Gambling and betting in India: an interplay of history, law and public health

Abstract

Gambling and betting in India have evolved from ancient cultural practices to a rapidly expanding digital industry, shaped by complex legal, economic, and public health dynamics. Historically rooted in traditional games and later influenced by colonial and modern developments, gambling regulation in India remains fragmented, with significant state-level variation. The rise of online platforms and fantasy sports has intensified participation and economic stakes, while blurring distinctions between games of skill and chance. Despite substantial government revenue and industry growth, gambling poses serious public health concerns, including addiction, financial distress, and suicide. Recent legislative efforts, including the 2025 nationwide ban on monetary online gaming, reflect increasing recognition of these harms but lack adequate provisions for prevention and rehabilitation. Persistent regulatory gaps and emerging digital monetization strategies further complicate governance. A balanced approach integrating legal reform, public health interventions, and awareness is essential to mitigate risks while addressing the socio-economic realities of gambling in India.