Gender as a determinant of health: a narrative review from a public health perspective

Abstract

Gender shapes not only how we view ourselves but also how we are perceived by others; how we behave towards, treat, and interact with one another play a large role in determining our health outcomes. There is often a gap between what we understand and how we utilize our understanding; being aware of this gap can lead to improved awareness and utilization of health services. Gender-based differences include both biological and social construction. The inter-relationship between biological and societal constructs will produce different total wellness experiences for men, women and the transgender community. Gender has a significant impact on the types of illnesses we develop and thus the types of health promotion programmes that are effective. This narrative review will compile research from the fields of public health (globally) and Indian public health and synthesise what is already known regarding how gender influences disease incidence, morbidity, and mortality, as well as programmatic efficacy. Additionally, the review will look at how gender is integrated into national health system policies as well as identifying gaps in the existing literature related to gender and health. Understanding the role of gender in public health is critical if we want to reach our goal of Health for All and also to achieve equity and improve health outcomes.