Autism spectrum disorder risk among toddlers in selected villages of Ambala, Haryana: a community-based cross-sectional study using the M-CHAT-R/F

Abstract

Background: Rabies is an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by deficits in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors. Early identification is essential, as timely intervention in toddlers can significantly improve long-term outcomes. The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised with Follow-Up (M-CHAT-R/F) is a widely used screening tool for early detection.

Methods: This study assessed ASD risk among toddlers aged 1-3 years in selected villages of Ambala, Haryana, and examined associations with sociodemographic and perinatal factors. A cross-sectional descriptive design was used, with 135 toddlers selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected via structured caregiver interviews and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test and chi-square test) at a significance level of p≤0.05.

Results: Among participants, 33.3% were aged 1 year, 45.9% aged 2 years, and 20.7% aged 3 years, with nearly equal gender distribution. Most were born at term (85.9%), delivered vaginally (64.4%), and in private facilities (60.7%). Exclusive breastfeeding (83.7%) and complete immunization (92.6%) were common. The mean M-CHAT-R/F score was 4.14±3.64, with 40.0% classified as low risk, 33.3% medium risk, and 26.7% high risk for ASD.

Conclusions: A significant association was found only between child age and ASD risk (χ² = 81.02, p<0.001). The findings highlight a considerable proportion of toddlers at elevated risk, emphasizing the importance of routine, culturally appropriate early screening and the need for larger, representative studies.