Prevalence of chronic kidney disease among the hypertensive patients in Wajir county, Kenya

Abdirahman M. Ali; Harun M. Kimani; Gordon O. Ogweno

doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20241810

Authors

Abdirahman M. Ali Department of Family Medicine, Community Health and Epidemiology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
Harun M. Kimani Department of Family Medicine, Community Health and Epidemiology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
Gordon O. Ogweno Department of Physiology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20241810

Keywords:

CKD, Hypertension, Prevalence

Abstract

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is public health burden and rising rapidly in prevalence in developing countries especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. CKD increases with advancing age and comorbidities like hypertension, diabetes and obesity. However, there is no data on CKD the prevalence and risk factors associated among the hypertensive adult patients in Wajir county. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence and establishing risk factors associated with CKD among hypertensive patients in Wajir county and sought to recommend viable preventive measures.

Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study design utilized, non-probability consecutive sampling was adopted to obtain sample size of 293 respondent attending medical outpatient clinic at Wajir county referral hospital between September to December 2023. The study utilised primary data that were collected using structured questionnaires and secondary data from the laboratory result.

Results: Key findings revealed majority of hypertensive patients have CKD (45.40%), highlighting a critical health concern in the region. The study found most CKD cases were in early stages (stages 1 and 2), some had progressed to severe stages (stages 4 and 5). Regression analysis identified several demographic and clinical factors associated with CKD development, including age, gender, and education, and employment status, family history of CKD and difficulty in medication compliance.

Conclusions: there is high prevalence of chronic kidney disease among hypertensive adults in Wajir county. With nearly half of hypertensive patients also suffering from CKD, there is an undeniable public health crisis at hand in Wajir county. Study recommended initiation of targeted screening programs.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Boutayeb A, Boutayeb S. The burden of non-communicable diseases in developing countries Int J Equity Health. 2005;4:2.

Rotich JC. The prevalence and risk factors for chronic kidney diseases in Kericho county, Kenya. Int J Nurs. 2017;4(2):90-105.

Collins AJ, Foley RN, Chavers B, Gilbertson D, Herzog C, Johansen K, et al. US renal data system 2011 annual data report. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;59(1):A7.

Jha V, Garcia-Garcia G, Iseki K, Li Z, Naicker S, Plattner B, et al. Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and perspectives. Lancet. 2013;382(9888):260-72.

Kenya Stepwise Survey. Non-communicable disease. 2021. Available at: https://statistics.knbs.or.ke/nada/index.php/catalog/24. Accessed on 9 June 2022.

Hill NR, Fatoba ST, Oke JL, Hirst JA, O’Callaghan CA, Lasserson DS, et al. Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease- a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One. 2016;11(7):e0158765.

Goro KK, Wolide DA, Dibaba KF, Fufa GF, Garedow WA, Tufa EB, et al. Patient awareness, prevalence, and risk factors of chronic kidney disease among diabetes mellitus and hypertensive patients at Jimma University Medical Center, Ethiopia. BioMed Res Int. 2019;2019(1):2383508.

Kaze AD, Ilori T, Jaar BG, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB. Burden of chronic kidney disease on the African continent: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol. 2018;19:1-1.

Chow WL, Joshi VD, Tin AS, Van der Erf S, Lim JF, Swah TS, et al. Limited knowledge of chronic kidney disease among primary care patients- a cross-sectional survey. BMC Nephrol. 2012;13:1-2.

World Health Organization. Non-communicable diseases (NCD) country profiles. Risk of premature death due to NCDS in Ethiopia. 2018.

Stanifer JW, Turner EL, Egger JR, Thielman N, Karia F, Maro V, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with chronic kidney disease in northern Tanzania: a community-based study. PloS One. 2016;11(6):e0156336.

Osafo C, Mate-Kole M, Affram K, Adu D. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in hypertensive patients in Ghana. Ren Fail. 2011;33(4):388-92.

Bahrey D, Gebremedhn G, Mariye T, Girmay A, Aberhe W, Hika A, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of chronic kidney disease among adult hypertensive patients in Tigray teaching hospitals: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12:1-5.

Hailu HE, Dinku B, Wondimu J, Girma B. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease Among Diabetic and Hypertensive Patients at Ambo Town Public Hospitals of West Shewa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. 2022.

Peck RN, Green E, Mtabaji J, Majinge C, Smart LR, Downs JA, et al. Hypertension-related diseases as a common cause of hospital mortality in Tanzania: a 3-year prospective study. J Hypertens. 2013;31(9):1806-11.

Oni OO, Akinwusi PO, Odeyemi AO, Israel GM, Ala O, Akande JO, et al. Hypertension and its Clinical Correlates in a Rural Community in South Western Nigeria. West Afr J Med. 2021;38(3):223-40.

Mwenda V, Githuku J, Gathecha G, Wambugu BM, Roka ZG, Ong’or WO. Prevalence and factors associated with chronic kidney disease among medical inpatients at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya, 2018: a cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J. 2019;33(1).

Peralta CA, Hicks LS, Chertow GM, Ayanian JZ, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, et al. Control of hypertension in adults with chronic kidney disease in the United States. Hypertension. 2005;45(6):1119-24.

Goro KK, Wolide DA, Dibaba KF, Fufa GF, Garedow WA, Tufa EB, et al. Patient awareness, prevalence, and risk factors of chronic kidney disease among diabetes mellitus and hypertensive patients at Jimma University Medical Center, Ethiopia. BioMed Res Int. 2019;2019(1):2383508.

Moore N, Pollack C, Butkerait P. Adverse drug reactions and drug-drug interactions with over-the-counter NSAIDs. Therap Clin Risk Manage. 2015:1061-75.