Efficacy and safety of carbamide peroxide tooth-whitening gels
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20230019Keywords:
Tooth bleaching, Whitening, Aesthetic dentistry, Carbamide peroxide, Over the counter, At-home, In-officeAbstract
Carbamide and hydrogen peroxide are the most frequently utilized compounds for various whitening techniques, that differ as per peroxide level, method of administration, and exposure period, when it comes to the active solutions accessible for important tooth whitening. The 10±1% carbamide peroxide dosage was the only level to date to acquire the American Dental Association's stamp of approval, ensuring its safety and effectiveness for at-home tooth whitening with customized trays. There has been a noticeable growth in the range of in-office tooth whitening compounds commercially available, which typically use elevated carbamide peroxide levels (30 to 37%) with or without an additional illumination. Even though tooth sensitivity appears to be the most frequent side effect of carbamide peroxide bleaching, discomfort goes away when the plan of care is finished. Sensitivity is typically linked to a background of sensitive teeth, greater administration rate, or use of greater carbamide peroxide levels. Additionally, studies have showed that using 10% carbamide peroxide at home to lighten teeth had comparable effectiveness to other methods (over the counter or in-office whitening). Patients generally prefer home vital bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide to office procedures with 35% hydrogen peroxide. When comparing the safety utilizing 16% carbamide peroxide for nightguard vital bleaching to a placebo or 10% carbamide peroxide, patients receiving 16% reported higher gingival soreness than those administered a 10% carbamide peroxide or a placebo.
References
Alomari Q, El Daraa E. A randomized clinical trial of in-office dental bleaching with or without light activation. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2010;11(1):E017-24.
Demarco FF, Meireles SS, Masotti AS. Over-the-counter whitening agents: a concise review. Braz Oral Res. 2009;23:64-70.
Delfino CS, Chinelatti MA, Carrasco-Guerisoli LD, Batista AR, Fröner IC, Palma-Dibb RG. Effectiveness of home bleaching agents in discolored teeth and influence on enamel microhardness. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009;17:284-8.
Matis BA, Cochran MA, Eckert G. Review of the effectiveness of various tooth whitening systems. Operative Dentistry. 2009;34(2):230-5.
Braun A, Jepsen S, Krause F. Spectrophotometric and visual evaluation of vital tooth bleaching employing different carbamide peroxide concentrations. Dent Mat. 2007;23(2):165-9.
Meireles SS, Heckmann SS, Leida FL, Santos I, Bona Á, Demarco FF. Efficacy and safety of 10% and 16% carbamide peroxide tooth-whitening gels: a randomized clinical trial. Operative Dentistry. 2008;33(6):606-12.
Matis BA, Wang Y, Eckert GJ, Cochran MA, Jiang T. Extended bleaching of tetracycline-stained teeth: a 5-year study. Operative Dentistry. 2006;31(6):643-51.
Meireles S, Santos I, Della Bona A, Demarco F. A double-blind randomized clinical trial of two carbamide peroxide tooth bleaching agents: 2-year follow-up. J Dentistry. 2010;38(12):956-63.
Buchalla W, Attin T. External bleaching therapy with activation by heat, light or laser—a systematic review. Dent Materials. 2007;23(5):586-96.
Kugel G, Ferreira S, Sharma S, Barker ML, Gerlach RW. Clinical trial assessing light enhancement of in‐office tooth whitening. J Esth Restorative Dentistry. 2009;21(5):336-47.
Ontiveros JC, Paravina RD. Color change of vital teeth exposed to bleaching performed with and without supplementary light. J Dentistry. 2009;37(11):840-7.
Marson FC, Sensi LG, Vieira LCC, Araújo E. Clinical evaluation of in-office dental bleaching treatments with and without the use of light-activation sources. Operative Dentistry. 2008;33(1):15-22.
Haywood VB. Nightguard vital bleaching: current concepts and research. J Am Dent Assoc. 1997;128:19S-25S.
Firestone AR, Schmid R, Mühlemann H. Effect of topical application of urea peroxide on caries incidence and plaque accumulation in rats. Caries Res. 1982;16(2):112-7.
