Comparative outcomes of respiratory syncytial virus-related bronchiolitis with and without vaccination in children: a review of evidence

Abstract

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe bronchiolitis in infants, accounting for significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs globally. It is the most common pathogen identified in infant and young children with lower respiratory tract infection. Vaccination against RSV has emerged as a groundbreaking intervention, offering substantial protection against severe disease. This article examines the outcomes of RSV infections with and without vaccination, providing an evidence-based comparison from recent clinical trials and observational studies. Recent advancement in RSV vaccine development have shown remarkable efficacy in reducing severe disease particularly bronchiolitis. This article also reviews the latest evidence on the effectiveness of maternal RSV vaccination and monoclonal antibodies, highlighting their potential to transform paediatric respiratory care. Despite the efficacy of the vaccination and monoclonal antibodies in reducing morbidity and mortality, both are costly which will be a barrier especially in communities where the virus burden is highest. Global efforts are needed to make the vaccine equitable to all.