Impact of systemic diseases on oral health and facial surgery outcomes

Maha A. Munshi; Nasser S. Alhufaiyan; Ahmed A. Alharbi; Maali S. Alanazi; Abdulhadi M. Albandar; Abeer A. Alsaleh; Murayziq A. Algethami; Nuorah A. Alharbi; Shemaa A. Aljohani; Thamer M. Alhadhari; Khalid M. Alhabash

doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20243315

Authors

Maha A. Munshi Department of Periodontics, Al Thager Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Nasser S. Alhufaiyan Dental Department, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Ahmed A. Alharbi College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
Maali S. Alanazi College of Dentistry, Visions Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Abdulhadi M. Albandar Dental Department, Ministry of Health, Al Mubarraz, Saudi Arabia
Abeer A. Alsaleh College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdul Rahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Murayziq A. Algethami Dental Department, Dose Clinics, Taif, Saudi Arabia
Nuorah A. Alharbi College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
Shemaa A. Aljohani College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
Thamer M. Alhadhari College of Dentistry, Visions Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Khalid M. Alhabash College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20243315

Keywords:

Systemic diseases, Oral health, Periodontitis, Maxillofacial surgery, Dental implants

Abstract

Systemic diseases have a profound influence on oral health and maxillofacial surgical outcomes, presenting challenges that require comprehensive management. Diabetes mellitus is a prominent example, with its impact on periodontal health and healing processes being well-established. Elevated blood glucose levels in diabetic patients impair immune response, reduce collagen synthesis, and delay wound healing, increasing the risk of periodontitis and postoperative complications following surgical interventions such as dental implants. Similarly, cardiovascular diseases exacerbate the inflammatory response linked to periodontal disease, potentially worsening both oral health and systemic conditions, thus complicating the recovery process after maxillofacial surgery. These patients often face heightened risks of infections and slower healing, partly due to the frequent use of anticoagulant medications, which can interfere with surgical procedures. Immunocompromised individuals, such as those with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) or undergoing chemotherapy, also experience significant oral health challenges, including higher susceptibility to oral infections and delayed tissue repair. Reduced immune function and mucosal integrity make it difficult for these patients to recover effectively after maxillofacial surgery, increasing the risk of complications such as infection and wound dehiscence. Moreover, osteoporosis, a systemic condition characterized by reduced bone density, affects the success of dental implants and bone grafting procedures. The decreased bone quality in osteoporotic patients compromises the ability to achieve stable osseointegration, leading to higher implant failure rates and additional surgical challenges. Addressing these complex interactions between systemic health and oral conditions requires an interdisciplinary approach, integrating medical and dental care to enhance treatment outcomes. Proper management of systemic diseases, along with individualized dental and surgical protocols, is essential to improving the prognosis for patients with concurrent systemic and oral health issues.

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