A study to assess the impact of education intervention on the knowledge regarding hazards of plastic food containers in school children
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20162583Keywords:
Plastic, Polycarbonate, Bisphenol A, Education interventionAbstract
Background: One among the most hazardous manufacture is the plastic. It has become a part of every aspect of human living. When any food material or water is stored in the plastic containers the small, measurable amounts of the materials may migrate into food and can be consumed with it through the process of leaching. Leaching means that some of the chemicals of the plastic enter the food material or water. BPA is a structural component in polycarbonate beverage bottles. Objectives were to assess the knowledge regarding safe use of Plastics and to assess the impact of educational intervention given to them.
Methods: Study design-Community based educational intervention study. Study Subjects - 300 school students of standard 7-9 and 11 of two private school of Bhopal.
Results: Out of 300 students, 56% used plastics in the form of tiffin and water bottle, 37.33% used in the form of Water Bottles only and 6.66% did not use Plastic in the form of anything. The knowledge of the respondents increased after the educational intervention and the difference was found to be significant (P<0.001) shows that the mean percent of knowledge score of plastics was 53% which increased significantly to 75% after health education intervention, <0.05.
Conclusions: Children are amenable to correction, so any health education imparted is most likely to result in change in their behavior and practice.References
Available at: http://www.who.int/ ceh/ risks/ cehchemicals.
Rushton L. Health hazards and waste management. British Medical Bulletin. 2003;68(1):183-97.
WHO_SDE_PHE_02.06.pdf
Thompson RC, Moore CJ, vom Saal FS, Swan SH. Plastics, the environment and human health: current consensus and future trends. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2009;364(1526):2153-66.
National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS), Draft Phthalate Hazard Assessments and Hazard Compendium, NICNAS, Editor. 2007, NICNAS.
Available at: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm064437.htm.
Saal V, Bisphenol AF. Developmental factors in adult obesity: diet, environmental chemicals and importance of animal models. Presentation available at http://www.pptox.dk/portals/0/23_slide.pdf.
Takeuchi T, Tsutsumi O, Ikezuki Y, Takai Y and Taketani Y. Positive relationship between androgen and the endocrine disruptor, bisphenol A, in normal women and women with ovarian dysfunction. Endocr J. 2004;51:165-9.
Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Ozaki Y. Exposure to bisphenol A is associated with recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod. 2005;20(8):2325-9.
Hiroi H, Tsutsumi O, Takeuchi T. Differences in serum bisphenol a concentrations in premenopausal normal women and women with endometrial hyperplasia. Endocr J. 2004;51(6):595-600.
Newbold, RR, WR Jefferson, and EP Banks. Long-term Adverse Effects of Neonatal Exposure to Bisphenol A on the Murine Female Reproductive Tract. Reproductive Toxicology. 2007;24:253-8.
Duty SM. Phthalate exposure and reproductive hormones in adult men. Hum Reprod. 2005;20:3604-10.
Main KM. Human breast milk contamination with phthalates and alterations of endogenous reproductive hormones in infants three months of age. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114(2):270-6.
Lang IA, Galloway TS, Scarlett A. Association of urinary bisphenol a concentration with medical disorders and laboratory abnormalities in adults. JAMA. 2008;300(11):1303-10.
Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction (CERHR), NTP-CERHR Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP), Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction (CERHR), Editor. 2006, National Toxicology Program - US Department of Health and Human Services.
Bureau of Indian Standards Draft Indian Standard: Plastics Feeding Bottles First Revision of IS 14625. 2013,Doc:PCD 21( 2662)C.
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Bisphenol A (BPA): Use in Food Contact Application. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm064437.htm.
Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ). Bisphenol A (BPA). May 2016. Available from:http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumer/chemicals/bpa/pages/default.aspx.
Creel L. Children’s Environmental Health: Risks and Remedies. Population Reference Bureau; 2002 Available at: http://www.prb.org/pdf/ChildrensEnvironHlth_Eng.pdf.
