Assessment of knowledge, perception and uptake of screening for cardiovascular disease risk factors among traders in an urban market setting in Enugu, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

Susan C. Udeh; Elias C. Aniwada; Blessing H. Nwazulu; Simon C. Udeh; Daniel C. Obi; Ngozika S. Ike-Samuel; Louis N. Ngele

doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20250598

Authors

Susan C. Udeh Institute of Public Health, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
Elias C. Aniwada Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria
Blessing H. Nwazulu Institute of Public Health, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
Simon C. Udeh Institute of Public Health, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
Daniel C. Obi Institute of Public Health, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
Ngozika S. Ike-Samuel Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria
Louis N. Ngele Institute of Public Health, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20250598

Keywords:

Cardiovascular disease, Enugu, Nigeria, Perception, Risk factors, Screening uptake, Traders

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality globally, with disproportionate impacts in low- and middle-income countries like Nigeria. Traders, a key economic group, face heightened CVD risks due to occupational and lifestyle factors. This study assessed the knowledge, perception, and uptake of screening for CVD risk factors among traders in Ogbete Main Market, Enugu, Nigeria.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 363 traders selected through stratified random sampling. Data was collected using the Heart Disease Knowledge Questionnaire (HDKQ). Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22.

Results: Participants had good knowledge of CVD risk factors (63.9). Hypertension (97.3%) and unhealthy diets (85.4%) were the most recognized risk factors, but gaps were evident in the understanding of obesity (43.5%) and physical inactivity (44.9%). Positive perception was observed in 58.1% of participants. Screening rates were low despite good knowledge and positive perceptions. Blood pressure screening was reported by 67.2%, but cholesterol (4.7%) and BMI (2.2%) screenings were alarmingly rare.

Conclusions: The findings highlight significant gaps in the uptake of CVD screening among traders, despite moderate-to-good knowledge and perception levels. Targeted interventions, are needed to address these barriers.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biography

Elias C. Aniwada, Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria

Prof at Department Community Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria.

References

World Health Organization. Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs), 2021. Available at: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds). Accessed 01 December 2024.

Pan American Health Organization. HEARTS in the Americas. Available at: https://www.paho.org/en/enlace/cardiovascular-disease-burden. Accessed 17 June 2021.

World Health Organization. WHO Global status report on non-communicable diseases, 2014. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases. Accessed 17 June 2021.

Tibazarwa K, Ntyintyane L, Sliwa K, Gerntholtz T, Carrington M, Wiilkinson D, et al. A Time bomb of cardiovascular risk factors in South Africa: results from the heart of soweto study “Heart Awareness Days”. Int J Cardiol. 2009;132(2):233-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.11.067

Van de Vijver S, Akinyi H, Oti S. Status report on hypertension in Africa-consultative review for the 6th session of the African Union Conference of Ministers of Health on NCD’s. Pan Afr Med J. 2013;16(1):38-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2013.16.38.3100

Oguoma VM, Nwose EU, Skinner TC, Digban KA, Onyia IC, Richards RS. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among a Nigerian adult population: relationship with income level and accessibility to CVD risks screening. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:397. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1709-2

Eghbali M, Khosravi A, Feizi A, Mansouri A, Mahaki B, Sarrafzadegan N. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control, and risk factors of hypertension among adults: a cross-sectional study in Iran. Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018020

Bloch MJ. The worldwide prevalence of hypertension exceeds 1.3 billion. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2016;10(10):753-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jash.2016.08.006

Miller MR. The cardiovascular effects of air pollution: Prevention and reversal by pharmacological agents. Pharmacol Ther. 2022;232:107996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107996

Usman S, Al-Kindi S, Abohashem S, Phillips CT, Rana JS, Bhatnagar A, et al. Environmental pollution and cardiovascular disease: part 1 of 2: air pollution. J Am Coll Cardiol Adv. 2024;3(2):100805. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacadv.2023.100805

Daiber A, Munzel T. Special Issue: Impact of environmental pollution and stress on redox signaling and oxidative stress pathways. Redox Biol. 2020;37:101621. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2020.101621

CDC. Family history & your risk for heart disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2017. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease-family-history/risk-factors/index.html. Accessed 17 June 2024.

