Prevalence and pattern of alcohol consumption among males attending primary health care setting using AUDIT in rural Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183994Keywords:
Alcohol consumption, AUDIT, Prevalence, Pattern, RuralAbstract
Background: Alcohol consumption is one of the public health problems in India which acts as major attributable risk factor for majority of morbidity and mortality among adults. The objectives of the study were to find out the prevalence of alcohol consumption and its associated factors in rural area by using a WHO tool, AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) and to identify extent and pattern of alcohol consumption.
Methods: This study was cross-sectional study. Three hundred sixty four male patients ≥15 years of age, attending OPD in a primary health care setting were interviewed by using a structured questionnaire and AUDIT.
Results: The overall prevalence of ever consumed alcohol was found to be 49.7%; of which 38.2% were current drinkers and 11.5% were former drinkers while rest 50.3% were life time abstainers. Educational status, occupation, tobacco use and positive family history were significantly associated with alcohol consumption; while type and size of family, socioeconomic status were found insignificant association. About 53.9% preferred country-made liquor while 23.8% Indian Made Foreign Liquor (IMFL). Enjoyment (45.3%), relaxation or stress buster or social cause (29.5%), peer pressure (25.2%) being the reasons for alcohol consumption. In 33% of consumers, daily drinking and in 36% consumers, 1-5 times per week frequency for alcohol drinking was seen respectively. Three fourth of them purchased alcohol from local shops. Out of 364 subjects 75% belongs to AUDIT score of low risk, 11.2% with alcohol use in excess of low risk, 3.6% with harmful and hazardous drinking and 10.2% with dependent drinking.
Conclusions: In our study, alcoholism is found to be more common among illiterates, non-formers, among tobacco users and those having positive family history. Socio economic status and age is not the bar for alcohol consumption.
References
World Health Organization. A Summary of Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health, Management of Substance Dependence, Non-communicable Diseases, WHO, 2014. Available at: www.who. int/ substance_abuse/publication/global_alcohol_report/en/. Accessed on 5 August 2015.
Babor T, Campbell R, Room R, Saunders J. Geneva: Lexicon of Alcohol and Drug Terms. World Health Organization, 1994.
Reid MC, Fiellin DA, O’Connor PG. Hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in primary care. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:1681-9.
Gururaj G, Girish N, Benegal V. Burden and socio-economic impact of Alcohol-The Banglore Study, Alcohol control series-1, WHO Regional Office for South East Asia, 2006.
International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International. 2008. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-III), India, 2005-2006: Madhya Pradesh, Mumbai: IIPS. Available at: atiipsindia.org/research.htm Accessed on 8 December 2017.
Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente, Grant M. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on Early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II. Addiction. 1993;88:791-804.
Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Amundsen A, Grant M. Alcohol consumption and related problems among primary health care patients: WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption. I. Addiction. 1993;88:349- 62.
Pal HR, Jena R, Yadav D. Validation of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test in urban community outreach and de-addiction centre samples in North India. J Stud Alcohol 2004;65:794-800.
Nayak MB, Bond JC, Cherpitel C, et al. Detecting alcohol-related problems in developing countries: a comparison of 2 screening measures in India. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009;33:2057–66.
Clements R. A critical evaluation of several alcohol screening instruments using the CIDI-SAM as a criterion measure. Alcoholism: Clin Experimental Res. 1998;22(5):985-93.
Hays RD, Merz JF and Nicholas R. Response burden, reliability and validity of the CAGE, Short MAST and AUDIT alcohol screening measures. Behavioural Res Methods Instruments Computers. 1995;27:277-80.
Babor TF, John C, Higgins-Biddle, John B, Monteiro MG. AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) Guidelines for use in primary care, Second edition-2001 WHO document: Department of Mental Helath and Substance Dependence, 2001.
Types of alcohol beverages. Alcohol web India. Available at https://www.alcoholwebindia.in/ content/types-alcoholic-beverages Accessed on 18 august 2015.
World Health Organization (2000) International guide for monitoring alcohol consumption and related harm. World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence, Non communicable Diseases and Mental Health Cluster, Copenhagen.
Sharma R. Revision of Prasad’s social classification and provision of an online tool for Real time updating, South Asia Journal Cancer 2013;2(3):157.
Sharma R. Online interactive calculator for Real time update of Prasad’s social classification Available at: www.prasadscaleupdate.weekly.com. Accessed on 12th October 2015.
Modified B. G. Prasad Socio economic classification. Available at www. labourbureau. nic. in/indnum.Htm. Accessed on 14 June 2016.
Pati S, Swain S, Mahapatra S, Hussain MA, Pati S. Prevalence, Pattern and correlats of alcohol misuse among male patients attending rural primary care in India. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2017;9(1):66–72.
