Tracing tribal development in independent India: analyzing health challenges through five-year plans

Abstract

This study examines the efforts made by the Indian government to improve the health and socio-economic conditions of tribal communities through five-year plans, focusing on the challenges and gaps that persist. The subject is India’s tribal population, historically marginalized and vulnerable, and the evolving strategies employed to enhance their welfare. The research employs a qualitative approach, analyzing secondary data from government reports, Five-year plan documents, and scholarly literature. Primary data, including expert interviews and field surveys in tribal areas, complement this analysis. A thematic framework evaluates the historical evolution of health interventions, policy impacts, and implementation challenges across various plans. Findings reveal that while substantial progress has been made, tribal communities continue to face significant barriers to health and well-being. Key achievements include disease eradication initiatives, improved health infrastructure, and nutrition programs under integrated tribal development strategies. However, issues such as geographical isolation, inadequate infrastructure, socio-cultural barriers, and limited health literacy persist. Constitutional safeguards and welfare schemes have often fallen short due to ineffective implementation and resource gaps. Seventy-eight years’ post-independence, the health disparities among tribal populations remain pronounced. Future development strategies must prioritize inclusive, culturally sensitive policies, strengthen health infrastructure, and actively involve tribal communities in program design. Bridging policy and implementation gaps is essential for achieving equitable development and sustainable health improvements for India’s tribal populations.