Titley K, Torneck C, Ruse N. The effect of carbamide-peroxide gel on the shear bond strength of a microfil resin to bovine enamel. J Dent Res. 1992;71(1):20-4.
Shannon H, Spencer P, Gross K, Tira D. Characterization of enamel exposed to 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agents. Quintessence Int. 1993;24(1).
Ruse N, Smith D, Torneck C, Titley K. Preliminary surface analysis of etched, bleached, and normal bovine enamel. J Dent Res. 1990;69(9):1610-3.
Cavalli V, Ries A, Giannini M, Ambrosano G. The effect of elapsed time following bleaching on enamel bond strength of resin composite. Operative Dentistry. 2001;26(6):597-602.
Garcia-Godoy F, Dodge W, Donohue M, O'quinn J. Composite resin bond strength after enamel bleaching. Operative Dentistry. 1993;18:144.
Stokes A, Hood J, Dhariwal D, Patel K. Effect of peroxide bleaches on resin-enamel bonds. Quintessence Int. 1992;23(11).
Titley K, Torneck C, Smith D, Adibfar A. Adhesion of composite resin to bleached and unbleached bovine enamel. J Dent Res. 1988;67(12):1523-8.
Denehy GE, Swift Jr EJ. Single-tooth home bleaching. Quintessence Int. 1992;23(9).
Titley K, Torneck C, Smith D, Chernecky R, Adibfar A. Scanning electron microscopy observations on the penetration and structure of resin tags in bleached and unbleached bovine enamel. J Endodont. 1991;17(2):72-5.
McGuckin R, Thurmond B, Osovitz S. Enamel shear bond strengths after vital bleaching. Am J Dentistry. 1992;5(4):216-22.
Cvitko E, Denehy GE, Swift Jr EJ, Pires JAF. Bond strength of composite resin to enamel bleached with carbamide peroxide. J Esth Restorative Dentistry. 1991;3(3):100-2.
Li Y. Peroxide-containing tooth whiteners: an update on safety. Compendium of Continuing Education in dentistry(Jamesburg, NJ: 1995) Supplement. 2000(28):S4-9;S48.
Royack G, Nguyen M, Tong D, Poot M, Oda D. Response of human oral epithelial cells to oxidative damage and the effect of vitamin E. Oral Oncol. 2000;36(1):37-41.
Weitzman SA, Weitberg AB, Stossel TP, Schwartz J, Shklar G. Effects of hydrogen peroxide on oral carcinogenesis in hamsters. J Periodontol. 1986;57(11):685-8.
Gomez R, de Castro Albuquerque R, Dutra R, et al. Effects of a bleaching agent containing 35% carbamide peroxide on the immunolocalization of cyclin D and p16. J Oral Rehab. 2002;29(9):906-9.
Anderson DG, Chiego Jr DJ, Glickman GN, McCauley LK. A clinical assessment of the effects of 10% carbamide peroxide gel on human pulp tissue. J Endodont. 1999;25(4):247-50.
Frazier KB, Haywood VB. Teaching nightguard bleaching and other tooth‐whitening procedures in North American dental schools. J Dent Educ. 2000;64(5):357-64.
Rosenstiel SF, Gegauff AG, Johnston WM. Randomized clinical trial of the efficacy and safety of a home bleaching procedure. Quintessence Int. 1996;27(6).
Swift Jr EJ, May KN, Wilder Jr AD, Heymann HO, Bayne SC. Two‐year clinical evaluation of tooth whitening using an at‐home bleaching system. J Esth Restorative Dentistry. 1999;11(1):36-42.
Small B. Bleaching with 10 percent carbamide peroxide: an 18-month study. Gen Dentistry. 1994;42(2):142-54.
Haywood VB. Overview and status of mouthguard bleaching. J Esth Restorative Dentistry. 1991;3(5):157-61.
Hanks CT, Fat J, Wataha JC, Corcoran J. Cytotoxicity and dentin permeability of carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide vital bleaching materials, in vitro. J Dent Res. 1993;72(5):931-8.