Sujiv A, Chinnakali P, Balajee K, Lakshminarayanan S, Kumar SG, Roy G. Alcohol use and alcohol use disorder among male outpatients in a primary care setting in rural Puducherry. Ind Psychiatry J. 2015;24(2):135-9.
Bhardwaj SD, Shwete MK, Bhatkule PR, Khadse JR. Prevalence of risk factors for Non-communicable disease in rural area of Nagpur district, Maharashtra-WHO STEP wise approach. Int J Bio Med Res. 2010;3:1413-8.
Chawala S, Baharti, Jain RB, Khanna P, Singh I. Prevalence and correlates of alcohol intake in a rural block of Haryana, India. Int J Interdisciplinary Multidisciplinary Studies. 2014;2(1):144-50.
Ganesh Kumar S, Premrajen KC, Subitha L, Suguna E, Vinayagamoorthy, Kumar V. Prevalence and pattern of alcohol consumption using alcohol use disorders Identification test (AUDIT)in rural Tamil Nadu, India. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7(8):1637-9.
Saxena V, Kandpal SD, Goel D, Bansal S. Prevalence of risk factors on non-communicable diseases in a rural population of block Doiwala, Dehradun. Indian J Community Health. 2011;23:65-8.
Bodhare TN, Venkatesh K, Bele S, Kashiram G, Devi S, Vivekanand A. A Behavioural risk factors for Non-communicable disease among rural adults in Andra Pradesh. Natl J Community Med. 2013;4:19-24.
Sathya PM, Attayuru PS, Kandavelu T, Dhanasekara P, Kasturi SP, Vivek B. Alcohol consumption, hazardous drinking, and alcohol dependency among the population of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Ind J Pub Health. 2017;61(2):105-11.
Deswal BS, Jindal AK, Gupta KK. Epidemiology of alcohol use among residents of remote hills of Arunachal Pradesh. Indian J Community Med. 2006;31:26-30.
Gupta PC, Saxena S, Pednekar MS, Maulik PK. Alcohol consumption among middle aged & elderly men : A Community Study from Western India. Alcohol Alcoholism. 2003;38:327-31.
Singh J, Singh G, Mohan V. A comparative study of prevalence of regular alcohol users among male individuals in an urban & rural area of district Amritsar, Punjab. Indian J Community Med. 2000;25:238-44.
Negi KS, Kandpal SD, Rawat CM. Prevalence of alcoholism among male in a rural & urban area of district Dehradun(Uttaranchal) Indian J Prevent Social Med. 2003;34:29-37.
Meena, Khanna P, Vohra AK, Rajput R. Prevalence and Pattern of Alcohol and substance abuse in urban area of Rohtak city. Indian J Psychiatr. 2002;44:348-52.
Ramanan VV, Sing SK. A study on Alcohol use and its related Health & Social Problems in Rural Puducherry, India. J family Med Prim Care. 2016;5(4):804-8.
Abdoul HM, Dikshit M, Bhaduri D, Aghamolaei T, S Mooavy SH, Azarpaykan A. Interaction of alcohol Use and Specific Types of Smoking on the Development of Oral Cancer. Int J High Risk Behav Addict. 2014;3(1):e12120.
Mohan D, Chopra A, Sethi H. The co-Occurrence of tobacco and alcohol in general population of metropolis Delhi. Indian J Med Res. 2002;116:150-4.
Basu G, Biswas S, Chattergee C. The Behavioral risk factors of non communicable diseases: Experience from a village of Hugli district, West Bengal. IOSR J Dent Med Sci. 2013;4:19-24.
Sreeraj VS, Surjeet P, Christody RJK, Uvais NA. Reasons for substance use: A Comparative Study of alcohol use in Tribals & Non Tribals. Indian J Psycho Med. 2012;34(3):242-6.
Girish N, Kavita R, Gururaj G, Benegal V. Alcohol use & implications for public health: patterns of use in Four Communities. IJCM. 2010;35(2):238-44.
Sugathan TN, Soman CR, Sankar Narayanan K. Behavioral risk factors of non communicable diseases among adults in Kerala, India, Indian J Med Res. 2008;127:555-63.
Rathod SD, Nadkarni A, Bhana A, Shidhaye R. Epidemiological features of alcohol use in rural India: a population based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e009802.
Arkaprapbha S. AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) to Estimate the Pattern and Correlates of Alcohol Consumption among the Adult Population of West Bengal, India: A Community Based Cross-sectional Study J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11(4):1–4.
Anamitra B, Rajeshkumar R, Abhijeet C. Alcohol Use-Related Problems Among a Rural Indian Population of West Bengal: An Application of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) Alcohol Alcoholism. 2016;51(2):215–23.
