Prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders and its determinants among school children aged 6 to 12 years in rural areas of Koppal district, Karnataka
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20200429Keywords:
Child, Drinking water, Goiter, UrineAbstract
Background: Iodine deficiency disorders are recognized as major public health problem in India and the simplest, most effective and inexpensive preventive method is the consumption of Iodized salt. The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of goitre among children aged 6 to 12 years in rural areas of Koppal district, to determine various factors associated with goiter among children, to estimate the level of urinary iodine excretion among urine samples collected from children and to estimate the level of iodine content among salt samples collected in the study setting.
Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted for a duration of 6 months from June 2018 to November 2018 in rural areas of Koppal district among 3047 school children aged 6 to 12 years selected by cluster sampling technique. Goiter was detected and graded using standard techniques and the collected salt and urine samples were sent to MRHRU, Sirwar, Raichur for analysis. Data was collected using pretested and semistructured questionnaire and was analyzed using WHO Epi info software version 3.5.4.
Results: The prevalence of goitre among school children in Koppal district was 442 (14.5%) and it was found to be significantly associated with age and source of drinking water. Majority i.e., 65.96% of urine samples had iodine content less than 100 µg/l and majority i.e., 79.15% of salt samples had iodine content less than 15 PPM.
Conclusions: Goiter is mild public health problem in Koppal district with majority of urine samples excreting iodine below optimum levels and majority of salt samples being inadequately iodized.
References
Shinde M, Joshi A, Naik G, Trivedi A. Prevalence of Goiter and the Status of Iodized Salt among the Primary School Children of A Rural District in Central India. Natl J Community Med. 2015;6(2):51-5.
Dillu D, Haidar J. Iodine deficiency disorder and its correlates among antenatal care service users from Northwest Ethiopia: Evidence from Lai-Gayint District. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2013;27(3):208-15.
“Nutrition: Micronutrient Deficiencies” Available at: https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/idd/en/. Accessed on 9 January 2019.
Kapil U, Pandey RM, Jain V, Kabra M, Sareen N, Bhadoria AS. Status of iodine deficiency disorder in district Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand state India. Indian J Endocr Metab. 2014;18:419-21.
Ahmed M, Zama SY, Nagarajarao V, Khan MA. Iodine deficiency in children: A comparative study in two districts of south-interior Karnataka, India. J Fam Community Med. 2014;21:48-52.
Pandav CS, Krishnamurthy P, Sankar R, Yadav K, Palanivel C, Karmarkar MG. A Review of Tracking Progress towards Elimination of Iodine Deficiency Disorders in Tamil Nadu, India. Indian J Public Health. 2010;54(3):120-5.
Salim Khan SM, Haq I, Saleem SM, Nelofar M, Bashir R. Goiter survey among School Children (6–12 Years) in Northern Himalayan region. Arch Med Health Sci. 2017;5:204-7.
Biradar MK, Manjunath M, Harish BR, Goud NB. Prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders among 6 to 12 years school children of Ramanagara district, Karnataka, India. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2016;3:166-9.
Sinha AK, Soni GP, Khes SP, Verma AR. A study of prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders among 6-12 years children of Rajnandgaon district of Chhattisgarh. Int J Health Sci Res. 2016;6(9):25-31.
Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination. A guide for programme Managers. WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD. World Health Organization, Geneva; 2007.
Sinha AK, Sharma H, Panda PS, Chandrakar A, Pradhan SK, Dixit S. Prevalence of goiter, iodine uptake and salt iodization level in Mahasamund distrct of Chhattisgarh: A baseline study in Central India. Int J Res Med Sci. 2016;4(8):3590-94.
Bhat IA, Pandit IM, Mudassar S. Study on Prevalence of Iodine Deficiency Disorder and Salt Consumption patterns in Jammu Region. Indian J Community Med. 2008;33(1):11-4.
Makwana NR, Shah VR, Unadkat S, Shah HD, Yadav S. Goiter prevalence and current iodine deficiency status among school age children years after the universal salt iodization in Jamnagar district, India. Thyroid Res Pract. 2012;9:40-4.
Sebotsa MLD, Dannhauser A, Jooste PL, Joubert G. Prevalence of goiter and urinary iodine status of primary school children in Lesotho. Bull World Health Organ. 2003;81(1):28-34.
Hailu S, Wubshet M, Woldie H, Tariku A. Iodine deficiency and associated factors among school children: A cross – sectional study in Ethiopia. Archives of Public Health. 2016;74:46.
Chaudhary C, Pathak R, Ahluwalia SK, Goel RKD, Devgan S. Iodine Deficiency Disorder in Children aged 6-12 years of Ambala, Haryana. Indian Pediatr. 2013;50:587-9.
Workie SB, Abebe YG, Gelaye AA, Mekonen TC. Assessing the status of Iodine Deficiency (IDD) and associated factors in Wolaita and Dawro Zones School Adolescents, southern Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10:156.
Guttikonda K, Travers CA, Lewis PR, Boyages S. Iodine deficiency in urban primary school: A cross sectional analysis. MJA. 2003;179:346-8.
Regassa DM, Wolde HT, Mulatu JB. Utilization of Adequately Iodized salt on Prevention of Iodine Deficiency Disorders at Household level and Associated factors in Lalo Assabi District, West Ethiopia. J Nutr Food Sci. 2016;6:2.