Prevalence and risk factors of urinary incontinence during antenatal period in women delivering in a tertiary care center of Northern India

Bhanu Priya; Nilanchali Singh; Shalini Rajaram

doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20172179

Authors

Bhanu Priya Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, New Delhi, Maulana Azad Medical Hospital, Delhi
Nilanchali Singh Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, New Delhi, Maulana Azad Medical Hospital, Delhi
Shalini Rajaram Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, New Delhi, Maulana Azad Medical Hospital, Delhi

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20172179

Keywords:

Prevalence, Risk factors, Urinary incontinence, Questionnaire, Treatment seeking behavior

Abstract

Background: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a commonly encountered entity in antenatal and postpartum period. It is known to have detrimental effects on quality of life in approximately 54.3% of all pregnant women. However, the true prevalence of UI is still not known, especially in the South East Asia. This study has investigated the prevalence and risk factors of urinary incontinence during antenatal period.

Methods: 500 women admitted in postnatal ward were interviewed retrospectively about the UI occurred during antenatal period, using questionnaire. The study was done over a period of six months. Detailed information regarding risk factors of urinary incontinence was included in questionnaire based on previous validated studies. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20 using chi square test. P value <0.05 was taken as significant.

Results: Total 500 women were interviewed and based on questionnaire. 202 reported incontinence, thus giving a prevalence of 40.4%, out of that 192 (45.5%) had stress urinary incontinence (SUI), 40(19.8%) had urge urinary incontinence (UUI) and 70 (34.6%) had mixed incontinence. The risk factors like bladder infections and chronic cough had significant association with urinary incontinence. Advancing gestation had worsening effects on the symptoms of UI (p =0.000).

Conclusions: Urinary incontinence is a common and neglected problem with poor treatment seeking behavior. SUI is more common in pregnant women than urge or mixed incontinence. Obstetricians need to ask have precise interrogation regarding UI in pregnant women to diagnose and treat the problem.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Handa VL, Zyczynski HM, Burgio KL, Fitzgerald MP, Borello-France D, Janz NK, et al. The impact

of fecal and urinary incontinence on quality of life 6 months after childbirth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;636:1–6.

Milsom I, Altman D, Lapitan MC, Nelson R, Sillén U, Thom D. Epidemiology of urinary (UI) and faecal (FI) incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse (POP). In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, Wein A (editors). Incontinence, 4th ed. Committee 1. Paris, France: Health Publication Ltd; 2009: 37-111.

Dolan LM, Walsh D, Hamilton S, Marshall K, Thompson K, Ashe RG. A study of quality of life in primigravidae with urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2004;15:160–4.

Koebl H, Nitti V, Baessler K, Salvatore S, Sultan A, Yamaguchi O. Pathophysiology of urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury, Wein A (editors), Incontinence. 4th ed. Plymouth: Health Publication Ltd; 2009: 255-330.

Davis K, Kumar D. Pelvic floor dysfunction: a conceptual framework for collaborative patient-centred care. J Adv Nurs. 2003;43(6):555–68.

Morkved S, Bo K, Schei B, Salvesen KA. Pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy to prevent urinary incontinence: a singleblind randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101(2):313–9.

Hilton P, Dolan LM. Pathophysiology of urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2004;111(1):5–9.

Kristiansson P, Samuelsson E, Schoultz B, Svardsudd K. Reproductive hormones and stress urinary incontinence in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2001;80:1125–30.

Viktrup L, Rortveit G, Lose G. Risk of stress urinary incontinence twelve years after the first pregnancy and delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108(2):248–54.

Thom DH, Rortveit G. Prevalence of postpartum urinary incontinence: a systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2010;89(12):1511–22.

Viktrup L, Lose G, Rolf M, Barfoed K. The frequency of urinary symptoms during pregnancy and puerperium in the primipara. Int Urogynecol J. 1993;4(1):27–30.

Cerruto MA, D’Elia C, Aloisi A, Fabrello M, Artibani W. Prevalence, Incidence and Obstetric Factors’ Impact on Female Urinary Incontinence in Europe: A Systematic Review. Urol Int. 2013;90(1):1-9.

Kirss F, Lang K, Toompere K, Veerus P. Prevalence and risk factors of urinary incontinence among Estonian postmenopausal women. Springer Plus. 2013,2:524.

Swanson JG, Kaczorowski J, Skelly J, Finkelstein M. Urinary incontinence: common problem among women over 45. Can Fam Physician. 2005,51(1):84–5.

Gleason JL, Richter HE, Redden DT, Goode PS, Burgio KL, Markland AD. Caffeine and urinary incontinence in US women. Int Urogynecol J. 2013;24(2):295–302.

Burgio KL, Locher JL, Zyczynski H, Hardin JM, Singh K. Urinary incontinence during pregnancy in a racially mixed sample: characteristics and predisposing factors. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 1996;7:69-73.

Sandvik H, Hunskaar S, Seim A, Hermstad R, Vanvik A and Bratt H. Validation of a severity index in female urinary incontinence and its implementation in an epidemiological survey. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1993;47:497-9.

Sandvik H, Seim A, Vanvik A and Hunskaar S. A severity index for epidemiological surveys of female urninary incontinence: Comparison with 48-hour Pad-Weighing Tests. Neurourol Urodynamics. 2000;19:137-45.

Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U, et al. The standardisation of terminology in lower urinary tract function: report from the standardisation sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Urol. 2003;61:37–49.

Bø K, Pauck Øglund G, Sletner L, Mørkrid K, Jenum AK. The prevalence of urinary incontinence in pregnancy among a multi-ethnic population resident in Norway. BJOG. 2012;119(11):1354-60.

Zhu L, Li L, Lang JH, Xu T. Prevalence and risk factors for peri and postpartum urinary incontinence in primiparous women in China: a prospective longitudinal study. Int Urogynecol J. 2012;23(5):563-72.

Hem L, Qamar-ur-Nisa, Jabeen A, Pushpa G; The Pattern of Urinary Tract Symptoms During Pregnancy. Pak J Med Sci. 2011;27(4):827-31.

Sangsawang B, Serisathien Y. Effect of pelvic floor muscle exercise programme on stress urinary incontinence among pregnant women. J Adv Nurs. 2012;68(9):1997-2007.

Perera J, Kirthinanda DS, Wijeratne S, Wickramarachchi TK. Descriptive cross sectional study on prevalence, perceptions, predisposing factors and health seeking behaviour of women with stress urinary incontinence. BMC Women's Health. 2014;14:78.