Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among patients undergoing ultra-sonography abdomen and its associated factors in a tertiary care hospital, Kakinada
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20241202Keywords:
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Prevalence, Associated factors of stressAbstract
Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) presents a growing global health concern, characterized by the accumulation of hepatic lipids in the absence of significant alcohol consumption. Its prevalence has surged worldwide, including in India, where it has reached alarming levels. Despite its silent progression, NAFLD can lead to severe complications, including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Objectives of the study to assess prevalence and its associated factors, which are essential for effective management and prevention strategies.
Methods: An observational, analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, from June to July 2022. Among 100 subjects, chosen through the simple random sampling. Ethical approval was granted before conducting study. Data on demographics, lifestyle risk factors, anthropometry, and ultrasound findings were collected using a pretested and validated case record form. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software, employing appropriate tests to explore associations between NAFLD and various variables.
Results: Among 100 participants, the prevalence of NAFLD was found to be 41%. Significant associations were observed between NAFLD and variables such as BMI (p=0.034), waist-hip ratio (p=0.002), and history of diabetes mellitus (p=0.000). Lifestyle factors, including increased cooking oil consumption, were identified as significant risk factors.
Conclusions: The study highlights the high prevalence of NAFLD among subjects undergoing ultrasound abdomen in Kakinada. Significant associations were observed with BMI, waist-hip ratio, and diabetes mellitus history. Promoting healthy behaviours is crucial for NAFLD prevention and management.
References
Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Caldwell SH. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Summary of an AASLD Single Topic Conference. Hepatology. 2003;37:1202–19.
Dam-Larsen S, Franzmann M, Andersen IB, Christoffersen P, Jensen LB, Sørensen TIA, et al. Long term prognosis of fatty liver: risk of chronic liver disease and death. Gut. 2004;53:750–5.
Clark JM. The epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;40(Suppl 1):S5-10.
Allen AA, Wang Z, Prokop LJ, Murad MH, Loomba R. Fibrosis Progression in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver versus Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Paired-Biopsy Studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol Off Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterol Assoc. 2015;13:643-654.e9.
Younossi ZM, Golabi P, Paik JM, Henry A, Dongen CA, Henry L. The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review. Hepatol Baltim Md. 2023;77:1335–47.
Shalimar, Elhence A, Bansal B, Gupta H, Anand A, Singh TP, et al. Prevalence of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2022;12:818–29.
Hepatology. Neuschwander‐Tetri-Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis Summary of an AASLD Single Topic Conference.pdf; 2004.
Liver International. Ara Jo-Global epidemiology of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease non‐alcoholic.pdf; 2018.
Medina J, Fernández-Salazar LI, García-Buey L, Moreno-Otero R. Approach to the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2057–2066.
Wanless IR, Lentz JS. Fatty liver hepatitis (steatohepatitis) and obesity: an autopsy study with analysis of risk factors. Hepatol Baltim Md. 1990;12:1106–10.
M, E. et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with NAFLD and elevated liver enzymes. Hepatol. Baltim Md. 2006;44:1-10.
Yang CC, Yeh YH, Yueh SK, Huang MH, Yang JC, Nien CK. Prevalence and risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in an adult population of taiwan: metabolic significance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in nonobese adults.
Bellentani S, Scaglioni F, Marino M, Bedogni, G. Epidemiology of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Dig Dis. 2010;28:155–61.
Yki-Järvinen H, Luukkonen PK, Hodson L, Moore JB. Dietary carbohydrates and fats in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18:770–86.
Kumar A, Shalimar, Walia GK, Gupta V, Sachdeva MP. Genetics of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Asian populations. J Genet. 2019;98:29.
Jawaharlal RK, Mootha VK. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus a prospective observational study in coastal region of Andhra Pradesh. Int J Adv Med. 2021;8:918.
Ioannou GN, Weiss NS, Boyko EJ, Mozaffarian D, Lee SP. Elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity and calculated risk of coronary heart disease in the United States. Hepatology. 2006;43:1145–51.
Sookoian S, Pirola CJ. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is strongly associated with carotid atherosclerosis: A systematic review. J Hepatol. 2008;49:600–7.
Ghevariya V. Knowing What’s Out There: Awareness of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Med. 2014;1:4.
Operational guidelines for the integration of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in to NPCDCS by MoH & F.pdf; 2021.
Kirovski G. Prevalence of ultrasound-diagnosed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a hospital cohort and its association with anthropometric, biochemical and sonographic characteristics. Z. Für Gastroenterol. 2010;48:s-0029-1246560.
Khadka B, Shakya R, Bista, Y. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease assessment in Nepal. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2016;15:1654–9.
Weiß J, Rau M, Geier A. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Dtsch Ärztebl Int. 2014;111:447–52.
De A, Duseja A. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Indian Perspective. Clin Liver Dis. 2021;18:158.
Anand A. Prevalence and Predictors of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Family Members of Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2022;12:362–71.
Golabi P. Prevalence and long-term outcomes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among elderly individuals from the United States. BMC Gastroenterol. 2019;19:56.
Aggarwal R, Pathania M, Raina R, Singh A. A study of correlation between clinical profile of patients with non- alcoholic fatty liver disease and individual components of metabolic syndrome at a tertiary care centre in Uttarakhand region: an observational cross-sectional study. Int J Community Med. Public Health 2023;10:3143–49.
Singh SP, Singh A, Misra D, Misra B, Pati GK, Panigrahi MK, et al. Risk factors associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in indians: a case–control study. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2015;5(4):295-302.
Vilar-Gomez E. Weight Loss Through Lifestyle Modification Significantly Reduces Features of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. 2015;149:1-10.
