, Yoon PW, Qureshi N, Valdez R, Scheuner MT, Khoury MJ. Family history of type 2 diabetes: a population-based screening tool for prevention? Genet Med. 2006;8(2):102-8.
Gregory ER, Sebastian EI, Murray DM. Gestational diabetes mellitus: a positive predictor of type 2 diabetes? Int J Endocrinol. 2012;3:15-8.