Potvin L, Richard L, Edwards AC. Knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors among the Canadian population: Relationships with indicators of socio-economic status. CMAJ. 2000;162(9 Suppl):S5-1.

Ogah OS, Orimolade OA, Jinadu TO. Cardiovascular Diseases in Nigeria: current status, threats, and opportunities. Circulation. 2023;148(19):e063671. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.063671

Odugbemi TO, Onajole AT, Osibogun AO. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors amongst traders in an urban market in Lagos, Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2012;19(1):1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/1117-1936.170225

Chukwuemeka UM, Okoro FC, Okonkwo UP, Amaechi IA, Anakor AC, Onwuakagba IU, et al. Knowledge, awareness, and presence of cardiovascular risk factors among college staff of a Nigerian university. Bull Fac Phys Ther. 2023;28(1):8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43161-023-00119-w

Bergman HE, Reeve BB, Moser RP, Scholl S, Klein WMP. Development of a comprehensive heart disease knowledge questionnaire. Am J Health Educ. 2011;42(2):74-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2011.10599175

Ogundamola OJ, Oladosun OY. Pattern and outcomes of admissions in the medical wards of a tertiary health centre in a rural community of Ekiti State, Nigeria. Ann Afr Med. 2014;13(4):195-203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/1596-3519.142291

Ahaneku GI, Osuji CU, Anisiuba BC, Ikeh VO, Oguejiofor OC, Ahaneku JE. Evaluation of blood pressure and indices of obesity in a typical rural community in eastern Nigeria. Ann Afr Med. 2011;10(2):120-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/1596-3519.82076

Amadi C. Opportunistic screening of cardiovascular disease risk factors in community pharmacies in Nigeria. Int J Clin Pharm. 2020;42:1469-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-020-01112-2

Wagner J, Abbott G, Lacey K. Knowledge of heart disease risk among Spanish speakers with diabetes: The role of interpreters in the medical encounter. Ethn Dis. 2005;15(4):679-84.

Bashatah A, Syed W, Al-Rawi MBA. Knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors and its primary prevention practices among the Saudi public: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study. Int J Gen Med. 2023;16:4745-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S433472

Sanuade OA, Kushitor MK, Awuah RB, Asante PY, Agyemang C, de-Graft Aikins A. Lay knowledge of cardiovascular disease and risk factors in three communities in Accra, Ghana: A cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open. 2021;11(12):e049451. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049451

Wekesah FM, Kyobutungi C, Grobbee DE, Grobusch KK. Understanding of and perceptions towards cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors: A qualitative study among residents of urban informal settings in Nairobi. BMJ Open. 2019;9(6):e026852. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026852

Surka S, Steyn K, Everett-Murphy K, Gaziano TA, Levitt N. Knowledge and perceptions of risk for cardiovascular disease: Findings of a qualitative investigation from a low-income peri-urban community in the Western Cape, South Africa. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2015;7(1):e1-e8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v7i1.891

Alwan H, William J, Viswanathan B, Paccaud F, Bovet P. Perception of cardiovascular risk and comparison with actual cardiovascular risk. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2009;16(5):556-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/HJR.0b013e32832d194d

Odunaiya NA, Ozoeze UN, Adegoke OM, Oguntibe OO. Knowledge and perception of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors among secondary school adolescents in Ibadan North Local Government, Southwestern Nigeria. Afr J Biomed Res. 2021;24(1):65-73.

Ignatowicz A, Odland ML, Bockarie T, Wurie H, Ansumana R, Kelly AH, et al. Knowledge and understanding of cardiovascular disease risk factors in Sierra Leone: A qualitative study of patients’ and community leaders’ perceptions. BMJ Open. 2020;10(12):e038523. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038523

Willis A, Rivers P, Gray LJ, Davies M, Khunti K. The effectiveness of screening for diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk factors in a community pharmacy setting. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e91157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091157

Mensah NA, Sanuade OA, Baatiema L. Perceptions of community members on contextual factors driving cardiovascular disease behavioural risk in Ghana: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13646-3