Prevalence and determinants of anaemia among women of reproductive age in India: a narrative review

Abstract

Anaemia is India’s most prevalent nutritional disorder among women of reproductive age (15-49 years), affecting their physical, social, and mental well-being. This narrative review synthesizes evidence on the prevalence of anaemia and its determinants, including dietary, economic, and cultural factors, as well as education, gender disparities, early marriage, and limited access to health services. Understanding these factors can help identify high-risk subgroups and guide targeted interventions. A review of studies published between 2015 and 2026 was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar and publicly accessible National Family Health Survey (NFHS) and World Health Organization (WHO) reports.  Included studies were observational, cross-sectional, community-based, or secondary data analysis. NFHS data showed that anaemia prevalence among women increased from 53% (NFHS‑4, 2015-2016) to 57% (NFHS‑5, 2019-2021), with higher rates in aspirational districts which rose from 58.7% (NFHS-4) to 61.1% (NFHS-5). Across all the covered studies, prevalence was predominant among rural women and socially disadvantaged groups, and were associated with inadequate dietary intake, low socioeconomic status, limited education, gender disparities, and cultural practices. Interventions reported to reduce anaemia included iron-folic acid supplementation, government health programs, nutrition education, and community-based initiatives. Anaemia persist as a major public health concern in India. Strengthening existing programs, including Anaemia Mukt Bharat, promoting nutrition education, and improving access to health services are essential to reduce anaemia.