Dona Schneider and Natalie Freeman, Children’s Environmental Health: Reducing Risk in a Dangerous World (Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 2000).
ficci.in/spdocument/20396/Knowledge-Paper-ps.pdf
Sutton J, Turner B. Plastic bags: Hazards and mitigation. California: Social sciences department, California Polytechnic State University; 2012. Available at: http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/ viewcontent.cgi?article=1082&context=socssp.
Sung GB. Ban on plastic bags usage: is it a right move? an empirical study on consumer perception and practice Gelugor; Universiti Sains Malaysia; 2010.
Abhigyan. Use of plastic bags: factors affecting ecologically oriented behavior in consumers. Delhi: Foundation for Organisational Research and Education; 2008. Available from: http://www. freepatentsonline.com/article/Abhigyan/192438179.html.
Adane L, Muleta D. Survey on the usage of plastic bags, their disposal and adverse impacts on environment: A case study in Jimma City, Southwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences. 2011;3:234-48.
Shrestha A, Angolkar M. Improving hand washing among school children: an educational intervention in South India Al Ameen J Med Sci. 2015;8(1):81-5.
Rychetnik L, Frommer M, Hawe P. Criteria for evaluating evidence on public health interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002;56:119-27.
Halpern D, Bates C, Aldridge S. Personal responsibility and changing behaviour: the state of knowledge and its implications for public policy. 2004, Cabinet Office, Prime Minister's Strategy Unit Discussion Paper, LondonGoogle Scholar.
Gamm L, Castillo G, Williams L. Education and community-based programs in rural areas: a literature review. In: Rural Healthy People 2010: A companion document to Healthy People 2010, Volume 3. Gamm L, Hutchison L, editors. College Station, TX: The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, School of Rural Public Health, Southwest Rural Health Research Center; 2004. p.167-86. Available from: http://www.srph.tamhsc.edu/centers/rhp2010/Volume_3/Vol3Ch4LR.pdf.
Institute of Medicine. The future of the public’s health in the 21st century. Washington: National Academies Press; 2003.
Halpern D, Bates C. Personal responsibility and changing behaviour: the state of knowledge and its implications for public policy. London: Cabinet Office, Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit. binet Office, Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit. www.strategy.gov.uk/files/pdf/pr.pdf.2004.
Jincy Manuel. An educational intervention programme on hazards of plastic waste and its disposal among adults : a rural community based study nitte university. Journal of Health Science NUJHS. 2015;5(2):2249-7110.
Yarrow LW, Remig VM, Higgins MM. Food safety educational intervention positively influences college students , food safety attitude , beliefs , knowledge and self-reported practices. J Environ Health. 2009;71(6):30-5.
Sandeep KR, Shettigar D, Jayappa S. An educational intervention programme on dengue and its prevention among rural high school children,Karnataka, India. NUJHS. 2014;4(1).
What is BPA? http://www.mastercleanse.co.za/ shop.php.
Dvorsky G, Bennington-Castro J. How to recognize the plastics that are hazardous to your health, cancerschmancer movement. http:// www.cancerschmancer.org / articles/ how-recognize-plastics-are-hazardous-your-health.
Toxic chemical found in feeding bottles ,TNN, 2014 Nov 5. http:// www.timesofindia.indiatimes. com/ city/ delhi/ Toxic-chemical-found-in-feeding-bottles/ articleshow/ 45040871.cms
Orchard J. There are Different Types of Plastic. The Plastics Gazette. 2009;2(23):314. "http://beyondgoodhealthclinics.com.au/author/dzung/"Dr. Zung Rosita Vu (Dzung Price).
International Obesity TaskForce. Endocrine Disruptors In Common Plastics Linked To Obesity Risk." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 2008 May 18. .
Alleyene R. Bisphenol A now linked to male infertility. The Telegraph. 2010,Oct 10. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ news/ health/ news/ 8093585/ Bisphenol-A-now-linked-to-male-infertility.html.
Wisegeek. www.wisegeek.com.