Gerlach R, Gibb R, Sagel P. A randomized clinical trial comparing a novel 5.3% hydrogen peroxide whitening strip to 10%, 15%, and 20% carbamide peroxide tray-based bleaching systems. Compendium of continuing education in dentistry(Jamesburg, NJ: 1995) Supplement. 2000(29):S22-28;S42.
GÖkay O, Tuncbilek M, Ertan R. Penetration of the pulp chamber by carbamide peroxide bleaching agents on teeth restored with a composite resin. J Oral Rehab. 2000;27(5):428-31.
Thitinanthapan W, Satamanont P, Vongsavan N. In vitro penetration of the pulp chamber by three brands of carbamide peroxide. J Esth Restorative Dentistry. 1999;11(5):259-64.
Price RB, Sedarous M, Hiltz GS. The pH of tooth-whitening products. J-Canad Dent Assoc. 2000;66(8):421-6.
Leonard Jr RH, Haywood vB, Phillips C. Risk factors for developing tooth sensitivity and gingival irritation associated with nightguard vital bleaching. Quintessence Int. 1997;28(8).
Tam L. Effect of potassium nitrate and fluoride on carbamide peroxide bleaching. Quintessence Int. 2001;32(10).
Javaheri D, Janis J. The efficacy of reservoirs in bleaching trays. Oper Dent. 2000;25(3):149-51.
Matis B, Yousef M, Cochran M, Eckert G. Degradation of bleaching gels in vivo as a function of tray design and carbamide peroxide concentration. Operative Dentistry. 2002;27(1):12-8.
Matis BA, Cochran MA, Franco M, Al-Ammar W, Eckert GJ, Stropes M. Eight in-office tooth whitening systems evaluated in vivo: a pilot study. Operative Dentistry. 2007;32(4):322-7.
Meireles SS, Demarco FF, Santos IdSd, Dumith SdC, Bona AD. Validation and reliability of visual assessment with a shade guide for tooth-color classification. Operative Dentistry. 2008;33(2):121-6.
CIE. Commission Internationale de L ‘Eclairage. Recommendation on Uniform Colour Spaces, Colour Difference Equations and Psychometric colour terms. In: Bureau Central d’la CIE Paris. 1978.
Bizhang M, Chun YP, Damerau K, Singh P, Raab WH, Zimmer S. Comparative clinical study of the effectiveness of three different bleaching methods. Operative Dentistry. 2009;34(6):635-41.
Joiner A. The bleaching of teeth: a review of the literature. J Dentistry. 2006;34(7):412-9.
Zekonis R, Matis BA, Cochran MA, Shetri SA, Eckert GJ, Carlson TJ. Clinical evaluation of in-office and at-home bleaching treatments. Operative Dentistry. 2003;28(2):114-21.
Brunton PA, Ellwood R, Davies R. A six-month study of two self-applied tooth whitening products containing carbamide peroxide. Oper Dent. 2004;29(6):623-6.
Kihn PW, Barnes DM, Romberg E, Peterson K. A clinical evaluation of 10 percent vs. 15 percent carbamide peroxide tooth-whitening agents. J Am Dent Assoc. 2000;131(10):1478-84.
Auschill TM, Hellwig E, Schmidale S, Sculean A, Arweiler NB. Efficacy, side-effects and patients’ acceptance of different bleaching techniques (OTC, in-office, at-home). Oper Dent. 2005;30(2):156-63.
Li Y, Lee SS, Cartwright S, et al. Comparative tooth whitening efficacy of 18% carbamide peroxide liquid whitening gel using three different regimens. J Clin Dent. 2004;15(1):11-6.
Hasson H, Ismail A, Neiva G. Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening of teeth in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006(4).
Haywood VB. Frequently asked questions about bleaching. Compendium. 2003;24(4):324-37.
Ritter AV, Leonard Jr RH, Georges AJS, Caplan DJ, Haywood VB. Safety and stability of nightguard vital bleaching: 9 to 12 years post‐treatment. J Esth Restorat Dent. 2002;14(5):275-85.
Fugaro JO, Nordahl I, Fugaro OJ, Matis BA, Mjor I. Pulp reaction to vital bleaching. Operat Dent-Univ Washington. 2004;29(4):363-8.
