Nutritional deficiencies and their impact on gum health

Abstract

Nutritional deficiencies and dietary patterns play a significant role in maintaining periodontal health and preventing gum disease. Essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and proteins are crucial for preserving the structural integrity of gingival tissues, supporting immune responses, and promoting tissue repair. Deficiencies in key vitamins, including vitamin C and vitamin D, contribute to weakened collagen synthesis, impaired wound healing, and increased inflammation, which exacerbate periodontal tissue breakdown. Mineral imbalances, particularly in calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and zinc, disrupt bone metabolism, cellular repair, and immune defenses, further compounding periodontal risks. Protein deficiency impairs collagen production, keratinocyte function, and cytokine activity, leading to compromised epithelial barriers, chronic inflammation, and delayed tissue repair. Dietary habits also influence periodontal health. Diets high in processed foods and sugars promote bacterial biofilm formation and inflammation, while nutrient-rich diets, such as the Mediterranean diet, provide antioxidants and bioflavonoids that counteract oxidative stress and enhance tissue resilience. Frequent snacking, alcohol consumption, and inconsistent meal patterns exacerbate periodontal risks by altering the oral microbiome and increasing inflammatory markers. Emerging evidence suggests that interventions focusing on balanced nutrition, targeted supplementation, and modified dietary practices can mitigate the impact of these deficiencies on periodontal health. Understanding these connections highlights the importance of integrating nutritional strategies into periodontal care to reduce disease burden and improve clinical outcomes.