Epidemiological and clinical presentation of head and neck neoplasia: a review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20233136Keywords:
Head neck neoplasia, Epidemiology, Clinical presentationAbstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) stand at the sixth position most, amongst all the malignancies worldwide. Neoplasms arising in the oral cavity, larynx, pharynx, salivary gland and nasal cavity are all included in the head and neck malignancies. More than 90% of malignancies of the oral cavity are squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Among the four head neck cancer sub-sites combined, the mean age at the time of diagnosis has risen, in the last four decades. Studies have documented a male predilection. A small percentage of SCC cases are inherited or are familial. Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, betel quid chewing, poor nutrition, poor oral hygiene, HPV, Epstein-Barr virus and Candida albicans infections are the etiological agents who have the ability to cause HNSCC. Non healing ulcer, difficulty in swallowing, change in voice, swelling, sore throat- that doesn’t get better- are the symptoms of head and neck cancers. Moreover, there may be unusual bleeding, facial swelling or difficulty in breathing.
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References
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McQueen N, Partington J, Harrington KF, Rosenthal EL, Carroll WR et al. Smoking Cessation and Electronic Cigarette Use among Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016 Jan; 154(1):73-9.
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Mizukawa N, Swe Swe Win, Zaw Moe Thein, Moe Thida Htwe, Yoshioka Y et al. The Incidence of Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancers in Betel Quid-Chewing Populations in South Myanmar Rural Areas. Acta Med Okayama. 2017 Dec; 71(6):519-524.
Mendenhall WM, Mancuso AA, Amdur RJ, Stringer SP, Villaret DB et al. Squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to the neck from an unknown head and neck primary site. Am J Otolaryngol. 2001 Jul-Aug; 22(4):261-7.
Sheahan P. Management of advanced laryngeal cancer. Rambam Maimonides Med J. 2014 Apr 28; 5(2): e0015.
Markopoulos AK. Current aspects on oral squamous cell carcinoma Open Dent J. 2012; 6:126-30.
Bagan J, Sarrion G, Jimenez Y. Oral cancer: clinical features. Oral Oncol. 2010 Jun; 46(6):414-7.
Carpén T, Sjöblom A, Lundberg M, Haglund C, Markkola a et al Presenting symptoms and clinical findings in HPV-positive and HPV- negative oropharyngeal cancer patients. Acta Otolaryngol. 2018 May; 138(5):513-518.
Mcllwain WR, Sood AJ, Nguyen SA, Day TA. Initial symptoms in patients with HPV-positive and HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 May; 140(5):441-7.
Bradley PJ. Frequency and Histopalihology by Site, Major Pathologies, Symptoms and Signs of Salivary Gland Neoplasms. Adv Otorhinolaryngol.2016; 78:9-16.
Crozier E, Sumer BD. Head and neck cancer. Med Clin North Am. 201g Sep; 94(5):1031-46.
Guardiola E, Chaigneau L, Villanueva C, Pivot X. Is there still a role for triple endoscopy as part of staging for head and neck cancer? Cur Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006 Apr; 14(2): 85-8.
Schuller DE, Fritsch MH. An assessment of the value of triple endoscopy in the evaluation of head and neck cancer patients. J Surg Oncol. 1986 Jul; 32(3):156-8.
Kumai Y, Shono T, Waki K, Murakami D, Miyamaru S et al. Detection of hypopharyngeal cancer (Tis, T1 and T2) by ENT physicians vs gastrointestinal endoscopists . Aur is Nasus Larynx. 2020 Feb; 47(1)135-40.
Noor A, Stepan L, Kao SS-T, Dharmawardana N, Ooi EH et al. Reviewing indications for panendoscopy in the investigation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Laryngol 0101 2018 Oo4:132(10), 801- 905.
