Comparison of COVID-19 second wave with the first wave of a tertiary care center in Western Uttar Pradesh, India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20242886Keywords:
COVID-19, First wave, SARS-CoV-2, Second waveAbstract
Background: During this COVID-19 pandemic, there were two distinct waves observed in almost every country. A second wave beginning in March 2021 was much more devastating than the first, with shortages of vaccines, hospital beds, oxygen cylinders and other medical supplies in parts of the country.
Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences (SIMS), Hapur, Uttar Pradesh, India from March 2020 to May 2021. All COVID positive patients were included from the hospital records. The data was analysed by appropriate statistical techniques and tests.
Results: There were two distinct waves of COVID-19: wave 1 from 01 March 2020 to 31 December 2020 and wave 2 from 01 January 2021 to 31 May 2021. On admission, the mean (±SD) age of patients in the pandemic period was 45.97 years (±18.41). Males acquired COVID-19 infection in higher number in all age group compared to females in both waves. There was a higher male to female patient percentage who died in hospital from COVID-19 in wave 1 and wave 2 (χ2=0.027, p=0.869).
Conclusions: A comparative analysis of the first wave with that of the second wave can suggest a better way for the policymakers and stakeholders in the management of COVID-19 recurrence or its severity in India and other countries.
References
Andrews MA, Areekal B, Rajesh KR, Krishnan J, Suryakala R, Krishnan B, et al. First confirmed case of COVID-19 infection in India: A case report. Indian J Med Res. 2020;151(5):490-2.
Narasimhan TE. India’s first coronavirus case: Kerala student in Wuhan tested positive. Business Standard. 2020. Available at: https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-first-coronavirus-case-kerala-student-in-wuhan-tested-positive-120013001782_1.html. Accessed on 01 July 2024.
Hindustan Times. India’s first coronavirus patient discharged after being cured. 2020. Available at: https://hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-first-coronavirus-patient-discharged-after-being-cured/story-mjVW4VnSwT9mgYU5V1F4jK.html. Accessed on 01 July 2024.
Worldometer. Covid-19 coronavirus pandemic. 2021. Available at: https://www.worldmeters.info/ coronavirus. Accessed 09 April 2024.
Safi M. India’s shocking surge in COVID cases follows baffling decline. The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021. Accessed on 01 July 2024.
Sarkar A, Chakrabarti AK, Dutta S. Covid-19 Infection in India: A Comparative Analysis of the Second Wave with the First Wave. Pathogens. 2021;10(9):1222.
Seong H, Hyun HJ, Yun JG, Noh JY, Cheong HJ, Kim WJ, et al. Comparison of the Second and third waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea: Importance of early public health intervention. Int J Infect Dis 2021;104:742-5.
Taboada M, González M, Alvarez A, Eiras M, Costa J, Álvarez J, Seoane-Pillado T. First, second and third Wave of COVID-19. What have we changed in the ICU management of these patients? J Infect. 2021;82:14-5.
Gili T, Benelli G, Buscarini E, Canetta C, La Piana G, Merli G, et al. SARS-COV-2 comorbidity network and outcome in hospitalized patients in Crema, Italy. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):e0248498.
Cunningham JW, Vaduganathan M, Claggett BL, Jering KS, Bhatt AS, Rosenthal N, Solomon SD. Clinical Outcomes in Young US Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181:379.
Goldstein E, Lipsitch M, Cevik M. On the Effect of Age on the Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Households, Schools, and the Community. J Infect Dis. 2021;223:362-9.
Jin JM, Bai P, He W, Wu F, Liu XF, Han DM, et al. Gender Differences in Patients With COVID-19: Focus on Severity and Mortality. Front Public Health. 2020;8:152.
Peckham H, de Gruijter NM, Raine C, Radziszewska A, Ciurtin C, Wedderburn LR, et al. Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):6317.
Mukherjee S, Pahan K. Is COVID-19 Gender-Sensitive? J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2021;16:38-47.
Lakbar I, Luque-Paz D, Mege JL, Einav S, Leone M. COVID-19 gender susceptibility and outcomes: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241827.
Hamed SM, Elkhatib WF, Khairalla AS, Noreddin AM. Global dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 clades and their relation to COVID-19 epidemiology. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):8435.
Fan G, Yang Z, Lin Q, Zhao S, Yang L, He D. Decreased Case Fatality Rate of COVID-19 in the Second Wave: A study in 53 countries or regions. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2021;68(2):213-5.
Aleta A, Moreno Y. Age differential analysis of COVID-19 second wave in Europe reveals highest incidence among young adults. medRxiv. 2020;11(11):20230177.
Marimuthu S, Joy M, Malavika B, Nadaraj A, Asirvatham ES, Jeyaseelan L. Modelling of reproduction number for COVID-19 in India and high incidence states. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 2021;9:57-61.
Ranjan R, Sharma A, Verma MK. Characterization of the Second Wave of COVID-19 in India. medRxiv. 2021;04(17):21255665.